M1

History of swimming

• Swimming can be dated back to the Stone Age, but did not truly
become an organised sport until the early 19th century. Prehistoric
man learn to swim in order to cross rivers and lakes –because cave
paintings from the Stone Age depicting swimmers have been found
in Egypt. Swimming was also referred to in Greek mythology.
Swimming was not widely practised until the early 19th century,
when the National Swimming Society of Great Britain began to
hold competitions. Most early swimmers used the breaststroke.

• Based on a stroke used by native South Americans, the first version

of the crawl featured a scissor kick. In the late 1880s, an
Englishman named Frederick Cavill travelled to the South Seas,
where he saw the natives performing a crawl with a flutter kick.
Cavill settled in Australia, where he taught the stroke that was to
become the famous Australian crawl.Swimming has featured on
the programme of all editions of the Games since 1896. The very
first Olympic events were freestyle (crawl) or breaststroke.
Backstroke was added in 1904.

• Women’s swimming became Olympic event in 1912 at the

Stockholm Games. Since then, it has been part of every edition of
the Games. The men’s and women’s programmes are almost
identical, as they contain the same number of events, with only
one difference: the freestyle distance is 800 metres for women and
1,500 metres for men.
 HISTORY OF SWIMMING (GOOGLE SLIDES)

TOPICS

• THE ORIGINS OF SWIMMING, SWIMMING CIVILISATIONS IN ANCIENT

TIMES
• COMPETITIVE SWIMMING ORGANISATIONS
• SWIMMING STROKES

HISTORY

Swimming is as old as Humanity; the ancient cave paintings testify

that our forefathers also tried a variety of floating and swimming styles.
It is interesting to look back to the past and keep track of how the
ancient bath life developed from the sacred immersion in water, how the
medieval legend of sea monsters made swimming fearful and how the
current versions of competitive water sports appeared in the 19th
century.

THE ORIGINS OF SWIMMING, SWIMMING CIVILISATIONS IN ANCIENT

TIMES

• PRE-HISTORIC
o Our ancestors settled down next to the life-giving water, they
fished, hunted, and it is likely that they also dared to enter the
water. They showed their swimming technique in the paintings
on the cave wall. It is likely that they overcame water obstacles
dog-peddling and doing propulsive arm movements like today’s
freestyle arm-stroke or clung to logs and animal bladders. In
some cave paintings from the stone-age we can discover some
kind of swimming like moves but it is not easy to identify the
style.

• EGYPT
• On an ancient Egyptian clay tablet from 4000 – 9000 B.C. it is
easier to identify the swimming style. The arm-stroke clearly
shows the moving phase of the freestyle arm-stroke: one arm is
depicted in the recovery phase above the water, while the other
arm carries out the pulling action under the water. The ancient
Egyptians knew a number of swimming styles. Freestyle,
 backstroke and breaststroke are depicted in the representations
found in royal tombs, on vessels and vases.

• Mesopotamia
• The scientific achievements started to include water pools and
swimming pools. Excavations in Syria revealed four-thousand-
year-old baths, the water temperature of which could be
regulated as desired. Swimming was an integral part of combat
training of the Assyrians as well as young people in Israel
received obligatory swimming lessons. Herod the Great (73 B.C.
– 4 A.D.), king of Judea, made swimming compulsory to all male
children. In Mesopotamia as well as in Egypt developed a high-
standard body culture, which was connected to water in many
ways. Swimming and bathing in the Nile were also one of their
religious obligations.
• GREEKS
• For the ancient Greeks swimming was a measure of culture.
“Those uneducated who can neither swim nor read and write,
cannot hold a public position”, said Plato. Although swimming
was not included in the program of the Olympic Games, it was
an important part of education.
• India
• In the remote India, the ancient records of swimming can also be
found. One of the first pools used for swimming is located here,
in Mohenjo-Daro, dating back to 2800 B.C. and measuring
30x60 meters. Within the military caste it was mandatory to
learn how to swim and fight in water.
• China
• In China, where body culture flourished under the reign of the
third dynasty, the Zhou dynasty, historians account swimming
across rivers. Of course, here as well swimming was part of the
military training. In the 3rd century B.C., the Chinese Imperial
fleet officer training institutions have organized swimming
lessons and swimming trainings.
• Japan
• Japan, swimming had an important role in the training of the
Samurai. It was one of the noble skills. According to the
historical records the first known swimming competition was
 held in the isolated island country in 36 B:C., organized by
Emperor Su Gui.

ORGANISATIONS OF COMPETITIVE SWIMMING

FINA

The international organization of swimmers, FINA (Fédération

Internationale de Natation) was founded on 19 July, in London, in the
Manchester Hotel. At the inaugural meeting, the swimming federations of
eight countries, Belgium, England, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Sweden and Hungary were present. The current head office of FINA is in
Switzerland, in Lausanne. FINA oversees the organization of competitions in
five aquatic sports (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, water polo,
open water swimming). Its current president is The new FINA President
Husain Al Musallam (Kuwait).

PSI

The Philippine Swimming Incorporated (PSI) is the national governing

body for swimming and other aquatic sports in the Philippines. It is
accredited by the International Swimming Federation (Fédération
Internationale de Natation or FINA) which is the governing body for the
sport of Swimming in the world, and the Philippine Olympic Committee
(POC).

Under new leadership, the federation continued their programs on their

promotion and propagandizing the sport including the sending of the
national teams in international swimming competitions such as Southeast
Asian Games and the Southeast Asian Age Group Swimming Championships
as well as organizing local meets like the Speedo G League Long and Short
Course series. President : Ma. Lailani Velasco
OVERVIEW SWIMMING STROKES

• Backstroke
o Balikan mo lahat. Baka naman, baka naman bumalik ang
pakiramdam. Balikan mo kung san kayo nagsimula. Balikan mo
kung san kayo natapos.
o The backstroke, or back crawl, uses alternating and opposite
arm movements. As one arm pulls through the water from an
overhead position to the hip, the other arm recovers above the
water from the hip to the overhead position and vice versa.
(google)
• Freestyle
o Palayain mo ang sarili mo. Pagkatapos mong balikan lahat,
umalis ka. Kalimutan mo muna ang sarili. Isipin mo sya.
Kalimutan mo muna lahat. Isipin mo muna ang sarili mo.
o also known as the front crawl. When swimming this stroke, your
body will be in a prone position on your stomach and face
toward the water. Both your arms and legs will pull you through
the water, while your torso remains stable. Your arms will move
in an alternating fashion. (google)
• Breast stroke
o Dibdiban ito. Mabigat sa damdamin pero dapat kayanin. Ang
bigat, ang bigat bigat, pero kayanin mo. Ang bigat, ang bigat
bigat. Alam kong kaya mo pero di masama na tumanggap ng
tulong.
o is swum with the body facing down. The arms perform
semicircular movements, and the legs perform a frog kick
(google)
• Butterfly Stroke
o Lumipad ka. Kahit gaano kaganda ang relasyon may taning ito
gaya ng paru-paro. Lahat naman may taning, pero ang
importante kung gano ka gumanda. Nagsimula kang bulate,
nagtapos ka na may pakpak.
o Swimmers perform the butterfly stroke face-down,
symmetrically moving their arms while kicking the feet together
in a movement known as a “butterfly kick” or “dolphin kick.”
Butterfly stroke is one of the more challenging swimming
strokes.
 M2

SWIMMING INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS SWIMMING?

Swimming is an individual or team sport that requires the use of one's entire
body to move through water. It is an activity to propel through water using
the limbs.

PURPOSE & BENEFITS OF SWIMMING

• Swimming Improves Social Well Being

o Swimming is very much a social sport. Swimmers of all ages can
take classes together, train together, or work with a coach in the
pool. Even if you have a pool at home, it is where you gather
with your friends and family. A study revealed exercising and
socializing together leads to improved mental health.
Participants in the study had lower levels of anxiety and
depression than their peers did.
• Swimming Teaches Goal Orientation
o Swimmers become goal-oriented in their personal and
professional lives. Swimming gives kids and adults something to
strive for. Whether it is kicking a kickboard across the pool,
improving a lap time, or recovering from an injury with water
rehabilitation, setting goals and achieving them is the key. The
skills swimmers learn in the pool to realize and achieve such
goals are skills that can and will be used out of the pool as well.
• Kids Who Swim Become Active Adults
o Swimming is an important activity to help combat the childhood
obesity rates, and it is fun too. Swimming has all the three
elements of physical activity recommended to keep kids healthy:
endurance, strength, and flexibility. Swimming provides kids
with the tools, skills, and dedication to maintain healthier lives
as adults.
• Swimming Makes You Smarter
o Regular exercise, such as swimming, improves memory function
and thinking skills. This is good not only for the classroom and
work, but it is beneficial for us as we age too. Regular exercise
 reduces inflammation and insulin resistance in the brain, which
fosters new brain cell growth. Swimming also improves mood,
anxiety, and stress, which increases the brain’s ability to think
more efficiently.
• Swimming Teaches Team-Building Skills
o Swimmers on teams or in swim classes have better team-
building skills. Swimmers learn to work together, to encourage
each other, to communicate, and to become leaders. All of these
skills translate into effective leaders in adulthood. Team-building
skills encourage collaboration, goal orientation, inspiration,
strategy development, and coordination, which all result in
successful careers and professional relationships.
• Swimming Burns More Calories than Jogging
o When you compare swimming to running, you can burn more
calories swimming laps around the pool than you can running
laps for an hour. One hour of vigorous lap swimming can burn as
much as 715 calories. The same amount of time running at 5
mph burns only 606 calories.

NOTABLE SWIMMERS
Daniel Zane Coakley

Daniel Zane Coakley (born December 13, 1989) is a Filipino-American

swimmer who won two gold medals and a silver medal at the 2007
Southeast Asian Games. He competed in the 50 m freestyle at the 2008
Olympics, but failed to reach the final.

Jasmine Alkhaldi

Prior to her participation in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Alkhaldi

held the Philippines women's record in the 100 meter butterfly and 50
metre butterfly. Her personal best swimming times included the following.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics, Alkhaldi swam the 100 meter freestyle in
57.13 seconds, placing 34th out of 50 competitors. She also participated in
the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
Nicole Oliva

Nicole Justine Oliva(born 20 December 2001) is a Filipino swimmer. She

competed in the women's 200-meter freestyle event at the 2017 World
Aquatics Championships, and the at women's 400-meter freestyle the 2019
edition of the same tournament

Michael Phelps
M3
FINA GENERAL RULES

 Approved by the FINA Congress in Doha (QAT) on June 5, 2021

TOPIC:

•Objectives of FINA

•Definition of Terms (GLOSSARY)

•Events

•Facility and Equipment

INTRODUCTION

These General Rules are basic regulations for FIN competitions in all kinds of Swimming, Open Water
Swimming, Diving, High Diving, Water Polo, Artistic Swimming, and Masters Competitions as well as for
uniform regulations for the development of competition facilities.

In these Rules, competitors shall include swimmers, open water swimmers, divers, water polo players,
artistic swimmers, or master swimmers, either male or female.

FINA recognizes that these Rules may be adjusted for competitions within a given Federation but
recommends that all members adhere to these Rules as closely as possible.

OBJECTIVES of FINA

a) to promote and encourage the development of Aquatics in all possible regards throughout the
world,
b) to provide fair and drug free sport,
c) to promote and encourage the development of international relations,
d) to encourage participation in Aquatic disciplines at all levels throughout the world regardless of
age, gender or race,
e) to adopt necessary uniform rules and regulations and to hold or sanction competitions in
swimming, open water swimming, diving, high diving, water polo, artistic swimming, and
masters,
f) to promote and organize World Championships and other FINA competitions,
g) to encourage the increase of facilities for Aquatic' disciplines throughout the world with the
support of other interested parties, and
h) to carry out such other activities as may be desirable to promote the
i) sport.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aquatics - means swimming, open water swimming, diving, high diving, water polo, artistic swimming
and Masters program/activity.

Best Time - A best time is achieved when a swimmer exceeds their own previous "best time" in an event.
It shows that a swimmer has improved over their own time, regardless of how other swimmer's finish.

Competitor - means a person who is taking part in competitions.

Doping - administer drugs to in order to inhibit or enhance sporting performance.

FINA Rules - means the Constitution, Code of Ethics, General Rules, By-laws, Technical Rules, Facilities
Rules, Medical Rules, Doping Control Rules, and any other rules and regulations adopted by FINA.

Heat - When an event has more swimmers entered than available lanes, as is usually the case, there
are multiple heats of the event.

Swimsuits - means, whenever used in these rules, the attire worn by Competitors.

Swimwear - men's and women's swimsuit, cap and goggles.

Judicial Panels - means the Doping Panel, the Disciplinary Panel and the Ethics Panel.

Medley swimming -Medley is a combination of four different swimming styles -backstroke, breaststroke,
butterfly, and freestyle- into one race. This race is either swum by one swimmer as individual medley or
by four swimmers as a medley relay.

PROGRAM EVENTS

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
OLYMPIC GAMES

OPEN WATER SWIMMING

MARKINGS

Lane lines are wire cables covered with small plastic buoys or "floats" that separate each lane. In a
short course pool, the floats will change color at the 15meter (49 foot) mark. In a long course pool, they
will change color at the 25meter (82 foot) mark. If the floats do not change color for that entire stretch,
the distances may be marked by a single float of a different color. Lane lines should be 2.5 meters (8.2
feet) wide, although this varies quite a bit from pool-to-pool.

Lane markings are contrasting, usually-tiled lines along the bottom and ends of each lane. It is common
for the end of each lane to have a "p"- also known as a target line centered on the end of each wall.
The cross line on the + should be 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) long and 0.3 meters (1 foot) below the surface of
the water. Similarly, a line down the middle of the lane - ending in a "T" at each wall - is often along the
bottom of the pool. Each T stops 1.6 meters (5.3 feet) from the wall.

STARTING BLOCKS

Starting blocks are used in competition. Each individual swim or leg of a relay begins with a dive from
these blocks. The only exception is for backstroke races, which begin in the water with the swimmer
holding on to the grips or handles included for backstroke starts.
BACKSTROKE FLAGS

Nearly all pools include backstroke flags, used by swimmers to gauge how far they are from the wall.
FINA requires a height between 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) and 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) above the surface of the
water, and 5 meters (16.4 feet) from the wall.

SWIMMING PARAPHERNALIA & EQUIPMENT

SWIMSUIT

 A swimsuit is an item of clothing designed to be worn by people engaging in a water-based

activity or water sports, such as swimming, diving and surfing, or sun orientated activities, such
as sun bathing.

SWIMMING CAPS & GOGGLES

 Caps are worn for various reasons. Swim caps are sometimes worn in an attempt to keep hair
relatively dry or protect from chlorinated water, to keep the sun off the hair, and When a cap is
worn with earplugs, to keep water out of the ears. They are also used to reduce drag while
swimming, as well as identification of level of skill in swimming lessons. Caps also provide a
degree of warmth.

 Goggles protect your eyes from chlorine land anything else that may be in the water), and they
help you keep your eyes open while you swim so that you can see where you're going.

KICKBOARDS

 Kickboards are devices made of foam or other materials that float, and they come in a variety
of shapes and sizes. The main purpose is for you to hold on and stay afloat while your legs do all
the work. It's good exercise for coordinating your kicking, and it gives your arms a rest.

PULL BUOYS

 Like kickboards, pull buoys are flotation devices that come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but
unlike a kickboard, which gives the upper body a rest, pull buoys are placed between the legs
to keep the legs afloat without kicking so that you can work your upper body. Pull buoys are
excellent training devices for building upper-body strength, endurance, and cardiorespiratory
fitness. They can also help you work on your form because you can swim slowly and deliberately
without sinking.

FINS

 Fins fit on your feet and add propulsion to your kicks (think of a duck's webfoot). They are great
training for your legs and will help you swim faster. They come in long fins for beginners who want
to work on their stroke and build up leg strength and ankle flexibility and short fins to help you
go faster without overworking your legs. Fins should fit snugly but not so tight that they cut into
your foot or cut off circulation. Wear socks with your fins if that feels more comfortable.
HAND PADDLES

 Hand paddles attach to your hands and add propulsion to your arm stroke because they move
more water. They can be a lot of work for the arms and shoulders because of the resistance in
the water, and for this reason, they are used in water aerobic classes to mimic the resistance
exercises that you do on land with dumbbells (for example, biceps curls). Hand paddles make
a water workout difficult, and so you should warm up in the water without them first, and then
build up slowly like you would with any resistance exercise workout so that you don't overwork
your arms and shoulder joints.

NOODLE

 A noodle is a flexible, tube-shaped flotation device that vou can wrap under your arms or
around your waist to keep you buoyant so that you can keep moving in the water (kids love to
play with them). The advantage of being able to keep moving is that you can work on your
stroke without fatigue and increase your strength and endurance.