Question 1:

Discuss the nature, types and steps of case study. Describe the criteria and misconceptions of case
studies.

Answers:

https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-write-a-psychology-case-study-2795722

Nature: Nature of Case Study: Case study provides a systematic and scientific way of perceiving or examining  events, collect
data, analyse information, and prepare a report. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened  understanding of why the instance
happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively  in future research. Case studies lend themselves to
both generating and testing hypotheses. In other words, case  study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that
investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case study research means single and multiple case studies, can include
quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions.
Case studies based on any evidence of quantitative and qualitative research.

https://www.universalclass.com/articles/business/the-process-of-writing-a-case-study.htm

https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20903/1/Unit-4.pdf

Question 2:

Grounded Theory:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_theory

Question 3:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis

Assumptions: Assumptions of Discourse Analysis 

Grounded in social constructivism, which emphasizes the sociocultural interactions
as sources of knowledge, discourse analysis is based on the three theoretical
assumptions (Potter,1996) :

1. First, knowledge cannot be gained by pure objectivity as scientific and positivist

researchers believe it can. A researcher brings his or her own set of beliefs, cultural
values, expectations, subjectivity and bias into the study when conducting his or her
research: A researcher recognizes his or her own beliefs, and acknowledges how
these beliefs influenced by his or her own personal, cultural, and historical
experiences shape his or her interpretations of reality and knowledge.
2. Second, reality is socially and culturally constructed. Unlike scientific approaches
in which reality, ideas, or constructs (e.g. intelligence & attitudes) are categorized as
naturally occurring things, in social constructivist or interpretive approaches, these
categories and constructs are shaped by the language and since language is a
sociocultural phenomenon, our sense of reality is socially and culturally constructed.
These realities which are often varied and multiple lead researchers to look for the
complexity of the views rather than reduce meanings into a few categories or ideas.
The goal of research, then, is to give insights into the different views and
perspectives of participants and how these views and perspectives are socially and
historically negotiated.
3. Third, in social constructivism, a researcher is more interested in studying the
language (discourse) and the role it plays in construction of meaning and knowledge
in society. As such, the emphasis of such research is placed on the discursive
patterns of talk in societies, their impact on the formation and reproduction of social
meanings and identities as well as their role in empowering and disenfranchising
institutions and individuals.

Steps:

Steps of Discourse analysis

Analysis in discourse research is highly varied and depends to some extent on the nature of
the supplies that are available and how developed on the nature of the materials that are
available and how developed research is on the topic or setting of interest. The following are
the four stages that are overlapping but broadly distinct.
1. Generating hypotheses: The first part of the discourse research is the generation of
more specific questions or hypothesis or the noticing of intriguing or troubling phenomena. It
is common and productive to continue this open-ended approach to the data in group
sessions where a number of researchers listen to a segment of interaction and explore
different ways of understanding what is going on.

2. Coding: The building of collection. The main aim of coding is to make the analysis more
straightforward by sifting relevant materials from larger corpus. It involves searching
materials for some phenomena of interest and copying the instances to an archive. Often
phenomena that were initially seen as disparate merge while phenomena that seemed
singular become broken into different varieties.

3. Doing the Analysis: In discourse research the procedures for justification are partly
separate from the procedure for arriving at analytical claims. The research will typically
develop conjectures about activities through a close reading of the materials and then check
the adequacy of these hypotheses through working with a corpus of coded materials. To
establish the relevance of these features for the activity being done, one would do a number
of things:

a. Search for patterns: Looking through our corpus to see how regular pattern is. If such a
pattern is not common, then our speculation will start to look weak.
b. Consider next turns: In discourse work the sequential organization of interaction is a
powerful resource for understanding what is going on.
c. Focus on deviant cases: These might be ones in which very different question
constructions were used; or where surprising next turns appeared. Such cases are
analytically rich.
d. Focus on other kinds of material: There is an infinite set of alternative materials that
might be used for comparison.

4. Validating the analysis: There is no clear cut distinction between validation procedures

and analytical procedures in discourse work; indeed some of the analytical themes are also
differently understood, involved in validation. It is always useful in highlighting some of the
major elements involved in validating claims.
Implications: Relevance/ Implications/ Significance of the Discourse Analysis: With the usage of talks, languages and texts
the analysts or the researchers can easily understand the connotations behind historical events as well as  current social practices.

Some of the other relevance or significance of this approach are:

 Discourse analysis enable us to understand the conditions behind a specific “problem” and make us realise  that the
essence of that “problem”
 Discourse Analysis helps us in gaining a comprehensive view of the “problem” and helps ourselves to  relate with that
“problem”.
 It helps the researcher in understanding hidden motivations within ourselves and researchers as well and  therefore enable
us to solve concrete problems.
 Though critical thinking about and analysis of situations/texts is as ancient as mankind or philosophy  itself, and no
method or theory as such.
 It helps in meaningful interpretation of the people and the world.
 It also aids in “deconstructing” concepts, belief-systems, or generally held social values and assumptions.

Section b:

Question 1:

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/statistics-2/determining-reliability-of-a-test-4-methods/
92574

Question 2:

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch8/5214817-eng.htm

Question 3:

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/types-of-validity/

Question 4:

https://www.publichealthnotes.com/hypothesis-in-research-definition-types-and-importance/
#:~:text=Importance%20of%20Hypothesis%3A&text=It%20helps%20to%20provide
%20link,theory%20and%20specific%20research%20question.&text=It%20provides%20a
%20basis%20or,terms%20rather%20than%20theoretical%20terms.

Question 5:

https://psylearners.psychotechservices.com/2015/09/solved-ignou-assignment-mpc005-
q1.html

Section c:

Question 1:

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-reports/
Question 2:

Objectivity Safeguards.
Objectivity in social research is the principle drawn from positivism that, as
far as is possible, researchers should remain distanced from what they
study so findings depend on the nature of what was studied rather than on
the personality, beliefs and values of the researcher. It consists of
procedural safeguards, standardization, operationalization and avoiding of
bias.

Procedural safeguards include the right to participate in all meetings, to

examine all educational records, and to obtain an Independent Educational
Evaluation (IEE) of the child. Parents have the right to written notice when
the school proposes to change or refuses to change the identification,
evaluation or placement of a child.

Standardization is related with the consistency and objectivity of how tests

are administered and scored. In order to compare one person to another on
a test, it is important that they take the test under the same conditions and
the same scoring procedure is applied to both.

Operationalization is a process of defining the measurement of a

phenomenon that is not directly measurable, though its existence is
indicated by other phenomena. It is the process of defining a fuzzy concept
so as to make the theoretical concept clearly distinguishable and to
understand it in terms of empirical observations.

Question 3:

https://www.britannica.com/science/construct

Question 4:
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/quota-sampling

Question 5:

https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/advantages-disadvantages-surveys/

Question 6:

https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-critical-difference-between-experimental-and-e--
5ff848eabe04bc97386042a8

Question 7:

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/social-research/research-design/research-design-6-things-
to-know-about-research-design/64496

Question 8:

https://devinsights.co.in/quasi-experimental-research-design/#:~:text=Like%20a%20true
%20experiment%2C%20a,based%20on%20non%2Drandom%20criteria.

Question 9:

https://vittana.org/12-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-correlational-research-studies

Question 10:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography