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Supply Chain Optimisation in The Paper Industry

This document summarizes the development of a supply chain optimization model called PIVOT for Fletcher Challenge Paper Australasia. PIVOT is a large mixed integer program that optimizes supplier to mill, product to paper machine, and paper machine to customer allocations. It models supply chain details specific to Fletcher Challenge. PIVOT has helped solve strategic and tactical decision problems and provided significant economic benefits for the company.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views11 pages

Supply Chain Optimisation in The Paper Industry

This document summarizes the development of a supply chain optimization model called PIVOT for Fletcher Challenge Paper Australasia. PIVOT is a large mixed integer program that optimizes supplier to mill, product to paper machine, and paper machine to customer allocations. It models supply chain details specific to Fletcher Challenge. PIVOT has helped solve strategic and tactical decision problems and provided significant economic benefits for the company.

Uploaded by

Discord Yt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/220462327

Supply Chain Optimisation in the Paper Industry

Article  in  Annals of Operations Research · November 2001


DOI: 10.1023/A:1016071331034 · Source: DBLP

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University of Auckland
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