Reinforced Concrete Design Module 5

Subject: CE 74A- Reinforced Concrete Design

1. Title of the Module

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT AND DIAGONAL TENSION
2. Introduction
When beams are subjected to external loads they produced not only bending moments but also
internal shear forces. The shear does not produce failure on the vertical plane on which they act
but its major effect is it includes tensile stresses on diagonal planes which is called diagonal
tension. Since concrete has a relatively low tensile strength it would produce cracks making an
angle of 45° with the plane on which the shear acts. When this diagonal tension stresses in
combination with bending stresses created by moment exceed the tensile strength of concrete,
diagonal cracking will occur that can split the beam without warning.
TWO TYPES OF DIAGONAL CRACKS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS:
1) WEB-SHEAR CRACKS
2) FLEXURE-SHEAR CRACKS

To eliminate this cracks, we design steel reinforcements to resists the diagonal tension called
stirrups or bent bars are provided where shear reinforcement is necessary.
LOCATION OF STIRRUPS IN A SIMPLE BEAM
A) When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to the axis of member is used.

𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑠 + ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅

Where:
𝑉𝑢 = factored shear force at a critical distance “d” from the face of support
𝑉𝑠 = shear strength of shear reinforcement or stirrups
𝑉𝑐 = shear strength provided by concrete
∅ = 0.75 reduction factor for shear
VALUES OF 𝑽𝒄
I. Members subjected to shear and flexure only.
a) SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION:

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17λ√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Modification factors λ as multiple of √𝑓′𝑐

1. λ = 0.85 for sand – lightweight concrete
2. λ = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete
3. λ = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
𝑓′
4. λ = 0.56 𝑐𝑡 ≤ 1.0 for average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete 𝑓′𝑐𝑡
√𝑓′𝑐

𝑉𝑐 = shear strength provided by concrete

𝑏𝑤 = width of beam
d = effective depth of beam
b) DETAILED CALCULATION:
𝑉𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = [0.17 λ √𝑓′𝑐 + 17 𝜌𝑊 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 but not greater than 𝑉𝑐 = 0.29√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑀𝑢

𝑉𝑢 𝑑
shall not be greater than 1.0
𝑀𝑢

Vu = factored shear force at a critical distance “d” from the face of support
Mu = simultaneous factored moment at a critical section for V u
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑊 =
𝑏𝑑
II. Members subjected to axial compression.
a) SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION:

𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 [1 + 14𝐴𝑢 ] λ √𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑔

𝑁𝑢 = axial compressive force in N

𝐴𝑔 = cross sectional gross area of concrete section
 b) DETAILED CALCULATION:

𝑉𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = [0.17 λ √𝑓′𝑐 + 17 𝜌𝑊 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑀𝑢

4ℎ−𝑑
𝑀𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 - 𝑁𝑢 ( )
8
𝑉𝑢 𝑑
is not limited to 1.0
𝑀𝑚

𝑀𝑚 = is modified moment in kN-m

𝑁𝑢 = axial compressive force in kN
h = total depth of beam in m
d = effective depth of beam in m

0.29 𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 shall not be greater than 𝑉𝑐 = 0.29 [√1 + ] λ √𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑔

4ℎ−𝑑
When 𝑀𝑚 as computed from the formula 𝑀𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 - 𝑁𝑢 ( ) is negative.
8

0.29 𝑁𝑢
USE 𝑉𝑐 = 0.29 [√1 + ] λ √𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑔

III. Members subjected to significant axial tension.

𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 [1 + 14𝐴𝑢 ] λ √𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 but not less than zero
𝑔

𝑁𝑢 = axial compressive force in N (negative for tension)

𝐴𝑔 = cross sectional gross area of concrete section

VALUES OF SHEAR STRENGTH REINFORCEMENT(VS)

A) When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to the axis of member is used.
where:
𝐴𝑣 = the area of stirrups within spacing “s”. It shall be taken as two times the area of bar in a
circular tie, hoop or spiral at a spacing “s”.
𝑠 = spacing of stirrups which is measured in a direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement.
𝑓𝑦𝑡 = specified yield strength of circular ties, hoop or spiral reinforcement.

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (n) (capacity of stirrups in N)

Where:
𝑑
𝑛= (number of shear reinforcement) ; 𝑠 = spacing of shear reinforcement
𝑠
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 ; ∅ = 0.75
∅

𝑉𝑠 shall not be greater than 0.66√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝑉𝑠 = shear capacity of stirrups in N
𝑇 = 𝑉𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 (𝑛) = 𝑉𝑠
𝑑
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠

B) When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement.

 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = (𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 )
𝑠

Where:
𝛼 = angle between inclined stirrups and longitudinal axis of the member and, S is measured in a
direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement.
C) When shear reinforcement consists of a single bar or a single group of parallel bars, all bent up
at the same distance from the support.

𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 sin 𝛼 but not greater than 0.25√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Where:
𝛼 = is the angle between the bent up reinforcement and longitudinal axis of the member.
D) When shear reinforcement consists of a series of parallel bent up bars or group of parallel bent
up bars at different distances from the support, shear strength.
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = (sin 𝛼 + cos 𝛼 )
𝑠

E) Minimum area of shear reinforcement

0.062√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑆 0.35𝑏𝑤 𝑆
𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = But shall not be less than
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡

F) Min. area of shear reinforcement 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural
1
members (pre stressed or non pre stressed) where 𝑉𝑢 exceeds 2 ∅𝑉𝑐 , except the following members:

Solid slabs and footing:

1) Hollow core units with total un-topped depth not greater than 300 mm and hollow core
1
units where vu is not greater than 2 ∅𝑉𝑐𝑤 , 𝑉𝑐𝑤 = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
when diagonal crack results from high principal tensile stress.
2) Concrete joist construction
 3) Beams with total depth “h” not greater than 250 mm
4) Beams integral with slabs with total depth “h” not greater than 600 mm and not greater
than 2.5 times thickness of flange or 0.50 the width of web.
5) Beams constructed of steel fiber-reinforced, normal weight concrete with fc’ not exceeding
40 MPa and “h” not greater than 600 mm and 𝑉𝑢 not greater than ∅0.17√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT(S)

1) When Vs < 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 max spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis
of member.

Max. S = 0.75h or 600 mm (pre stressed members)

2) When Vs > 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Max spacing of shear reinforcement.

Max. S = 0.375h or 600 mm (pre stressed members)

3) Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that every 45° line,
extending toward the reaction from mid-depth of member d/2 to longitudinal tension
reinforcement, shall be crossed by at least one line of shear reinforcement.

A) Shear force for beams with minimum amount of web reinforcement.

𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐

B) Shear force for beams with no web reinforcement is needed.

∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 2
NSCP 2015 SPECS:
1) Members subjected to shear and flexure only.
TABLE 422.5.5.1
DETAILED METHOD FOR CALCULATING 𝑉𝑐
LEAST OF (a), (b), or (c):
𝑉𝑢 𝑑
(a) 𝑉𝑐 = (0.16𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑀𝑢

(b) 𝑉𝑐 = (0.16𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

(c) 𝑉𝑐 = (0.29𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered

2) Members subjected to axial compression.
TABLE 422.5.6.1
DETAILED METHOD FOR CALCULATING 𝑉𝑐 FOR NON- PRESTRESSED
MEMBERS WITH AXIAL COMPRESSION
LESSER OF (a), (b), OR (c):

𝑉𝑢 𝑑
(a) 𝑉𝑐 = (0.16𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 4ℎ−𝑑 ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑀𝑢−𝑁𝑢
8
4ℎ−𝑑
(b) Equation not applicable if 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑁𝑢 ≤0
8
0.29𝑁𝑢
(c) 𝑉𝑐 = (0.29𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑)√1 + 𝐴𝑔

Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered

SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS FOR WEB REINFORCEMENT (2010/2015 NSCP)
 ∅𝑉𝑐
1.) when 𝑉𝑢 ≤ , stirrups are not required
2
∅𝑉𝑐 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 Base on
2.) when < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 , 𝑠≤ or
2 0.062√𝑓`𝑐𝑏𝑤 minimum
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 shear area
𝑠 ≤ 0.35𝑏
𝑤 requirement
𝑑
𝑠≤ or 600mm
2
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
3.) when 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓`𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑠≤ or Base on
0.062√𝑓`𝑐𝑏𝑤
minimum
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 shear area
𝑉𝑢 ≤ 3∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠 ≤ 0.35𝑏
𝑤 requirement
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑠≤ Base on strength
𝑉𝑠
requirements
𝑑
𝑠≤ or 600mm
2
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
4.) when 0.33√𝑓`𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 < 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.66√𝑓`𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑠≤ 𝑉𝑠

𝑑
3∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 5∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠≤ 4
or 300mm

5.) when 𝑉𝑠 > 0.66√𝑓`𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑, Beam is too small to accommodate shear reinforcements.
𝑉𝑢 > 5∅𝑉𝑐 Revise by increasing beam dimensions.

3. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a. be familiar with the NSCP 2015 provisions regarding shear reinforcement and compare it with
previous specifications
b. apply NSCP 2015 specs correctly in the design of strirrups or shear reinforcements

4. Learning Content
These are the application of the latest NSCP provisions of in design and analyses of
shear reinforcements.

EXAMPLE 1: A rectangular beam 350 mm width and effective depth of 600 mm, 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7
MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 414 MPa. Determine the required spacing of stirrups if;

a) Vu = 58 KN
b) Vu = 350 KN
 c) Vu = 710 KN
Solution:
A.) Vu = 58 KN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Vc = 0.17(√20.7)(350)(600)
Vc = 162.425KN
𝛷𝑉𝑐
= 60.909 𝐾𝑁
2

𝛷𝑉𝑐
Vu < (no stirrups needed)
2

B.) Vu = 350 KN
Vc = 0.17√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Vc = 0.17(√20.7)(350)(600)
Vc = 162.425KN
𝛷𝑉𝑐
= 60.909 𝐾𝑁
2

𝑉𝑢
Vs = − 𝑉𝑐
𝛷

Vs = 304.24 KN

Vs < 0.33√𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑑

304.24 KN < 315.296 KN (Use case 3)

𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑡
S=
0.062√𝑓𝑐 ′𝐵𝑤

𝜋/4(10)^2(2)(414)
S= = 658.681 say 655 mm
0.062√20.7(350)

𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑡
S=0.35𝐵𝑤
𝜋/4(10)^2(2)(414)
S= = 530.865 say 530 mm
0.35(350)

𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑡𝑑
S= 𝑉𝑠
𝜋/4(10)^2(2)(414)(600)
S= = 128.249 say 125 mm
304240
𝑑
S= 𝑜𝑟 600 𝑚𝑚
2
600
S= = 300𝑚𝑚
2
Use 10mm stirrups @ 125mm O.C

C. Vu = 710 KN

Vc = 0.17√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Vc = 0.17(√20.7)(350)(600)
Vc = 162.425KN
𝛷𝑉𝑐
= 60.909 𝐾𝑁
2
𝑉𝑢
Vs = 𝛷 − 𝑉𝑐
Vs = 784.242 KN

Vs > 0.66√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
784.242 KN > 630.592 KN
(Beam is too small to accommodate shear reinforcement. Revise by increasing beam
dimension)

EXAMPLE 2:
A rectangular beam is to be designed to carry a factored shear force 𝑉𝑢 = 134 KN. 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6 MPa,
𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 414.6 MPa. Use 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete.

a) What is the minimum dimension for a beam with no web reinforcement?

b) Determine the size of the beam if the minimum amount of web reinforcement is needed.
c) Determine the location from the support of the points where min. web reinforcement is
required if it has a span of 8 m.

Solution:
a) Minimum dimension for a beam with no web reinforcement.
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√27.6𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.893𝑏𝑤 𝑑

1
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉
2 𝑐
1
134000 = 2 (0.75)0.893𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 400149
 Try 𝑏𝑤 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 (450) = 400149
𝑑 = 889 𝑠𝑎𝑦 890 𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑏𝑤 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑑 = 𝟖𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎

b) Size of the beam if the minimum amount of web reinforcement is needed.

𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐
134000 = (0.75)0.893𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 200075

Try 𝑏𝑤 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 (300) = 200075
𝑑 = 667 𝑠𝑎𝑦 670 𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑏𝑤 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑑 = 𝟔𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒎

c) Location from the support of the points where min web reinforcement is required if it has
a span of 8 m.
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.11𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.11(1)√27.6(300)(670)
∅𝑉𝑐 = 116156 𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐
= 58.1 𝑘𝑁
2

By ratio and proportion

134 116.2
=
3.33 𝑥1
𝑥1 = 2.89 𝑚

134 58.1
=
3.33 𝑥2
𝑥2 = 1.44 𝑚
4 − 2.89 = 1.11 𝑚
1.11 + (2.89 − 1.44) = 2.56 𝑚
Location from the support of the points where min web reinforcement is 1.44 m to 2.56 m.
EXAMPLE 3:
The figure shows a floor plan which is design to carry a live load of 4.8 kPa and a dead load of 4.9
kPa (including weight of slab, beam, ceiling, partition, floor, etc.). the slab thickness is 100 mm.
the beam has a width of 250 mm and has a depth of 350 mm below the slab. the girder has a width
of 350 mm and a depth of 400 mm. use 70 mm covering from center of steel reinforcements using
𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete. 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa, 𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 275 MPa.

a) Assuming the beam to be simply supported, determine the critical factored shear force at
the critical section for beam be.
b) Determine the spacing for the two legs of 10 mm 𝜙 stirrups.
c) Using NSCP code, determine the maximum spacing of stirrups.

Solution:
a) Critical factored shear force at the critical section for the beam BE.
Using clear span:

𝐿𝑛 = 6 − 0.35
𝐿𝑛 = 5.65 𝑚
 𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2(4.9) + 1.6(4.8)

𝑊𝑢 = 13.56 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

𝑊𝑢 = 13.56(2.8)

𝑊𝑢 = 37.968 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
2𝑅 = 37.968(5.65)
𝑅 = 107.26 𝑘𝑁

Shear force Vu:

𝑉𝑢 = 107.26 − 37.968(0.38)
𝑉𝑢 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵

b) Spacing for the two legs of 10 mm ᴓ stirrups

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√20.7(250)(380)
𝑉𝑐 = 73478 𝑁
Nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑠 + ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅
92.83
𝑉𝑠 = − 73.478
0.75
𝑉𝑠 = 50.30 𝑘𝑁

Spacing of the two legs of 10 mm ᴓ stirrups

𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = 4 (102 )(2)
𝐴𝑣 = 157 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑆=
𝑉𝑠
 157(275)(380)
𝑆=
50297.68
𝑆 = 326.19 𝑚𝑚
Say 𝑆 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎
c) Maximum spacing of stirrups.
𝑑
Max. S= 2 nor 600 mm if Vs < 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Vs < 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

50690 < 0.33√20.7(250)(380)

50690 < 142634
𝑑
Use Max. S=
2
380
Max. S=
2

Max. S=190 mm O.C.

NOTE:
𝑑
Max. S= 4 or 300 mm if Vs > 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

USE Max. S=190 mm O.C.

EXAMPLE 4:
The hollow box beam of a certain building construction has a span of 9 m. it is reinforced for shear
with 10 mm 𝜙 bar. the beam carries a factored concentrated load of P U = 134 kN at a point 3 m.
from the left end of the simply supported beam, and a total uniform factored load of W U = 14 kN/m
distributed throughout the entire span. use 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete. f `c= 20.7 MPa, fy
=414.6 MPa, fyt= 270 MPa.
a) Determine the distance from the left support where the stirrups can be omitted using
simplified calculations.
b) Determine the shear strength of the stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.
c) Determine the factored shear-force of the beam with stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.
Solution:
a) Distance from the left support where the stirrups can be omitted
∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0
9𝑅1 = 134(6) + 14(9)(4.5)
𝑅1 = 152.333 𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 134 + 14(9)
𝑅2 = 107.667 𝑘𝑁

Shear capacity of concrete beam

𝑏𝑤 = 500 − 300
𝑏𝑤 = 200 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 425 𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√20.7(200)(425)
𝑉𝑐 = 65744 𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐
No stirrups are needed if 𝑉𝑢 = 2
∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 =
2
0.75(65.74)
𝑉𝑢 =
2
𝑉𝑢 = 24.65 𝑘𝑁

𝑦 = 24.67 − 23.67
𝑦 = 0.98

ℎ = 107.67 − 23.67
ℎ = 84
 By ratio and proportion:
ℎ 𝑦
=
9 𝑥
84 0.98
=
9 𝑥
𝑥 = 0.11 𝑚
Distance from left support where stirrups can be omitted
=3+𝑥
= 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎

b) Shear strength of the stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.

425
𝑆=
2
S = 212.5 mm
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (102 )(2)
4
Av = 157 mm2

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑆=
𝑉𝑠

(157)(270)(425)
212.5 =
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑠 = 𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝑵

c) Factored-shear force of the beam with stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.

𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑠 + ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 0.75(𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐 )
𝑉𝑢 = 0.75(84.78 + 65.74)
𝑉𝑢 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵
EXAMPLE 5:
A simply supported concrete beam having a width of 350 mm and an effective depth of
520 mm carries a concentrated load of PU = 370 kN at a point 2 m. from the left support,
and a uniformly distributed factored load including its own weight WU = 7 kN/m. USE 𝜆 =
1.0 for normal weight concrete with f ′c= 20.7 MPa, fy = fyt = 415 MPa. using simplified
calculations.
a) Determine the maximum factored shear force at the critical section from C.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm 𝜙 stirrups between A-B.
 c) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm 𝜙 stirrups between B-C.

Solution:
a) Maximum factored shear force at the critical section from C.

∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0

9𝑅1 = 370(3) + 7(5)(2.5)

𝑅1 = 239.5 𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 370 + 7(5)
𝑅2 = 165.5 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢 = 165.5 − 7(0.52)
𝑉𝑢 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵 from C

b) Spacing of the 10 mm ᴓ stirrups between A to B.

𝑉𝑢 = 239.5 − 7(0.52)
𝑉𝑢 = 235.86 𝑘𝑁
 Shear strength of the beam:

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√20.7(350)(520)
𝑉𝑐 = 140769 𝑁

Shear capacity of the shear reinforcement:

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅
235.86
𝑉𝑠 = − 140.77
0.75
𝑉𝑠 = 173.712 𝑘𝑁

Spacing of 10 mm ᴓ stirrups between A and B:

𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (102 )(2)
4
Av = 157 mm2

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑆=
𝑉𝑠

(157)(415)(520)
𝑆=
173712
𝑆 = 195.04
Say 𝑆 = 190 𝑚𝑚

𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 = 𝑜𝑟 600 𝑚𝑚 if 𝑉𝑠 < 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
2
𝑉𝑠 < 0.33√20.7(350)(520)
173712 < 273256 ok

𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 =
2
520
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 =
2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 = 260 𝑚𝑚 > 190 𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑆 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎 O.C.

c) Spacing of the 10 mm ᴓ stirrups between B and C.

𝑉𝑢 = 161.86 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅
 161.86
𝑉𝑠 = − 140.77
0.75
𝑉𝑠 = 75.043 𝑘𝑁

Spacing of 10 mm ᴓ stirrups between B and C:

𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (102 )(2)
4
Av = 157 mm2

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑆=
𝑉𝑠
(157)(415)(520)
𝑆=
75043
𝑆 = 451.48
Say 𝑆 = 450 𝑚𝑚

𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 = 𝑜𝑟 600 𝑚𝑚 if 𝑉𝑠 < 0.33√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
2
𝑉𝑠 < 0.33√20.7(350)(520)
75043 < 273256 ok

𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 =
2
520
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 =
2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆 = 260 𝑚𝑚 < 450 𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑆 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 O.C.
EXAMPLE 6:
A reinforced concrete beam having a simple span of 8 m carries a uniformly distributed
uniform load Wu which includes the weight of the beam. over a distance extending 2 m out
from each supports a 10 mm 𝜙 stirups are uniformly spaced at 100 mm on centers, in the
middle half of the span, the stirrups spacing is also uniform but increases to 225 mm on centers.
Use 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete with f ′c= 20.7 MPa, fy = fyt = 415 MPa.
a) Determine the value of Wu based on the flexural capacity of the beam.
b) Determine the value of Wu based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from A-B.
c) Determine the value of Wu based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from B-C.
Solution:
a) Value of WU based on the flexural capacity of the beam.
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (252 )(3) = 1472.622 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7)𝑎(400) = 1472.622(415)
𝑎 = 86.834 𝑚𝑚

𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9(1472.622)(415) (450
86.834
− )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 223.63 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
𝑊𝑢 82
223.63 =
8
𝑊𝑢 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
b) Value of WU based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from A-B.
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (102 )(2)
4
Av = 157 mm2
 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑆=
𝑉𝑠
(157)(415)(450)
100 =
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑠 = 293197.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√20.7(400)(450)
𝑉𝑐 = 139221.59 𝑁

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅
𝑉𝑢
293.198 = − 139.221
0.75
𝑉𝑢 = 324.314 𝑘𝑁

2𝑅 = 8𝑊𝑢
𝑅 = 4𝑊𝑢

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑅 − 𝑊𝑢 (0.45)
324.314 = 4𝑊𝑢 − 𝑊𝑢 (0.45)
𝑊𝑢 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
c) Value of WU based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from B-C.
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (102 )(2)
4
Av = 157 mm2

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑆=
𝑉𝑠
(157)(415)(450)
225 =
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑠 = 130310 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17(1)√20.7(400)(450)
𝑉𝑐 = 139221.59 𝑁

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅
𝑉𝑢
130.31 = − 139.221
0.75
𝑉𝑢 = 202.148 𝑘𝑁
 2𝑅 = 4𝑊𝑢
𝑅 = 2𝑊𝑢

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑅 − 𝑊𝑢 (0.45)
202.148 = 2𝑊𝑢 − 𝑊𝑢 (0.45)
𝑊𝑢 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

Solve the following problems for mastery of the procedures and specifications:
1.) A rectangular beam with b=350 mm and d=600mm is provided with 10mm vertical U stirrpus
with fyt = fy = 414 MPa. Assume f ′c=20.7 MPa
a.) Determine the required spacing for Vu = 62 KN
b.) Determine the required spacing for Vu = 380 KN
c.) Determine the required spacing for Vu = 710 KN

2.) A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. the
beam is reinforced with tension reinforcements having a total area of 2413 mm 2 with a steel
covering of 80 mm. The beam is subjected to a factored shear-force of 160 kn at its critical point
at a distance “d” from the support, having a span of 6 m. Use 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete.
if the beam is subjected to a tensile axial force of 270 kN AND f ′c= 27.6 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, fyt =
270 MPa.
a) Determine the maximum shear strength of concrete.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm 𝜙 reinforcement due to this load.
c) Determine the minimum area of shear reinforcement required for this condition.

3.) A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 520 mm. is
reinforced for tension with 4 - 28 mm 𝜙 bars. the beam is subjected to an ultimate shear-force
of 220 kN and a factored moment of 56 kN-m. Use 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete, f ′c=
27.6 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa, fyt = 280 MPa.
a) Determine the nominal shear strength provided by the beam using detailed calculations.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm 𝜙 web reinforcement.
c) Determine the minimum area of shear reinforcement required.

4.) An 8 m span simply supported concrete beam having a width of 300 mm and an effective depth
of 500 mm carries a concentrated load of PU = 350 kN at a point 3 m. From the left support,
and a uniformly distributed factored load including its own weight W U = 10 kN/m. Use 𝜆 =
1.0 for normal weight concrete with f ′c= 20.7 MPa, fy = fyt = 415 MPa. Using simplified
calculations.
a) Determine the maximum factored shear force at the critical section from C.
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm 𝜙 stirrups between A-B.
 Project: Design the stirrups now of your beams. Show this at the end of the next module.

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

Reinforced Concrete Design by Gillesania, Chapter 4, Shear and Diagonal Tension
Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson et. al.

7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Remote
Asynchronous (modules, exercises, problem sets, etc…)

8. Assessment Task
In this part, students are given Self-assessment Questions (SAQs) and asked to consider
broader aspects of the different topics taken up. Quizzes have been prepared for this part and
can be found in the original module by the author.

9. References
Besavilla, V., Reinforced Concrete Design, 2016
Esplana, Dindo Civil Engineering Review Manual, 2015
Gillesania, DIT Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd Edition, 2015
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
Nilson, W. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2010