Immediate Constituent analysis.

9. Write an essay on the Immediate Constituent analysis.

9. Explain IC analysis with examples.
9. Write an essay on IC analysis and its types.
9. Explain virtues and inadequacies of IC analysis.
9. Explain in detail about the IC analysis and its limitations.
Immediate Constituent analysi
1. Types of Immediate Constituent analysis.
1. Types of ICS.
1. Kinds of IC’s
1. Inadequacies of IC analysis.

Phrase structure grammar

10. Write an essay on phrase structure grammar.
10. Explain the Phrase Structure Grammar.
10. Write elaborately on the phrase structure grammar and its
limitation.
10. Discuss about the phase structure grammar.
Phrase Structure Grammer
5. Limitation of Phrase Structure Grammer
4. Rewrite rules.
Transformational grammar
11. Explain transformational grammar.
11. Explain the structure of Transformation Grammar
10. Describe in detail three components of transformational
grammar.
11. What are three components of TG? Explain in detail.
11. Describe the different types of Transformation.
12. Describe the semantic and phonological components.
Transformations
4. Define “Transformation” with examples.
4. Types of Transformations
2. Deep structure and surface structure
4. Deep structure and surface structure
5. Transformational grammar
4. Obligatory Vs Optional transformations.
6. Ordering of transformational rules.
3. Optional and obligatory rules

Government and Binding Theory

12. Explain the GB theory.
12. Explain in detail about the sub component of the GB Theory.
12. What is meant by GB theory? Explain in detail.
12. Explain in detail about the Government and Binding Theory
12. Discuss the various components of the GB theory and its
limitation.

13. Write an essay on other syntactic theories.

11. Explain complementation transformation with examples.
13. Explain the head driven phrase structure grammar.
11. Explain in detail about the EG transformational grammar.
13. Discuss about other grammatical theories GPSG. TAG and CFG.
13. Explain the GPSG and TAG theories.
13. Explain the Tree Adjoining Grammar and Lexical Functional
Grammar
13. Write an essay on LFG.

Section-A
Ambiguity
2. Structural Ambiguity.
6. Grammatical ambiguity
5. Grammatical ambiguity.
2. Lexical ambiguity
2. Syntactic ambiguity.

X – bar syntax
5. X – bar syntax – explain with examples.
8. X – Bar Syntax.
6. X- Bar syntax

Hierarchical structure
1. Hierarchical structure
2. Hierarchical structure.
3. Hierarchical structure

Pronominatization
6. What is pronominalisation?
5. Pronominatization

8. Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG)

13 Head driven phrase structure grammar.

3. Reflecivization
7. Control theory
3. What is recursive rule? Give examples.
7. Write a short note on the role of lexicon in LFG.
7. Case theory.

6. Relativization
7. Universal grammar
8. LF and PF components.
8. LFG
3. Context free and context sensitive grammar.
8. Universal Grammer
5. Reflecivization
7. Case theory
Transformational grammar
Transformational grammar is a theory of grammar that accounts for the constructions of a language by
linguistic transformations and phrase structures. Also known as transformational-generative grammar or
T-G or TGG.

Following the publication of Noam Chomsky's book Syntactic Structures in 1957, transformational
grammar dominated the field of linguistics for the next few decades.

"The era of Transformational-Generative Grammar, as it is called, signifies a sharp break with the
linguistic tradition of the first half of the [twentieth] century both in Europe and America because,
having as its principal objective the formulation of a finite set of basic and transformational rules that
explain how the native speaker of a language can generate and comprehend all its possible grammatical
sentences, it focuses mostly on syntax and not on phonology or morphology, as structuralism does"
(Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2005).

Observations

"The new linguistics, which began in 1957 with the publication of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures,
deserves the label 'revolutionary.' After 1957, the study of grammar would no longer be limited to what
is said and how it is interpreted. In fact, the word grammar itself took on a new meaning. The new
linguistics defined grammar as our innate, subconscious ability to generate language, an internal system
of rules that constitutes our human language capacity. The goal of the new linguistics was to describe
this internal grammar.

"Unlike the structuralists, whose goal was to examine the sentences we actually speak and to describe
their systemic nature, the transformationalists wanted to unlock the secrets of language: to build a
model of our internal rules, a model that would produce all of the grammatical—and no ungrammatical
—sentences." (M. Kolln and R. Funk, Understanding English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon, 1998)

"[F]rom the word go, it has often been clear that Transformational Grammar was the best available
theory of language structure, while lacking any clear grasp of what distinctive claims the theory made
about human language." (Geoffrey Sampson, Empirical Linguistics. Continuum, 2001)

Surface Structures and Deep Structures

"When it comes to syntax, [Noam] Chomsky is famous for proposing that beneath every sentence in the
mind of a speaker is an invisible, inaudible deep structure, the interface to the mental lexicon. The deep
structure is converted by transformational rules into a surface structure that corresponds more closely
to what is pronounced and heard. The rationale is that certain constructions, if they were listed in the
mind as surface structures, would have to be multiplied out in thousands of redundant variations that
would have to have been learned one by one, whereas if the constructions were listed as deep
structures, they would be simple, few in number, and economically learned." (Steven Pinker, Words and
Rules. Basic Books, 1999)

https://www.thoughtco.com/transformational-grammar-1692557

Transformational Grammar and the Teaching of Writing

"Though it is certainly true, as many writers have pointed out, that sentence-combining exercises
existed before the advent of transformational grammar, it should be evident that the transformational
concept of embedding gave sentence combining a theoretical foundation upon which to build. By the
time Chomsky and his followers moved away from this concept, sentence combining had enough
momentum to sustain itself." (Ronald F. Lunsford, "Modern Grammar and Basic Writers." Research in
Basic Writing: A Bibliographic Sourcebook, ed. by Michael G. Moran and Martin J. Jacobi. Greenwood
Press, 1990)

The Transformation of Transformational Grammar

"Chomsky initially justified replacing phrase-structure grammar by arguing that it was awkward,
complex, and incapable of providing adequate accounts of language. Transformational grammar offered
a simple and elegant way to understand language, and it offered new insights into the underlying
psychological mechanisms.

"As the grammar matured, however, it lost its simplicity and much of its elegance. In addition,
transformational grammar has been plagued by Chomsky's ambivalence and ambiguity regarding
meaning. . . . Chomsky continued to tinker with transformational grammar, changing the theories and
making it more abstract and in many respects more complex, until all but those with specialized training
in linguistics were befuddled. . . .
"[T]he tinkering failed to solve most of the problems because Chomsky refused to abandon the idea of
deep structure, which is at the heart of T-G grammar but which also underlies nearly all of its problems.
Such complaints have fueled the paradigm shift to cognitive grammar." (James D. Williams, The
Teacher's Grammar Book. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999)

"In the years since transformational grammar was formulated, it has gone through a number of changes.
In the most recent version, Chomsky (1995) has eliminated many of the transformational rules in
previous versions of the grammar and replaced them with broader rules, such as a rule that moves one
constituent from one location to another. It was just this kind of rule on which the trace studies were
based. Although newer versions of the theory differ in several respects from the original, at a deeper
level they share the idea that syntactic structure is at the heart of our linguistic knowledge. However,
this view has been controversial within linguistics." (David W. Carroll, Psychology of Language, 5th ed.
Thomson Wadsworth, 2008)