THIS STANDARD IS: STD NO : 14-90-05

Updated INDEX : 21.6

PERFORMANCE STANDARD DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 1 OF 83

SUBJECT : FURNACES

PURPOSE : To provide performance data and instructions for obtaining furnace heat
absorption rates and furnace outlet temperatures for various fuels and
furnaces.

REMARKS: This Standard to be effective immediately.

NOTES: 1. See Page 2 for Versions.

2. Changes to the text are indicated by vertical bars.

SR. ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN

PREPARED BY: S. GARCIA STANDARDS ENGINEERING - 9809
MANAGER
APPROVED FOR CONTENT: R. KUNKEL PERFORMANCE DESIGN ENGINEERING - 8152
PROGRAM MANAGER
APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION: T. MISKELL STANDARDS ENGINEERING - 9809

This document contains proprietary data and shall not be

reproduced or disclosed without permission of ALSTOM Power Inc.
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UNITS: n ENGLISH; o METRIC; o BOTH; o NONE

PRODUCT LINE: CHECK THE PRODUCT LINE THE STANDARD IS APPLICABLE TO:

o ALL; n A = CONTROLLED CIRC. BOILERS o H = HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS

n B = SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS (HRSG)
n C = VU40 AND VU60 BOILERS o P = PULVERIZERS - MILLING SYSTEM
o E = FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS (CFB) o R = CHEMICAL RECOVERY BOILERS
n F = NATURAL CIRC. BOILERS (UTILITY) o S = SERVICES (AFTER MARKET USE)

Versions

Ver. 1 - Furnace outlet temperatures on Sheet Ver. 5 - Updated standard format; name change
B.12.0 have been updated. to ALSTOM Power Inc.; incorporated looses
pages into standard.
Ver. 2 - Updated Standard format; revised Table
of Contents; replaced Pages A3 thru A7, B1 thru
B5, B11 and B12, C1 thru C4, C21 thru C24,
C41 thru C44, D1 thru D3 and E21 thru E23 - all
of these Pages are dated Jan. 9, 1996.

Ver. 3 - Made corrections to Std. Nos. in

Table of Contents: B.12.0 - 82-014,
C.37.0 - 69-025-1 with correct date of
Apr. 20, 1982 and C.46.0 - 66-008-G.

Ver. 4 - Revised Pages B.1.0 thru B.4.0, B.11.0,

B.12.0; added Pages B.5.0, B.14.0, B.15.0,
B.17.1; deleted Sheet Nos. from text pages;
added new Sheet No. format to curves.

Sheet Nos. that appear in other Standards:

(Not Yet Implemented)

Sheet No. 300 - see Standard No.11-95, Index

24.1, Tab. 20.0

Sheet No. 300A - see Standard No. 11-95,

Index 24.1, Tab 20.0

Sheet No. 66-009 - see Standard No. 26-96,

Index 22.1.3.

Sheet No. 66-010-T - see Standard No. 26-96,

Index 22.1.3.

Sheet No. 1007 - see Standard No. 25-96

Index 22.1.2 and 11-95, Index 24.1.
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Table of Contents and Revision (Date) Index

Subject Sheet No. Page No. Page Date

Definitions 80-005-A-1 6 January 9, 1996

80-005-B 7 January 9, 1996
80-005-C 8 January 9, 1996

Furnace Outlet Temperature Standards 80-001-1 9 March 27, 1998

Use of Furnace Outlet Temperature Standards 82-006 10 March 27, 1998
82-007 11/12 March 27, 1998
Effects of Gas Recirculation 82-008 13 March 27, 1998

Furnace Outlet Temperature Commercially 82-013 14 March 27, 1998

Dirty Furnace - Coal
Furnace Outlet Temperature Clean Furnace - Coal 82-014 15 March 27, 1998
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction - 82-015 16 January 31, 1983
Excess Air
Furnace Outlet Temperature Non-Panel - Coal 300 * 17 March 27, 1998
Furnace Outlet Temperature Corrections 300A * 18 March 27, 1998
Non-Panel - Coal
Furnace Outlet Temperature - Oil 67-001-2 19 May 21, 1980
Furnace Outlet Temperature Corrections - Oil 68-006-1 20 March 25, 1980
Adjusted Furnace Outlet Temperature - Oil 1007 * 21 March 27, 1998
Furnace Outlet Temperature - Natural Gas 80-007-1 22 June 15, 1981
Furnace Outlet Temperature Corrections 80-008-1 23 May 2, 1983
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction - 66-010-T * 24 March 27, 1998
Coal, Oil and Gas
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction - 66-009 * 25 March 27, 1998
Coal and Gas
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction - Oil 80-009 26 March 25, 1980

Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards 81-003-A 27 January 9, 1996

81-003-B 28 January 9, 1996
81-003-C 29 January 9, 1996
81-003-D 30 January 9, 1996

* These Sheet Nos. also appear in other Standards.

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Table of Contents and Revision (Date) Index (Cont.)

Subject Sheet No. Page No. Page Date

Typical Furnace Heat Absorption Rate Profile - Coal 81-010 31 September 18, 1981
Furnace Heat Absorption - Coal 81-011 32 September 18, 1981
81-012 33 July 29, 1981

Furnace Absorption Rate Corrections 81-013 34 September 18, 1981

Typical Furnace Heat Absorption Rate Profile - Coal 81-016 35 September 18, 1981
Furnace Heat Absorption-Coal 81-014 36 September 18, 1981
81-015 37 September 18, 1981

Lateral Furnace Absorption Distribution - Coal 74-023 38 September 18, 1981

74-021-1 39 September 18, 1981
74-022-1 40 September 18, 1981

Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards - Oil 79-011-A-1 41 January 9, 1996

79-011-B-1 42 January 9, 1996
79-011-C-1 43 January 9, 1996
79-011-D-1 44 January 9, 1996

Furnace Absorption Rates - Oil 69-024 45 January 22, 1973

69-022 46 January 22, 1973
69-020 47 January 22, 1973
69-023 48 January 22, 1973
69-021 49 January 22, 1973
69-026 50 January 22, 1973
69-025-1 51 April 20, 1982

Lateral Furnace Absorption Distribution - Oil 82-001 52 April 20, 1982

73-033 53 December 20, 1973
73-034 54 December 20, 1973

Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards - Gas 81-017-A 55 January 9, 1996

81-017-B 56 January 9, 1996
81-017-C 57 January 9, 1996
81-017-D 58 January 9, 1996

Maximum Local Furnace Absorption Rate - Gas 74-010-1 59 September 18, 1981
Furnace Absorption Rate Corrections 66-008-G 60 September 18, 1981
Furnace Absorption Rate Profile 66-012-1 61 September 18, 1981
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Table of Contents and Revision (Date) Index (Cont.)

Subject Sheet No. Page No. Page Date

Lateral Furnace Absorption Distribution 66-014-G 62 September 18, 1981

Gas 66-015-G 63 September 18, 1981

Furnace Outlet Temperature Standards None 64 January 9, 1996

None 65 January 9, 1996
None 66 January 9, 1996

Furnace Outlet Temperature-Coal 63-037 67 January 22, 1973

Furnace Outlet Temperature-Oil 63-038 68 January 22, 1973
Furnace Outlet Temperature-Gas 63-040 69 January 22, 1973
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction 63-041 70 January 22, 1973
Coal, Oil, Gas 66-010-H 71 January 22, 1973
63-012 72 January 22, 1973

Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards None 73 January 9, 1996

Oil None 74 January 9, 1996
None 75 January 9, 1996
None 76 January 9, 1996

Maximum Furnace Absorption Rates 65-001 77 January 22, 1973

Horizontal Strip-Oil
Furnace Absorption Rate Profile Side Wall 65-002 78 January 22, 1973
65-003 79 January 22, 1973
Furnace Absorption-Horizontal Strip Rates 65-006 80 January 22, 1973
Oil
Furnace Absorption Rate Profile Target 65-004 81 January 22, 1973
Wall, Floor and Roof
Furnace Absorption-Horizontal Strip Rates 65-007 82 January 22, 1973
Oil

Lateral Furnace Absorption Distribution 65-005 83 January 22, 1973

Oil
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Sheet No. 80-005-A-1
Equivalent Radius of Furnace Plan Area - R, ft
Definitions
R = PA / π
Furnace Width - w, ft

Distance between centerlines of opposing side Tilt Corrected Effective Furnace Height - hc, ft
wall tubes.
Effective furnace height corrected for fuel nozzle
In a divided furnace, the width of one cell is the tilt:
distance between the centerline of side wall tubes hc = h − λ R tan θ
and centerline of center wall tubes.
Height Above Top Fuel Nozzle - ht, ft
Furnace Depth - L, ft
Corrected for fuel nozzle tilt, this is defined as
Distance from centerline of front wall tubes to follows:
centerline of rear wall tubes.
ht = (Distance from top operating fuel nozzle to
Furnace Plan Area - PA, ft2 bottom of panels) - (R tan θ )

Furnace plan area generally refers to a single Height above Firing Zone Center - hc, ft
furnace cell. It is the product of furnace depth
and furnace width at the windbox elevation: Corrected for fuel nozzle tilt, this is defined as
PA = L x w. follows:

The furnace dimensions are measured from tube hc = (Distance from firing zone centerline
centerline to tube centerline of opposing walls. to bottom of panels) - (R tan θ )

Cut-off corners are treated as square corners. Effective Projected Radiant Surface - EPRS, ft2

Effective Furnace Height - h , ft The effective projected radiant surface is defined

as the projected area of all boundary surfaces
Effective furnace height is defined as the furnace forming the furnace enclosure, modified by
volume between the mean elevation of the fuel appropriate factors for specific types of surfaces.
nozzles in service (see firing zone location) and
the elevation of the furnace outlet plane (see When calculating EPRS, observe the following:
Sheet No. 80-001-1, Page 9), divided by the
furnace plan area. 1. Furnace dimensions are measured from
tube centerline to tube centerline of
Fuel Nozzle Tilt Angle - θ , degree opposite walls.

Angle between centerline of fuel nozzle and 2. Cut-off corners are treated as square
horizontal. corners.

Tilt Effectiveness Factor - λ , dimensionless 3. Center wall projected area is calculated

using full furnace depth.
λ = 1.0 for up tilt (θ > 0)
λ = 0.5 for down tilt (θ < 0) 4. The projected area of the hopper throat is
included as EPRS.
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Sheet No. 80-005-B
Mean elevation of Firing Zone* =
5. An effectiveness factor of 1.0 is used for:
å (Fuel nozzle * elevation x Q/elevation)
a. furnace outlet plane Q
b. hopper throat Firing zone* location may be expressed as
c. tangent tube walls percent EPRS above mean firing zone* elevation.
d. web walls
e. center walls Firing Zone* Height - h, ft
f. platens
The firing zone* height is defined as the number
6. An effectiveness factor of 0.0 is used for tile of operating fuel nozzle* levels, multiplied by the
covered floors or studded walls covered with average spacing between levels.
chrome ore.
Firing Zone* Surface - FZS, ft2
7. An effectiveness factor of 0.6 is used when
the entire furnace is covered with a thin This is the peripheral band enclosing that zone of
refractory coating (Super-3000). the furnace cell, defined by the firing zone*
height.
Total Projected Surface of Furnace Enclosure - FZS = 2 (w + L) x h
S, ft2
Firing Zone* Envelope - E, ft2
Same as EPRS, except effectiveness factor of 1.0 is
applied to all surfaces. The sum of all surfaces bounding the firing
zone *:
Furnace Volume - V, ft3 E = (FZS) + 2 (PA)

The furnace volume refers to the enclosure Net Heat Input - NHI, Btu/hr
defined in the EPRS calculation.
The gross heat release in a single furnace cell is
Surface-To-Volume Ratio - S/V, ft-1 the sum of

This parameter defines the radiant beam length 1. Gross fuel heat input based on high heat
in the furnace. When evaluating it, the total value of fuel
projected surface should be used, rather than the
effective projected radiant surface. 2. Sensible heat, calculated above a datum of
80o F, contained in:
Firing Zone* Location, Mean Elevation
a. fuel
The mean firing zone* elevation is the average b. preheated air
elevation of fuel nozzles* in service if firing rates c. recirculated gas
are uniform. With all fuel nozzles* in service at
equal firing rates and uniform fuel nozzle* 3. Heat content of the fuel atomizing steam
spacing, it is the centerline of the windbox. above 80o F (oil firing)

When firing rates differ with fuel nozzle* *In the case of horizontal firing, substitute “burner
elevation, calculate like a centroid: zone” for “firing zone” and “burner” for “fuel nozzle”.
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Sheet No. 80-005-C

The net heat input is obtained by subtracting the Maximum Local Absorption Rate (At A Given
following items from the gross heat release: Elevation)

1. Latent heat of vaporization of water in the The highest absorption rate observed on the
fuel and water formed by combustion of furnace wall surface within a string of test points
hydrogen, taken as 1030 Btu/lb for solid or around the perimeter of the furnace at any given
liquid fuels in accordance with ASTM elevation.
Sheet No. D 121-78, and 1050 Btu/lb
for gaseous fuels in accordance with AGA Each elevation has its own maximum local
Standards. absorption rate. When plotted against elevation,
they form the maximum local absorption rate
2. Combustible heat loss. profile.

Net Heat Release Rate - NHRR, Btu/ft2-hr Maximum Local Absorption Rate

This is the net heat input divided by the EPRS. The highest absorption rate observed at a point
anywhere on the entire furnace wall surface. It is
Gas Recirculation determined as the highest point in the maximum
local absorption rate profile.
Recirculation Ratio =
Maximum Horizontal Strip Rate
Recirculated Gas (lb / hr)
Furnace Gases Without Recirculation* (lb / hr) The highest strip rate as determined by a plot of
measured horizontal strip rates. Note that the
* Sum of fuel and air entering the furnace maximum local absorption rate will be higher
because of lateral absorption unbalance.
% Recirculation = 100 (Recirculation Ratio)
Average Accumulated Heat Absorption (Average
Furnace Absorption Rates Heat Accumulation)

All furnace absorption rates are expressed in The average expected quantity of heat absorbed
Btu/hr-ft2 of projected furnace wall surface. by a given circuit between the hopper top and a
given elevation. It is a statistical average value
Local Absorption Rate based on field tests.

The absorption rate of any point of the furnace Maximum Accumulated Heat Absorption
wall surface, based on thermocouple readings in (Maximum Heat Accumulation)
the field.
The maximum expected quantity of heat
Horizontal Strip Rate absorbed by a given circuit between the hopper
top and a given elevation based on field tests.
The average absorption rate measured by a
horizontal string of test points around the
perimeter of the furnace.
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Sheet No. 80-001-1

Furnace Outlet Temperature Standards All parameters used are defined on Pages 6
through 8 of this standard. Correction factors are
Tangentially Fired Utility Type Units discussed later in Pages 9 through 22 of this
standard.
The furnace outlet temperature standards
were developed by correlations of test data from Note: When the complete Reheat Boiler Program
numerous operating units, involving parameters (RHBP) is run, it will automatically calculate the
of furnace geometry, fuel, excess air and gas FOT using the appropriate procedures and curves
recirculation. For oil and natural gas firing, the in this Standard.
furnace outlet temperature obtained from these
standards is representative of the actual gas Coal, Oil or Natural Gas Fired Units
temperature that would be measured using a
high velocity, single shielded, gas temperature The furnace outlet plane in a tangentially
probe. The standards for coal firing are based fired furnace with arch is defined as the
on a correlation of back-calculated Furnace horizontal plane at the elevation of the arch nose.
Outlet Temperatures (FOT). If there is no arch, it is the horizontal plane at the
elevation where gases first leave the furnace.
The parameters used for expressing furnace Figures 1 and 2 indicate the furnace outlet plane
performance were selected on the premise that a (horizontal) for some typical arrangements.
tangentially fired furnace has a characteristic
primary flow pattern, established by the furnace
plan section, the method of introducing fuel and
air, and the length of vertical travel from the point
of fuel and air admission to the outlet plane.

Figure 1 - Furnace Outlet Plane - Coal, Oil or Natural Gas

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Sheet No. 82-006
Use of Furnace Outlet Temperature
Standards

Tangentially Fired Utility Type Units - Coal

Panel Type Units

FOT - Sheet Nos. 82-013 and 82-014

First calculate ht, the distance from top

operating fuel nozzle to bottom of panels. The
furnace outlet temperature at 20% excess air can
then be read from Sheet No. 82-013 (for
Commercially Dirty Furnaces) or from Sheet No.
82-014 (for Clean Furnaces).

Excess Air Correction - Sheet No. 82-015

Figure 2 - Furnace Outlet Plane All Fuels
Read correction for amounts of excess air
other than 20%.

Gas Recirculation

See Page 13.

Notes:

1. These standards apply to units fired with

either bituminous coal, or sub-bituminous A. For
current design practice, when firing lignite or sub-
bituminous B or C, consult Performance Design
Engineering.

2. Corrections for nozzle location and nozzle tilt

are contained in the calculation of the parameters
ht and hc.

3. To obtain the full range of temperature

control by fuel nozzle tilt, it is important to
observe a minimum distance of the bottom fuel
Figure 3 - Furnace Outlet Plane (Vertical) nozzle from the hopper or furnace floor as
Natural Gas and Non-Panel, Pendants specified on Standard No. 7-96, Index 21.13.
Units - Coal Insufficient space below the bottom fuel nozzle
may limit the effect of down tilts in addition to
• Location of Furnace Outlet Temperature causing flame impingement and overheating of
(Vertical) hopper or floor tubes.
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Open Furnace Units Corrections - Sheet No. 68-006

The current design practice for coal fired Furnace Plan Area - Net Heat Input Divided By
utility open upper furnace units is to use the RHBP Plan Area
Open Upper Furnace Module in conjunction with
Curve 300 and it’s associated adjustments (Sheet The furnace outlet temperature curves on
Nos. 300 and 300A) in this standard. Curve Sheet No. 67-001 apply to units with a furnace
300, with adjustments, is used to determine both plan area of 800 sq. ft. When selecting furnace
the average horizontal gas temperature at the outlet temperatures for units with a different plan
location shown in Figure 1 and the FOT (vertical), area, multiply the selected temperature by the
see Figure 3, which is the average gas indicated plan area correction factor. In the
temperature entering the first pendant section. upper plot the plan area correction is presented
The Open Furnace Module of the RHBP (or hand as a function of h for a firing rate of NHI/PA =
calculating procedure) uses this gas temperature 2.0 x 106 Btu/hr-ft2. For other NHI/PA ratios,
data to predict and distribute heat to the upper multiply also by the NHI/PA correction factor
furnace surfaces. shown in the plot beneath.

Units with Horizontal Surface Above Furnace Note: These corrections must be applied to the
FOT before any of the following corrections.
Coal fired utility boilers with horizontal
surface above the furnace (see Figure 2 for an Excess Air Leaving Economizer
example) also have the FOT (horizontal
calculated using Curve 300 and its adjustments The excess air correction as shown in the
(Sheet Nos. 300 and 300A). Although, by lower right-hand plot of Sheet No. 68-006 should
definition, this type boiler has not upper furnace, be applied to the gas temperature after it has
in the RHBP the Open Upper Furnace Module is been corrected for plan area and NHI/PA.
required to supply interface data not available on
other cards. Gas Recirculation

Tangentially Fired Utility Type Units - Oil See Page 13.

FOT - Sheet No. 67-001 Adjusted FOT - Sheet No. 1007

First, the effective furnace height must be After all of the above corrections have been
corrected for fuel nozzle tilt by the given equation. made, use Sheet No. 1007 to get to the adjusted
The relation between furnace outlet temperature FOT. This adjusted FOT curve for commercially
and tilt-corrected effective furnace height is seasoned tangentially fired oil units was derived
plotted for various NHI/PA ratios. These curves from field data. * If a fuel additive is required,
represent average surface dirtiness for an additional adjustment to the FOT may be
operating unit. Corrections must be applied as required. Consult your Supervisor.
specified below.

The furnace outlet temperature curves are

applicable to steam or mechanical, fuel oil * The RHBP automatically provides the adjusted FOT
atomization and represent expected temperatures unless a “1” is placed in Column 78 of the E3 card.
for normal operation without the use of an See E3 card instructions.
additive. The use of a magnesium oxide additive
will result in a furnace outlet temperature increase
of 150o F.
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Notes: Corrections - Sheet No. 80-008

1. The above method of calculating FOT on Fuel Nozzle Location Correction

units burning oil applies to all types of
tangentially fired utility boilers. For open upper The nozzle location correction is plotted
furnace units using this fuel, the method is against percent EPRS above centerline of firing
applied to obtain the horizontal FOT. Then PUF zone.
IIIA is used to determine the average gas
temperature entering the first pendant section and Excess Air Leaving Economizer
to predict and distribute heat to the upper furnace
surfaces. For oil fired units with horizontal The correction on Sheet No. 80-008 is
surface above the furnace (see Figure 2 for an plotted against percent excess air.
example), the horizontal FOT is calculated the
same way. Although, by definition, Figure 2 type Fuel Nozzle Tilt
boilers have no upper furnace, in the RHBP the
Open Upper Furnace Module is required to The nozzle tilt correction on Sheet No.
supply interface data not available on other 80-008 is plotted as a function of the net heat
cards. release rate. For a fuel nozzle tilt other than
+ 30o, use linear interpolation.
2. Corrections for nozzle location and nozzle tilt
are contained in the calculation of the effective Notes:
furnace height; h , and tilt corrected effective
furnace height hc (see Sheet No. 67-001). 1. The above method of calculating FOT on
units burning natural gas applies to all types of
tangentially fired utility boilers. For open upper
3. To obtain the full range of temperature furnace units using this fuel, the method is
control by fuel nozzle tilt, it is important to applied to obtain the horizontal FOT. Then PUF
observe a minimum distance of the bottom fuel IIIA is used to determine the average gas
nozzle from the hopper or furnace floor as temperature entering the first pendant section and
specified on Standard No. 24-96, Index 21.13, to predict and distribute heat to the upper furnace
Sheet No. 73-021. Insufficient space below the surfaces. For natural gas fired units with
bottom fuel nozzle may limit the effect of down horizontal surface above the furnace (see Figure
tilts in addition to causing flame impingement 2 for an example), the horizontal FOT is
and overheating of hopper or floor tubes. calculated the same way. Although, by definition,
Figure 2 type boilers have no upper furnace, in
Tangentially Fired Utility Type Units - the RHBP the Open Upper Furnace Module is
Natural Gas required to supply interface data not available on
other cards.
FOT - Sheet No. 80-007
2. To obtain the full range of temperature
For all types of tangentially fired utility boilers control by fuel nozzle tilt, it is important to
burning natural gas, the furnace outlet observe a minimum distance of the bottom fuel
temperature is plotted directly against net heat nozzle from the hopper or furnace floor as
release rate for the conditions of 61% EPRS above specified on Standard No. 24-96, Index 21.13,
centerline of mean firing zone, and 10% excess Sheet No. 73-021. Insufficient space below the
air. Corrections must be applied as specified bottom fuel nozzle may limit the effect of down
below. tilts in addition to causing flame impingement
and overheating of hopper or floor tubes.
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Sheet No. 82-008
2. Assume the specified recirculated gas is
Effects of Gas Recirculation a) introduced at the furnace outlet elevation
and compute the temperature of the
Gas Recirculation Introduced Below the Windbox resulting mixture of the recirculated gas and
- Coal, Oil and Gas - Sheet No. 66-010-T furnace gas, considering weights,
temperatures and specific heats of both
For arrangements where the recirculated gas gases. Consider this to be the furnace outlet
is introduced into the furnace at one or more temperature for introduction of the
points lower than the windbox. Apply the recirculated gas at the elevation of the
indicated correction to the first outlet temperature furnace outlet plane.
obtained from Sheet Nos. 82-013, 82-014, 300,
67-001 or 80-007. 3. Obtain the furnace outlet gas temperature
which would result if the recirculated gas
Gas Recirculation Introduced Through the were introduced through the windbox, by
Windbox - Coal and Gas - Sheet No. 66-009 using Sheet Nos. 66-009 or 80-009.
or Oil - Sheet No. 80-009 Consider this to be the furnace outlet
temperature for the introduction of gas at the
For arrangements where the recirculated gas highest elevation of the windbox at which
is introduced into the furnace through the recirculated gas can enter the furnace.
windbox. Curves are presented for coal, oil and
natural gas indicating a correction to be applied 4. To determine the furnace outlet gas
to the furnace outlet temperature obtained from temperature for recirculated gas introduced
Sheet Nos. 82-013, 82-014, 300, 67-001 or at an elevation between those of
80-007. Paragraphs (2) and (3), use linear
interpolation.
Gas Recirculation Introduced Above the Windbox

The effect of gas recirculation introduced at

an elevation between the windbox and the
furnace outlet is determined by the following
procedure: a)
Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of this
standard.
1. Assuming no gas recirculation, obtain the
furnace outlet temperature following the
applicable procedure (see Pages 10, 11 or
12).
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Sheet No. 82-013 Rev. 01 7/14/83

Furnace Outlet Temperature - Tangentially Fired Units

Coal Commercially “Dirty” Furnace

NHI/PA x 106 BTU/hr-ft2

This curve is also located in Standard No. 11-95, Index 24.1 - Coal Firing
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Sheet No. 82-014 Rev. 01 7/14/83

Furnace Outlet Temperature - Tangentially Fired Units

Coal Clean Furnace

NHI/PA x 106 BTU/hr-ft2

This curve is also located in Standard No. 11-95, Index 24.1 - Coal Firing
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Sheet No. 82-015
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction - Excess Air
For Use with Sheet Nos. 82-013 and 82-014
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Sheet No. 300
Furnace Outlet Temperature - Tangential Firing Non-Panel Units - coal

Curve drawn for 61% of EPRS above mean elevation of firing zone and 20% excess air. See Sheet No. 300A for corrections.

Net Heat Release Rate, 1000 Btu/hr-sq. ft. - EPRS

FOT = ((-0.2393E^-6)(X^4)) + ((0.21335E^-3)(X^3)) - ((.0733)(X^2) + (14.062)(X) + (1246.5))

where X = NHRR/1000
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Sheet No. 300A
Furnace Outlet Temperature Corrections - Tangential Firing Non-Panel Units - Coal
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Sheet No.67-001-2
Furnace Outlet Temperature - Tangential Firing - Oil - No Additives
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Sheet No. 68-006-1
Furnace Outlet Temperature Corrections - Tangential Firing - Oil
For Use with Sheet No. 67-001
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Sheet No. 1007
Adjusted Furnace Outlet Temperature - Tangentially Fired Units - Oil
Adjusted to Commercially Seasoned (No Additives

Ref: Letter from A. F. Kwasnik to R. D. Brown, dated June 9, 1976

Y = 16/3 + (1.031 * X); where X = Standards FOT and Y = Adjusted FOT

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Sheet No. 80-007-1
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Sheet No. 80-008-1
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Sheet No. 66-010-T

Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction for Gas Recirculation

Introduced Below Windbox - Tangential Firing - Coal, Oil and Gas

For Use with Sheet Nos. 82-013, 82-014, 67-001 and 80-007
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Sheet No. 66-009
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction for Gas Recirculation
Introduced through Windbox - Tangential Firing - Coal and Gas

For Use with Sheet Nos. 82-013, 82-014 and 80-007

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Sheet No. 80-009
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Sheet No. 81-003-A
The instructions are written for a single
Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards furnace cell. When calculating a divided furnace
use dimensions and operating inputs for one cell
Tangentially Fired Utility Type Units - Coal only; the dividing center wall is assumed to have
the dimensions of a full wall.
The furnace absorption distribution standards
were developed by correlating test data from a A. Obtain or calculate the following
number of operating units. The following geometrical data:
parameters are involved:
1. Furnace side elevation drawing,
A. Furnace geometry completely dimensioned
B. Fuel 2. Furnace plan area, PA
C. Excess air leaving economizer 3. Equivalent radius of furnace plan area,
D. type of tangential firing
R = PA / π
a. corner
b. front and rear wall 4. Firing zone height, h
E. Number and position of fuel nozzles 5. Firing zone surface, FZS
F. Net heat input 6. PA x FZS, ft2
G. Furnace wall deposits
H. Operating fuel nozzle tilt B. Obtain the following design performance
data:
By a correlation of test data from operating
units, the horizontal strip rate a) and the maximum 1. Net heat input, NHI a)
local rate a) at selected elevations have been 2. % excess air leaving economizer
established as a function of net heat input divided 3. Operating fuel nozzle tilt, θ
by the square root of the product of furnace plan 4. Output from final Upper Furnace and
area a) and corresponding firing zone surface a) or Steam Generator Module runs.
(for the elevation of the furnace outlet plane) as a
function of furnace outlet temperature. C. Construct an unadjusted average vertical
heat absorption rate profile as follows:
These standards are not applicable to
slagging bottom units or where the ratio of 1. Obtain the furnace outlet gas
furnace cell width to depth is smaller than 0.75 or temperature from final Upper Furnace
greater than 1.40. For assistance in predicting Module run.
absorption rates for furnaces outside these limits,
2. Calculate NHI / PA x FZS
contact Performance Design Engineering.
3. Determine the horizontal strip rate at
the following elevations:
The standards are designed to include a
tolerance of two standard deviations. To achieve
A - Furnace outlet plane as defined on
a match of furnace heat absorption, as indicated
Page 9. Obtain from the calculated
by these standards, with the water/steam side
furnace outlet gas temperature
performance, some adjustment is required (see
(Paragraph C.1) and Sheet No.
Paragraph D).
81-011.
a)
Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of this
standard.
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Sheet No. 003-B
b. The total heat absorption in the
B - A distance 1.3R above the centerline furnace hopper. Multiply the furnace plan area
operating with horizontal tilt. For by 1.5 times the horizontal strip rate at the top of
non-horizontal tilts, displace this the furnace hopper, or by the maximum
elevation by R tan Φ. This is the horizontal strip rate, whichever is less. The
elevation of the maximum heat absorbed in the hopper zone should be
horizontal strip rate as given by distributed so that the absorption rate on the
Sheet Nos. 81-012 and 81-013. hopper slope is 50% greater than the rate
assigned to the vertical walls in the hopper zone.
C - At the mean firing zone elevation a)
from Sheet Nos. 81-012 and c. The total heat absorption in the
81-013. deflection arch. Multiply the arch surface by an
average arch absorption rate. The average
D - A distance 0.8R below the mean absorption rate in a deflection arch of 45o slope
firing zone elevation a) from Sheet or greater, with respect to the horizontal, is
Nos. 81-012 and 81-013. determined by dividing the average adjacent
vertical surface absorption rate by the sine of this
E - Thirty feet below the lowest slope angle. For an arch slope of less than 45o
operating fuel nozzles, from from the horizontal, the average absorption
Sheet Nos. 81-012 and 81-013. rate assigned to the arch surface is 1.5 times the
rate of the adjacent vertical surface, but should
4. Fair a curve through these points similar not exceed the maximum horizontal strip rate
in shape to the one shown on Sheet No. 81-010. obtained in Paragraph C.3.B.
The total heat absorption represented by this
profile of horizontal strip rates is adjusted to 2. To determine the average heat
match the water/steam side performance, as absorption by the furnace walls up to the furnace
described below. outlet plane from the water/steam side
performance, proceed as follows:
D. Adjust the Heat Absorption Rate Profile
developed in Paragraph C.4 to make the furnace a. By making a heat balance around
wall heat absorption indicated by the profile the water walls or steam drum, determine the
agree with the furnace heat absorption calculated total water wall heat absorption. This is the heat
from the water/steam side performance. required to preheat and evaporate the feed water
from the economizer outlet to the steam drum
1. The total furnace wall heat absorption up outlet, or water wall outlet in the case of a
to the horizontal outlet plane as indicated by the supercritical unit.
profile is the sum of the following:
b. From this total water-wall heat
a. The total heat absorption of the absorption, subtract the heat absorption of the
vertical furnace walls. Multiply the absorption water walls within the upper furnace. Also
rates of incremental heights (10 ft. maximum) as subtract the heat absorption by the water-cooled
read from profile in Paragraph C.4 by the walls in the convection pass including screen and
corresponding EPRS a) and make summation. hanger tubes. This can be obtained from the
output of the Steam Generator Module.

a)
Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of
this standard.
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Sheet No. 81-003-C
When evaluating the actual accumulation for
3. If the total heat absorption of the furnace particular circuits within a furnace wall,
walls as indicated by the profile (Paragraph D.1) consideration should be given to the variation of
does not equal the furnace heat absorption as heat accumulation due to different circuit lengths,
determined from the water/steam side as in the side wall circuits of a steeply sloping
performance (Paragraph D.2), adjust the profile hopper (see Paragraph E.5).
(Paragraph C.4) until a match is obtained. The
entire profile should be adjusted by the same 2. Maximum Lateral Heat Accumulation
percentage. Distribution for heat absorbed between the top of
the hopper and a given elevation. For use in
Adjustment = conjunction with the vertical heat absorption rate
Furnace Heat Absorption by Water / Steam (D.2) profile, EPRS, and flow per circuit, to evaluate the
Furnace Heat Absorption indicated by Profile (D.1) maximum expected enthalpy rise within a circuit.
This in turn is used together with the maximum
E. Lateral Heat Absorption Distribution local heat absorption rate, as determined in
Paragraph F, for the selection of tubing material
1. Average Lateral Heat Accumulation on supercritical pressure boilers or to check for a
Distribution at the elevation of furnace outlet possible departure from nucleate boiling on
plane (defined on Page 9). For use in subcritical pressure boilers.
proportioning the flow in the various circuits
within a furnace wall. a. For corner firing, use the lower curve
on Sheet No. 74-023; for front and rear wall
a. For corner firing use the upper curve firing, use the curves on Sheet No. 74-022.
on Sheet No. 74-023; for front and rear wall These curves may be applied to any elevation
firing use the curves on Sheet No. 74-021. These between the top fuel nozzle and the furnace outlet
curves represent the average heat accumulation plane. They are drawn 15% higher than the
from the top of the hopper to the furnace outlet corresponding curves for average absorption
plane, in percent of wall average. Note that the distribution, and are not symmetrical (see
distribution is not symmetrical (see Paragraph Paragraph E.4).
E.4).
b. For the effects of cut furnace corners,
b. The data do not justify any variation direction of firing circle rotation and absorption in
with furnace height. However, it should be kept the hopper, (see Paragraphs E.3, E.4 and E.5).
in mind that the data for front and rear wall firing
fall within a limited range of height (55 to 64 ft. 3. The curves for corner firing show the
from centerline of firing zone to furnace outlet lateral absorption distribution for a square
plane). Also, there is no need for a size cornered furnace. For units with cut-off corners,
correction because of the dominant effect of slag use only that portion of the curve that represents
deposits. the furnace wall surface between the points of
intersection with the cut-off. This part of the curve
c. For the effects of cut furnace corners must then be adjusted (lowered) to balance areas
and direction of firing circle rotation, (see above and below average absorption. For the
Paragraphs E.3 and E.4). Since the heat circuits in the corners, use the average heat
absorption rates in the hopper are generally low, absorption to compensate for the change in view
the lateral distribution of the absorption rate angle.
across each hopper wall is considered uniform.
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Sheet No. 81-003-D
1. Determine the maximum local absorption
4. Note that the distribution curves are not rate at the following elevations:
symmetrical about the centerline and present a
view from outside the furnace. The orientation of A - The furnace outlet plane, Sheet No.
the curves and location of the peak depend on 81-014.
the direction of rotation of the firing circle.
B’ - A distance 0.8R above the
a. The curves for corner firing, Sheet centerline of the firing zone when
No. 74-023, are drawn for counter clockwise operating with horizontal tilt. For
rotation (peak to the right of center). For non-horizontal tilts, displace this
clockwise rotation, use a mirror image to the elevation by R tan θ . This is the
curves. To avoid errors, the ends of each wall in elevation of the maximum local heat
the plan views and the corresponding “cold” and absorption rate as given by Sheet
“hot” ends of the curves have been identified as Nos. 81-015 and 81-013.
C and H. A cold corner corresponds to a slagged
wall, while a hot corner indicates a clean wall. D’ - 10 ft. below the lowest operating
fuel nozzles, Sheet Nos. 81-015 and
b. For front and rear wall tangential 81-013.
firing, Sheet Nos. 74-021 and 74-022, the ends
of the curves have been marked C and H, to be E - 30 ft. below the lowest operating fuel
matched with the corresponding “cold” and “hot” nozzles, Sheet Nos. 81-015 and
corners of the furnace as shown in the plan 81-013.
sketches. Thus, for example, the curves apply
directly to the front wall of the right furnace in the 2. Given these four points, construct a
left hand sketch (counter clockwise rotation), but a profile similar in shape to that shown on Sheet
mirror image should be used for the front wall of No. 81-016.
the left furnace in the same sketch (clockwise
rotation). A cold corner corresponds to a slagged 3. To obtain the maximum local absorption
wall, while a hot corner indicates a clean wall. rate in a deflection arch of 45o slope or greater,
with respect to the horizontal, divided the
5. To find the total absorption to a given maximum local absorption rate for the adjacent
elevation in any circuit, the heat absorbed in the vertical surface by the sine of the slope angle.
hopper zone must be added. This is calculated For an arch slope less than 45o from the
by multiplying the EPRS of the circuit below the horizontal, use an assigned rate equal to 1.5
top of the hopper, by the corresponding times the rate for the adjacent vertical surface, but
absorption rate from Paragraph D.1.b. not exceeding the maximum local rate obtained
in Paragraph F.1.B'.
F. Maximum Local Absorption Rate Profile for
use in calculating outside tube metal 4. The maximum local absorption rate
temperatures and to check for occurrence of should be applied laterally to the entire wall.
DNB.
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Sheet No. 81-010
Typical Furnace Heat Absorption Rate Profile Tangential Firing - Coal
Horizontal Strip Rate

* For non-horizontal tilts displace this elevation by R tan θ.

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Sheet No. 81-011

Furnace Heat Absorption - Tangential Firing - Coal

Horizontal Strip Rate at Furnace Outlet Elevation
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Sheet No. 81-0121

Furnace Heat Absorption - Tangential Firing - Coal

Horizontal Strip Rate at Various Elevations
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Sheet No. 81-013

Furnace Absorption Rate Corrections - Tangential Firing - Coal

For use with Sheet Nos. 81-012 and 81-015
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Sheet No. 81-016

Typical Furnace Heat Absorption Rate Profile - Tangential Firing - Coal

Maximum Local Rate
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Sheet No. 81-014

Furnace Heat Absorption - Tangential Firing - Coal

Maximum Local Rate at Furnace Outlet Elevation
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Sheet No. 81-015

Furnace Heat Absorption - Tangential Firing - Coal

Maximum Local Rate at Various Elevations
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Sheet No. 74-023
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Sheet No. 74-021-1
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Sheet No. 74-022-1
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Sheet No. 79-011-A-1
The instructions are written for a single
Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards furnace cell. When calculating a divided
furnace, consider the operating inputs for one
Tangentially Fired Utility Type Units - Oil cell only; the dividing center wall is assumed to
have the dimensions of a full wall.
The furnace absorption distribution standards
were developed by correlating test data from a A. Obtain or calculate the following
number of operating units. The following geometrical data:
parameters are involved:
1. Furnace side elevation drawing,
A. Furnace geometry completely dimensioned
B. Fuel 2. Furnace plan area, PA
C. Excess air leaving economizer 3. Effective furnace height, h
D. Gas recirculation 4. Firing zone height, h
E. Type of tangential firing 5. Firing zone surface, FZS
a. corner
6. PA x FZS, ft2
b. front and rear wall
F. Number and position of fuel nozzles
G. Net heat input B. Obtain the following design
H. Furnace wall deposits Performance Data:
I. Operating fuel nozzle tilt
1. Net heat input, NHI a)
By a correlation of test data from operating 2. % excess air leaving economizer
units, the horizontal strip rate a) and the 3. % gas recirculation a)
maximum local rate a) at selected elevations have 4. Operating fuel nozzle tilt
been established as a function of net heat input 5. Output from final Upper Furnace and/or
divided by the square root of the product of Steam Generator Module runs.
furnace plan area a) and corresponding firing
zone surface a) or (for the elevation of the furnace C. Construct a vertical heat absorption rate
outlet plane) as a function of FOT. profile as follows:

These standards are applicable to furnace 1. Obtain the furnace outlet gas
cell width-to-depth ratios within the following temperature from final Upper Furnace
limits: Module run.
2. Calculate NHI / PA x FZS
0.75<w/L<1.40 for open furnaces (corner firing) 3. Determine the horizontal strip rate at
the following elevations:
0.95<w/L<1.40 for divided furnaces (front and
rear wall firing) ‘A’ - Furnace outlet plane as defined on
Page 9. Obtain from the calculated
For assistance in predicting absorption rates furnace outlet gas temperature
for furnaces outside these limits, contact (Paragraph C.1) and Sheet No.
Performance Design Engineering. 69-022.

a)
Terms are defined in Pages 6 through 8 of this
standard.
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Sheet No. 79-011-B-1
b. The total heat absorption in the
‘B’ - Centerline of the highest elevation of furnace hopper. Multiply the furnace plan area
operating fuel nozzles when operating by 1.5 times the horizontal strip rate at the top of
with horizontal tilt. For non-horizontal the furnace hopper, or by the maximum
tilts, displace this elevation by +8 ft. horizontal strip rate, whichever is less. The heat
or by -8 ft. for tilts of +30o and -30o absorbed in the hopper zone should be
respectively. Interpolate linearly at distributed so that the absorption rate on the
other tilt angles. By definition, this is hopper slope is 50% greater than the rate
the elevation of the maximum assigned to the vertical walls in the hopper zone.
horizontal strip rate as given by
Sheet Nos. 69-020 and 69-021. c. The total heat absorption in the
deflection arch. Multiply the arch surface by an
‘C’ - 10 ft. below the lowest operating fuel average arch absorption rate. The average
nozzles, from Sheet Nos. 69-023 and absorption rate in a deflection arch of 45o slope
69-021 or greater, with respect to the horizontal, is
determined by dividing the average adjacent
‘D’ - 30 ft. below the lowest operating fuel vertical surface absorption rate by the sine of this
nozzles from Sheet Nos. 69-023 and slope angle. For an arch slope of less than 45o
69-021. from the horizontal, the average absorption rate
assigned to the arch surface is 1.5 times the rate
4. Fair a curve through these points similar of the adjacent vertical surface, but should not
in shape to the one shown on Sheet No. 69-024. exceed the maximum horizontal strip rate
The total heat absorption represented by the obtained in Paragraph C.3.B.
horizontal strip rate profile must equal the heat
absorbed by the furnace, as described in 2. To determine the average heat
Paragraph D.2. absorption by the furnace walls up to the furnace
outlet plane from the water/steam side
D. Adjust the Heat Absorption Rate Profile performance, proceed as follows:
developed in Paragraph C.4 to make the furnace
wall heat absorption indicated by the profile a. By making a heat balance around
agree with the furnace heat absorption the water walls or steam drum, determine the
calculated from the water/steam side total water wall heat absorption. This is the heat
performance. required to preheat and evaporate the feed water
from the economizer outlet to the steam drum
1. The total furnace wall heat absorption up outlet, or water wall outlet in the case of a
to the horizontal outlet plane as indicated by the supercritical unit.
profile is the sum of the following:
b. From this total water all heat
a. The total heat absorption of the absorption, subtract the heat absorption of the
vertical furnace walls. Multiply the absorption water walls within the upper furnace. Also
rates of incremental heights (10 ft. maximum) as subtract the heat absorption by the water-cooled
read from profile in Paragraph C.4 by the walls in the convection pass including screen and
corresponding EPRS a) and make summation. hanger tubes. This can be obtained from the
output of the Steam Generator Module.

a)
Terms are defined in Pages 6 through 8 of this
standard.
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Sheet No. 79-011-C-1
c. When evaluating the actual
3. If the total heat absorption of the furnace accumulation for particular circuits within a
walls as indicated by the profile (Paragraph D.1) furnace wall, consideration should be given to
does not equal the furnace heat absorption as the variation of heat accumulation due to
determined from the water/steam side different circuit lengths, as in the side wall circuits
performance (Paragraph D.2), adjust the profile of a steeply sloping hopper (see Paragraph E.4),
(Paragraph C.4) until a match is obtained. The and to shading of circuits in the fuel
entire profile should be adjusted by the same compartments.
percentage.
2. Maximum Lateral Heat Accumulation
Adjustment = Distribution for heat absorbed between the top of
Furnace Heat Absorption by Water / Steam (D.2) the hopper and a given elevation. For use in
Furnace Heat Absorption indicated by Profile (D.1) conjunction with the vertical heat absorption rate
profile, EPRS, and flow per circuit, to evaluate the
E. Lateral Heat Absorption Distribution maximum expected enthalpy rise within a circuit.
This in turn is used together with the maximum
1. Average Lateral Heat Accumulation local heat absorption rate, as determined in
Distribution at the elevation of furnace outlet Paragraph F, for the selection of tubing material
plane (defined on Page 9). For use in or to check for a possible departure from
proportioning the flow in the various circuits nucleate boiling on subcritical pressure boilers.
within a furnace wall.
a. For corner firing, use the lower curve
a. For corner firing, use the upper curve on Sheet No. 82-001, which may be applied to
on Sheet No. 82-001; which is a plot of the any elevation between the top of the hopper and
average heat accumulation from the water wall the furnace outlet plane. For the effects of cut
inlet to the furnace outlet plane, in percent of furnace corners, see Paragraph E.3.
wall average. (The data do not justify any
variation for furnace height.) For the effects of b. For front and rear wall firing, use the
cut furnace corners, (see Paragraph E.3). right hand curves on Sheet Nos. 73-033 and
73-034. They represent the distribution of
b. For front and rear wall firing (in maximum expected heat accumulation from the
divided furnaces), use the left hand curves on top of the hopper to elevations 5, 40 and 70 ft.
Sheet Nos. 73-033 and 73-034. These curves above the centerline of the firing zone, in percent
represent a plot of the lateral distribution of of wall average. For intermediate elevations,
average heat accumulation from the top of the interpolate linearly.
hopper to elevations 40 and 70 ft. above the
centerline of the firing zone, in percent of wall c. For the effects of absorption in
average. For a furnace outlet plane at an the hopper, see paragraph E.4.
intermediate elevation, interpolate linearly.

The lateral absorption distribution is

symmetrical for all but one of the furnace walls
(Sheet No. 73-033). Either the front or the rear
wall has a non-symmetrical distribution (Sheet
No. 73-034), depending on the direction of
rotation of the firing circle. The hot corner of this
wall always adjoins the center wall.
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Sheet No. 79-011-D-1
2. Given these four points, select a profile
3. The curves for corner firing show the that corresponds to the profile finally selected for
lateral absorption distribution for a square the horizontal strip rate.
cornered furnace. For units with cut-off corners,
use only that portion of the curve that represents 3. To obtain the maximum local absorption
the furnace wall surface between the points of rate in a deflection arch of 45o slope or greater,
intersection with the cut-off. The entire curve with respect to the horizontal, divide the
must then be adjusted (lowered) to balance areas maximum local absorption rate for the adjacent
above and below average absorption. For the vertical surface by the sine of the slope angle.
circuits in the corners, use the average heat For an arch slope less than 45o from the
absorption to compensate for the change in view horizontal, use an assigned rate equal to 1.5
angle. times the rate for the adjacent vertical surface,
but not exceeding the maximum local rate
4. To find the total heat absorption to a obtained in Paragraph F.1.B.
given elevation in any circuit, the heat absorbed
in the hopper zone must be added. This is 4. The maximum local absorption rate
calculated by multiplying the EPRS of the circuit should be applied laterally to the entire center
below the top of the hopper by the half of the wall and to any cut corner surface.
corresponding absorption rate from Paragraph
D.1.b. Over the end quarters use 80% of the
profile rate.
F. Maximum Local Absorption Rate Profile for
use in calculating outside tube metal
temperatures and to check for occurrence of
DNB.

1. Determine the maximum local

absorption rate at the following elevations:

‘A’ - The furnace outlet plane, Sheet

No. 69-026.

‘B’ - The highest elevation of fuel

nozzles, Sheet Nos. 69-025 and
69-021.

‘C’ - 10 ft. below the lowest fuel nozzle

elevation. Use the same rates
assigned to the horizontal strip,
Sheet Nos. 69-023 and 699-021.

‘D’ - 30 ft. below the lowest fuel nozzle

elevation. Use the same rates
assigned to the horizontal strip,
Sheet Nos. 69-023 and 69-021.
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Sheet No. 69-024

Furnace Absorption Rates - Tangentially Fired Units - Oil

Typical Heat Absorption Rate Profile

* Elevation B is defined at the centerline of the highest elevation of operating fuel nozzles when operating with
horizontal tilts. For non-horizontal tilts, displace this elevation by +8 ft. or by -8 ft. for tilts of +300 and -300
respectively. Interpolate linearly at other tilts.
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Sheet No. 69-022

Furnace Absorption Rates - Tangentially Fired Units - Oil

Horizontal Strip Rate at Furnace Outlet
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Sheet No. 69-020

Furnace Absorption Rates - Tangentially Fired Units - Oil

Maximum Horizontal Strip Rate - Defined as Occurring at Elevation "B"
See Sheet No. 69-021 for Excess Air and Gas Recirculation Corrections
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Sheet No. 69-023
Furnace Absorption Rates - Tangentially Fired Units - Oil
Horizontal Strip Rates Below Firing Zone
See Sheet No. 69-021 for Excess Air, Gas Recirculation and Nozzle Tilt Corrections
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Sheet No. 69-021
Furnace Absorption Rates - Tangentially Fired Units - Oil
Excess Air, Gas Recirculation and Fuel Nozzle Tilt
Use with Sheet Nos. 69-020, 69-023 and 69-025
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Sheet No. 69-026
Furnace Absorption Rates - Tangentially Fired Units - Oil
Maximum Local Absorption Rate at Furnace Outlet Elevation
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Sheet No. 69-025-1
Furnace Heat Absorption - Tangential Firing - Oil
Maximum Local Rate
Defined as Occurring at Elevation "B" - See Sheet No. 69-024 for Definition
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Sheet No. 82-001
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Sheet No. 73-033
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Sheet No. 73-034
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Sheet No. 81-017-A
A. Obtain or calculate the following
Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards geometrical data:

Tangentially Fired Utility Type Units - Gas 1. Furnace side elevation drawing,
completely dimensioned
The furnace absorption distribution standards 2. Furnace plan area, PA
were developed by correlating test data from a 3. Distance from centerline of firing zone
number of operating units. The following to top of hopper
parameters are involved: 4. Distance from centerline of firing zone
to furnace outlet plane as defined on
A. Furnace geometry Page 9
B. Fuel 5. Firing zone height, h
C. Excess air leaving economizer 6. Firing zone surface, FZS
D. Gas recirculation 7. PA x FZS, ft2
E. Type of tangential firing
a. corner B. Obtain the following design performance
b. front and rear wall data:
F. Number and position of fuel nozzles
G. Net heat input 1. Net heat input, NHI a)
2. % excess air leaving economizer
These correlations have established the 3. % gas recirculation a)
maximum local absorption rate a) as function of a 4. Output from final Upper Furnace and/or
parameter expressing the furnace loading: the Steam Generator Module runs.
net heat input divided by the square root of the
product of furnace plan area and corresponding C. Vertical Heat Absorption Rate Profile
firing zone surface a), NHI / PA x FZS.
1. Calculate NHI / PA x FZS
The standards are not applicable where the 2. Read maximum local absorption rate
ratio of furnace cell width to depth is smaller from Sheet No. 74-010 and multiply by
than 0.75 or greater than 1.40. For assistance correction factors for excess air and/or
in predicting absorption rates for furnaces gas recirculation from Sheet No.
outside these limits, contact Performance Design 66-008-G
Engineering. 3. Construct an average absorption rate
profile from top of hopper to furnace
The standards are designed to include a outlet plane by the following procedure:
tolerance of two standard deviations. To achieve
a match of furnace heat absorption, as indicated
by these standards, with the water/steam side
performance, some adjustment is required (see
Paragraph D).

The instructions are written for a single a)

Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of this
furnace cell. When calculating a divided
standard.
furnace, use dimensions and operating input for
one cell only; the dividing center wall is assumed
to have the dimensions of a full wall.
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Sheet No. 81-017-B
c. The total heat absorption in the
a. Vertical profiles of horizontal strip deflection arch. Multiply the arch surface by an
rates at horizontal fuel nozzle tilt are shown for average arch absorption rate. The average
furnace plan areas of 800 and 3600 ft2 on Sheet absorption rate in a deflection arch of 45o slope
No. 66-012 (right hand curves). The ordinate or greater, with respect to the horizontal, is
(furnace elevation) is expressed in feet above or determined by dividing the average adjacent
below centerline of firing zone, the abscissa in vertical surface absorption rate by the sine of this
percent of the maximum local absorption rate slope angle. For an arch slope of less than 45o
determined in Paragraph C.2. Note that a from the horizontal, the average absorption rate
higher rate is assigned to horizontal surfaces assigned to the arch surface is 1.5 times the rate
(Paragraphs D.1.b and D.1.c). Interpolate of the adjacent vertical surface, but should not
linearly for furnace plan areas between 800 and exceed the maximum horizontal strip rate
3600 ft2. From the horizontal strip rate profile, obtained in Paragraph C.3.
tabulate readings at short intervals (10 ft.
maximum) along the curve. 2. To determine the average heat
absorption by the furnace walls up to the furnace
b. Multiply the abscissa readings by the outlet plane from the water/steam side
corrected maximum local absorption rate from performance, proceed as follows:
Paragraph C.2 to convert percentage readings to
actual absorption rates, and tabulate. a. By making a heat balance around
the water walls or steam drum, determine the
D. Check the Absorption Rate Profile developed total water wall heat absorption. This is the heat
in Paragraph C.3 by comparing the furnace wall required to preheat and evaporate the feed water
absorption indicated by the profile, with the from the economizer outlet to the steam drum
furnace absorption calculated from the outlet, or water wall outlet in the case of a
water/steam side performance. supercritical unit.

1. The total furnace wall heat absorption up b. From this total water wall heat
to the horizontal outlet plane as indicated by the absorption, subtract the heat absorption of the
profile is the sum of the following: water walls within the upper furnace. Also
subtract the heat absorption by the water-cooled
a. The total heat absorption of the walls in the convection pass including screen and
vertical furnace walls. Multiply the absorption hanger tubes. This can be obtained from the
rates of incremental heights as determined in output of the Steam Generator Module.
Paragraph C.3, by the corresponding EPRS a) and
make summation. 3. If the total heat absorption of the
furnace walls as indicated by the profile
b. The total heat absorption in the (Paragraph D.1) does not equal the furnace heat
furnace hopper. Multiply the furnace plan area absorption as determined from the water/steam
by 1.5 times the horizontal strip rate at the top of side performance (Paragraph D.2), adjust the
the furnace hopper, or by the maximum profile (Paragraph C.4) until a match is obtained.
horizontal strip rate, whichever is less. The heat The entire profile should be adjusted by the same
absorbed in the hopper zone should be percentage.
distributed so that the absorption rate on the
hopper slope is 50% greater than the rate
assigned to the vertical walls in the hopper zone. a)
Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of this
standard.
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Sheet No. 81-017-C
This in turn is used together with the maximum
Adjustment = local heat absorption rate, as determined in
Furnace Heat Absorpt ion by Water / Steam (D.2) Paragraph F, for the selection of tubing material
Furnace Heat Absorpt ion indicated by Profile (D.1) or to check for a possible departure from
nucleate boiling.
E. Lateral Heat Absorption Distribution
a. Use the right hand curves on Sheet
1. Average Lateral Heat Accumulation No. 66-014-G (for corner firing) or on Sheet No.
Profile at the elevation of the furnace outlet plane 66-015-G (for front and rear wall firing). The
(defined on Page 9); for use in proportioning the lower curves represent the distribution of
flow in the various circuits within a furnace wall. maximum expected heat accumulation from the
top of the hopper to elevations 5, 40 and 70 ft.
a. Use the left hand curves on Sheet above the centerline of the firing zone, in percent
No. 66-014-G (for corner firing) or on Sheet No. of wall average for a plan area of 800 ft2. For
66-015-G (for front and rear wall firing). The intermediate elevations, interpolate linearly. A
lower curve is a plot of the lateral distribution of PA correction factor for 3600 ft2 is given in the
average heat accumulation from the top of the upper curve. For other plan areas, interpolate
hopper to elevations 40 and 70 ft. above the linearly between 800 and 3600 ft2.
centerline of the firing zone, in percent of wall
average for a plan area of 800 ft2. For a furnace b. For the effects of cut furnace corners,
outlet plane at an intermediate elevation, direction of firing circle rotation, and absorption
interpolate linearly. A PA correction factor for in the hopper, see Paragraphs E.3, E.4 and E.5.
3600 ft2 is given in the upper curve. For other
plan areas, interpolate linearly between 800 and 3. The curves for corner firing show the
3600 ft2. lateral absorption distribution for a square
cornered furnace. For units with cut-off corners,
b. For the effects of cut furnace corners use only that portion of the curve that represents
and direction of firing circle rotation, see the furnace wall surface between the points of
Paragraphs E.3 and E.4. intersection with the cut-off. This part of the
curve must then be adjusted (lowered) to balance
c. Since the heat absorption rates in the areas above and below average absorption. For
hopper are generally low, the lateral distribution the circuits in the corners, use the average heat
of the absorption rate across each hopper wall is absorption to compensate for the change in view
considered uniform. When evaluating the actual angle.
accumulation for particular circuits within a
furnace wall, consideration should be given to 4. Note that the distribution curves for front
the variation of heat accumulation due to and rear wall firing are not symmetrical about
different circuit lengths, as in the side wall circuits the centerline and present a view from outside
of a steeply sloping hopper (see Paragraph E.5). the furnace. The orientation of the curves and
location of the peak depend on the direction of
2. Maximum Lateral Heat Accumulation rotation of the firing circle.
Profile for heat absorbed between the top of the
hopper and a given elevation. It is used in
conjunction with the vertical heat absorption rate
profile, EPRS, and flow per circuit, to evaluate the
maximum expected enthalpy rise within a circuit.
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Sheet No. 81-017-D

The tables on Sheet No. 66-015-G

define the application of the curves to the various
walls, if the nozzles are arranged as shown in the
diagrams: clockwise firing circle in the left
furnace, counter clockwise in the right furnace.
For example, consider the front wall of the left
furnace (1-2). Referring to the table, the left end
of the curve represents corner 1 (left end of wall)
and the right end of the curve represents corner
2, which locates the peak absorption to the right
of the centerline. For the rear wall of the left
furnace (4-3), the left end of the curve represents
corner 3 and the right end of the curve
represents corner 4, which means that a mirror
image of the curve applies to this wall, locating
the peak absorption to the left of the centerline.

5. To find the total heat absorption to a

given elevation in any circuit, the heat absorbed
in the hopper zone must be added. This is
calculated by multiplying the ERPS of the circuit
below the top of the hopper, by the
corresponding absorption rate from Paragraph
D.1.b.

F. The left hand curves on Sheet No. 66-012

show the expected variation in maximum local
absorption rate with furnace elevation. These
maximum local absorption rates are used in the
selection of tubing material and to check for
possible departure from nucleate boiling.

To construct a vertical profile of the

maximum local absorption rate for a particular
unit, follow the procedure outlined in Paragraph
C.3, using the corrected maximum local rate to
construct the abscissa scale.

For a lateral profile, use the maximum local

absorption rate over the center half of the wall;
over the end quarters, use 80% of the maximum.
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Sheet No. 74-010-1

Maximum Local Furnace Absorption Rate

Tangentially Fired Units - Gas
See Sheet No. 66-008-G for Excess Air and Gas Recirculation Corrections
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Sheet No. 66-008-G
Furnace Absorption Rate Corrections
Tangentially Fired Units - Gas
Use with Sheet No. 74-010
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Sheet No. 66-012-1

Furnace Absorption Rate Profile

Tangentially Fired Units - Gas
00 Fuel Nozzle Tilt
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Sheet No. 66-014-G
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Sheet No. 66-015-G
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Furnace Outlet Temperature Standards The furnace outlet plane in a horizontally

fired unit is the (essentially) vertical plane
Horizontally Fired Utility Type Units containing the first row of convection tubes which
must be traversed by all the gas leaving the
The furnace outlet temperature standards furnace Figure 1 indicates the furnace outlet
were developed by a correlation of test data from plane for some typical arrangements.
numerous operating units involving parameters
of furnace geometry, fuel, excess air and gas
recirculation. The furnace outlet temperature
obtained from these standards is representative
of the actual gas temperature that would be
measured using a high velocity single shielded,
gas temperature probe.

Figure 1 - Furnace Outlet Plane - Horizontal Firing

A satisfactory correlation of furnace outlet temperature with Net Heat Release Rate (NHRR)a) was achieved
and corrections were determined for excess air, burner location and gas recirculation.

a)
Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of this standard.
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Use of Furnace Outlet Temperature Effects of Gas Recirculation a))

Standards
Sheet Nos. 66-010-H and 63-012
Horizontal Firing - Coal - Sheet No. 63-037
Horizontal Firing - Oil - Sheet No. 63-038 Gas Recirculation Introduced Below the Burners -
Horizontal Firing - Gas - Sheet No.63-040 Coal, Oil, and Gas - Sheet No. 66-010-H
Correction for Burner Location - Sheet No.
63-041 For arrangements where the recirculated gas
is introduced into the furnace at one or more
The furnace outlet temperature for each fuel points lower than the burners. Curves for coal,
burned with standard excess air is plotted as a oil, and natural gas indicate a correction to be
function of net heat release rate. Standard applied to the furnace outlet temperatures
amounts of excess air are: 20% for coal, 15% for obtained from Sheet Nos. 63-037, 63-038 or
oil, 10% for gas. 63-040.

All curves are drawn for a typical furnace in Gas Recirculation Introduced At the Burners -
commercial operation. For coal firing, this Coal, Oil, and Gas - Sheet No. 63-012
means a normal slag deposit on the walls.
Thorough soot blowing will reduce this For arrangements where the recirculated gas
temperature 100 to 150o F. Lack of soot blowing is introduced into the furnace through the burner
may increase the temperature about 50o F. windbox. Curves are presented for coal, oil, and
natural gas indicating a correction to be applied
Two curves are given for oil firing: to the furnace outlet temperatures obtained from
Sheet Nos. 63-037, 63-038 and 63-040.
1. For firing with magnesium oxide
additive. Gas Recirculation Introduced Above the Burners

2. For firing without additive. The effect of gas recirculation introduced at

an elevation between the burners and the
Excess Air Leaving Furnace furnace outlet, is determined by the following
procedure:
An excess air correction curve for the
respective fuel is plotted on each of the three I. Assuming no gas recirculation, obtain
sheets. The excess air correction depends on the furnace outlet temperature following
load and is plotted for several values of net the applicable procedure (see Page 65).
release rate. Interpolate for intermediate values
of NHRR, but do not extrapolate beyond the
highest NHRR plotted; consider this curve as a
limit.

Burner Location - Sheet No. 63-041

a)
Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of this
The correction for burner location is plotted standard.
as a function of % EPRS above centerline of mean
firing zone, and the S/V ratio. It applies to all
fuels.
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II. Assume the specified recirculated gas is

introduced at the furnace outlet elevation
and compute the temperature of the
resulting mixture of recirculated gas and
furnace gas, considering weights,
temperatures and specific heats of both
gases. Consider this to be the furnace outlet
temperature for introduction of the
recirculated gas at the elevation of the
furnace outlet plane.

III. Obtain the furnace outlet gas temperature

which would result if the recirculated gas
were introduced through the burner
windbox, by using Sheet No. 63-012.
Consider this to be the furnace outlet
temperature for the introduction of gas at
the highest elevaiton of the burner windbox
at which recirculated gas can enter the
furnace.

IV. To determine the furnace outlet gas

temperature for recirculated gas
introduced at an elevation between
those of II and III, use linear interpolation.
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Sheet No. 63-037
Furnace Outlet Temperature
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Sheet No. 63-038
Furnace Outlet Temperature
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Sheet No. 63-040
Furnace Outlet Temperature - Horizontally Fired Units - Gas
See Sheet No. 63-041 for Burner Location Correction
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Sheet No. 63-041
Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction - Burner Location
Horizontally Fired Units - Coal, Oil and Gas
Use with Sheet Nos. 63-037, 63-038 and 63-040
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Sheet No. 66-010-H

Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction

For Gas Recirculation Introduced Below the Burners
Horizontally Fired Units - Coal, Oil and Gas
Use with Sheet Nos. 63-037, 63-038 and 63-040
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Sheet No. 63-012

Furnace Outlet Temperature Correction

Gas Recirculation Introduced at the Burner
Horizontally Fired Units - Coal, Oil, Gas
Use with Sheet Nos. 63-037, 63-038, 63-040
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Furnace Absorption Distribution Standards 3. Gas weight leaving furnace, lb/hr

4. % excess air leaving furnace
Horizontally Fired Utility Type Units-Oil 5. % gas recirculation a)

The correlation of test data for application to C. Determine Vertical Heat Absorption
design was based upon establishing the Rate Profile as follows:
maximum horizontal strip rate a) as a function of
net heat input per square foot of furnace plan 1. Calculate
area. The vertical distribution of heat absorption Net Heat Input Furnace Plan Area
and
in percent of maximum horizontal strip rate is Furnace Plan Area Burner Zone Envelope
presented as a function of vertical location
expressed in terms of burner geometry. 2. Maximum horizontal strip rate a) and
maximum local absorption rate a) are obtained
The instructions are written for a single from Sheet No. 65-001. Apply corrections for
furnace cavity. When calculating a divided excess air, gas recirculation and burner zone
furnace, consider dimensions, heat input, etc., size. The gas recirculation correction applies
for one cavity only. only when gas is introduced below the burners.

A. Calculate or obtain the following 3. Construct an average furnace absorption

Geometrical Data: rate profile by the following procedure:

1. Furnace side elevation drawing, a. Families of vertical profiles of

completely dimensioned horizontal strip rate for burner wall, side wall and
2. Burner zone height target wall are shown on Sheet Nos. 65-002,
3. Plan area, PA a) 65-003 and 65-004. The ordinate (furnace
4. Burner zone enveloped, E5. elevation) is expressed in multiples of vertical
5. EPRS from centerline of operating distance between burners (L), while the abscissa
burners to start of hopper is expressed as a percentage of the maximum
6. EPRS of vertical surface in hopper zone horizontal strip rate determined in Paragraph
7. EPRS of sloping surface in hopper zone C.2. Note that a higher rate is assigned to
8. Total EPRS of furnace to vertical outlet horizontal surface (Sheet No. 65-004). From the
plane b) base horizontal strip rate profile (curve 0),
9. Furnace volume to vertical outlet plane, tabulate readings at short intervals (preferably
V 1/4 L) along the curve. For ease of calculation,
10. Total projected surface of furnace the same curves are presented in tabular form on
enclosure, S a) Sheet Nos. 65-006 and 65-007.
11. S/V ratio
12. % EPRS above centerline of operating
burners

B. Obtain the following design Performance a)

Terms are defined on Pages 6 through 8 of this
Data: standard.

b)
1. Net heat input, NHI a) See Page 64.
2. Net heat release rate, based on surface
up to and including vertical outlet plane,
NHRR a)
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The vertical profile curves are drawn rate curves are plotted on Sheet Nos. 65-002,
for three burner rows. If four burner rows are 65-003 and 65-004. From these curves, the
used, a double peak will occur in the absorption mean rate between point of maximum rate and
rate. To construct a profile for this case, repeat elevation indicated may be read directly. If this
the profile shown for the distance between top mean rate is multiplied by the furnace EPRS
and second row burners in the three-burner spanned, then the total absorption in the
arrangement, for the distance between the spanned zone will be obtained.
second and third row burners in the four-burner
arrangement. b. The total heat absorption in the
furnace hopper. Multiply the furnace plan area
In the case of a two-burner row by the horizontal floor rate at the top of the
arrangement, a single peak will occur at an hopper from Sheet No. 65-004. This total heat
elevation similar to the three-burner row absorption should be distributed so that the
arrangement. absorption rate on the hopper slope is 50%
greater than the rate assigned to the vertical
b. Multiply the abscissa readings by the walls in the hopper zone.
corrected maximum horizontal strip rate from
Paragraph C.2, to convert percentage readings c. The total heat absorption in the
to actual absorption rates, and tabulate. deflection arch. Multiply the arch surface by the
average arch absorption rate. The average
c. Convert the ordinate readings to absorption rate in a deflection arch of 45o slope
actual furnace elevations by first locating the or greater, with respect to the horizontal, is
elevation of the centerline of burners. From the determined by dividing the average adjacent
burner spacing (L), determine the furnace vertical surface absorption rate by the sine of this
elevation corresponding to the ordinate readings. slope angle. For an arch slope of less than 45o
from the horizontal, the average absorption rate
d. Plot absorption rate vs. furnace assigned to the arch surface is 1.5 times the rate
elevation and locate centerline of burners, of the adjacent vertical surface, but should not
bottom of hopper, top of hopper, bottom of arch exceed the maximum horizontal strip rate
and furnace outlet. obtained in Paragraph C.3.B.

D. Check the Absorption Rate Profile developed d. The total heat absorption in the
in Paragraph C.3 by comparing the furnace wall furnace roof. Multiply the roof surface by the
absorption indicated by the profile, with the roof absorption rate from Sheet No. 65-004.
furnace absorption calculated from the furnace
outlet temperature standards. 2. To determine the absorption of the
furnace walls as indicated by the furnace outlet
1. The total furnace wall heat absorption, temperature standards, proceed as follows:
as indicated by the profile is the sum of the
following: a. From NHRR, % excess air, percent
gas recirculation, etc. obtain the correct FOT.
a. The total heat absorption of the from Performance Standards: Furnaces.
vertical furnace walls. Multiply the absorption
rates of incremental heights, as read from the b. Obtain the heat content of the gas
profile, by the corresponding furnace EPRS. To leaving the furnace from Sheet No. 61-024,
simplify the summation process, integrated mean Properties of Gases, Pages 4 and 5.
rate curves corresponding to the horizontal strip
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c. Determine sensible heat leaving 3. The upper two curves represent the
furnace outlet plane by multiplying the gas expected distribution of heat accumulation from
weight leaving the furnace by its heat content. the bottom of the circuit to elevations G and J.
The distribution, when the furnace outlet is at
d. Determine radiant heat leaving the other elevations, may be obtained by linear
furnace by multiplying the horizontal strip rate at interpolation. This curve is used to proportion
the furnace outlet plane by the furnace outlet the fluid flow in the various circuits.
plane area.
4. The lower two curves represent the
e. The heat absorbed by the furnace distribution of maximum expected heat
walls is the net heat supplied to the furnace accumulation from the top of the hopper to the
minus the sum of sensible heat in the gas and elevation of peak absorption and elevations G
radiant heat leaving the furnace. and J. These curves, in conjunction with
maximum local rates, are used in the selection of
3. If the heat absorption of the furnace tubing material or to check for a possible
walls as indicated by the furnace outlet departure from nucleate boiling.
temperature standards (Paragraph D.2) does not
equal the heat absorption indicated by the profile 5. To find the total heat absorption to a
(Paragraph D.1), select another profile from given elevation in any circuit, the heat absorbed
Sheet Nos. 65-002, 65-003 and 65-004 and in the hopper zone must be added. This is
repeat until a match is obtained. calculated by multiplying the EPRS of the circuit
below the top of the hopper by the
4. If agreement cannot be achieved with corresponding absorption rate from Paragraph
the -1, -2, base, +1, +2 curves shown, or a D.1.b.
curve interpolated between these limits, then the
peak rate has to be adjusted upward or F. Also presented on Sheet Nos. 65-002,
downward until agreement is reached with the -2 65-003 and 65-004 is a maximum local rate
or +2 curves. Since the base profile has been factor plotted vs. furnace elevation. To
constructed for a relatively high release rate, determine the maximum local rate at any
some adjustments may be expected for low elevation, multiply the horizontal strip rate at that
ratings. elevation by the maximum local rate factor at the
same elevation.
E. Construct a Heat Accumulation Profile as
follows: The maximum local absorption rate is
defined on Page 8 as the maximum expected
1. From the final horizontal strip rate profile average rate over a 5’ x 5’ area of furnace wall
an average heat accumulation curve may be surface. It is recognized that higher point rates
plotted for the entire vertical wall surface above will occur within this area. Sufficient
the hopper. conservatism has been incorporated in the
overall procedure to allow for these higher points
2. The heat distribution across a wall is not rates.
uniform, and a lateral distribution factor must be
applied. These factors are presented on Sheet
No. 65-005.
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 76 of 83
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This maximum local rate should be used to

calculate metal temperature over the entire
center half of the burner and target walls. Over
the end quarters use 80% of maximum at center.
For the side walls, use the maximum local rate
for that half of the side wall adjacent to the
burner wall and 80% of the maximum local rate
for the half of the side wall adjacent to the target
wall.
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 77 of 83
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Sheet No. 65-001
Maximum Furnace Absorption Rates - Horizontal Strip
Horizontally Fired Units - Oil
Maximum Local Absorption Rate = Maximum Horizontal Strip Rate x 1.30
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 78 of 83
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Sheet No. 65-002
Furnace Absorption Rate Profile - Burner Wall
Horizontally Fired Units - Oil
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 79 of 83
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Sheet No. 65-003
Furnace Absorption Rate Profile - Side Wall
Horizontally Fired Units - Oil
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 80 of 83
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Sheet No. 65-006
Furnace Absorption - Horizontal Strip Rates - Horizontally Fired Units - Oil
Curve Readings from Sheet Nos. 65-002 and 65-003
% of Maximum Horizontal Strip Rate
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 81 of 83
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Sheet No. 65-004
Furnace Absorption Rate Profile - Target Wall, Floor and Roof
Horizontally Fired Units - Oil
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 82 of 83
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Sheet No. 65-007
Furnace Absorption - Horizontal Strip Rates - Horizontally Fired Units - Oil
Curve Readings from Sheet No. 65-004
% of Maximum Horizontal Strip Rate
SUBJECT: Furnaces STD NO. : 14-90-05
INDEX : 21.6
DATE : 4 JUNE 2003
OWNER : 8152
PAGE : 83 of 83
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Sheet No. 65-005
Lateral Furnace Absorption Distribution - Horizontally Fired Units - Oil