Scribd
Upload
87 views

Nervous System Part 1

The nervous system functions to receive sensory input from inside and outside the body, integrate the information, and respond through motor output. It is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system processes information and directs the peripheral nervous system. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system. Glial cells provide support to neurons. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.

Uploaded by

rb Yangzon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
87 views

Nervous System Part 1

The nervous system functions to receive sensory input from inside and outside the body, integrate the information, and respond through motor output. It is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system processes information and directs the peripheral nervous system. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system. Glial cells provide support to neurons. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.

Uploaded by

rb Yangzon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Nervous system

- Communicating and control center system of the body.


- Works with Endocrine system in regulating /maintain body homeostasis
Normal role of nervous system:
 Sensory input – monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body.
*Stimulus/stimuli – factor of the changes inside or outside of the body
 Integration – Processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done
 Motor output – response by activating the muscles or glands

Organization of the Nervous system


Structural Classification
 Central nervous System (CNS) - consist of BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
- Act as the integrating and command center of the nervous system
- Interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions based
On past experience and current conditions

 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – part of the nervous system that


Is outside the CNS.
- Consist mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.
*Spinal nerves – carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.
*Cranial nerves- carry impulses to and from the brain
- The nerves serves as communication lines

Functional Classification
 Sensory division – composed of nerve fibers that convey impulses to
the CNS from the sensory receptors.
*Somatic sensory fibers – fibers delivering impulses from the skin,
Skeletal muscles, and joints
*Visceral sensory fibers – fibers transmitting impulses from visceral
Organ ( internal organs )

 Motor division – carries impulses from the CNS to effector organ,


Muscles and glands

Motor division subdivisions:


1. Somatic Nervous system – Allows to consciously or voluntarily, control
the skeletal muscles.
-AKA “ Voluntary nervous system”

2. Autonomic Nervous system – Regulates events that are automatic, or


Involuntary : activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
-AKA “ Involuntary nervous system”

Divided into :
1.Sympathetic NS – Responsible for adjusting the body to stressful
Condition. Ex. HR & CO increase , Bronchocilation increase oxygen supply

2.Parasympathetic NS – Dominant at rest.


-Not active during stressful condition
Ex. Increase salivation, Constriction of pupils, decreased HR.
Nervous Tissue : Structure and Function
-Nervous tissue is made up of 2 principal types of cells ; Supporting cells & Neurons

Neuroglia / glia / glial cells – supporting cell that are lumped together
Different types :
 Astrocytes – abundant star-shaped cell
- Help protect the neurons from harmful substances that might be in the blood.
 Microglia – spiderlike phagocytes that monitor the health of nearby neurons.
- Dispose of debris ( dead brain cells and bacteria )
 Ependymal cells – glial cells that line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord
- Forms a protective cushion around the CNS.
 Oligodendrocytes – produces fatty insulating covering called myelin sheaths

Supporting cells in PNS :


Schwann cells – form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in PNS
Satellite cells – act as protective and cushioning cells

Neurons
-also called “ Nerve cells “
-transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another

Structures:
 Cell body – transparent nucleus contains a conspicuous nucleolus
 Processes – Armlike or fiibers
*Dendrites – convey incoming messages (electrical signals) toward the cell body
*Axons- Generate nerve impulses away from the body
*Axon terminals – end of the neuron
- contains NEURTOTRANSMITTERS (chemical messenger)
*Synaptic cleft – tiny gap that separates axon terminal to the next neuron
*Synapse – Functional junction
-permits a neuron to pass an electrical signal to another neuron
 Neurotransmitters - molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from
neurons to muscles
Example : Acetylcholine , Glutamate , Dopamine , Noradrenaline , Serotonin, Histamine

 Myelin Sheaths- covered with a


Whitish , Fatty material.
- Protects and insulates the fibers and
Increase the transmission rate of nerve impulses

Associated Disease: Multiple Sclerosis


-Autoimmune disease that the myelin sheaths around
The fibers are destroyed or attacked by the immune
System
SSE : Visual ( blurry vision, prolonged double vision)
and speech( slurred speech) disturbance,
Tremor , unsteady gait , numbness or weakness
in one or more limbs
TX: Interferon ( symptomatic treatment)
Nerve Impulses
-Neurons have 2 major functional properties :
 Irritability – the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert in into a nerve impulse
 Conductivity – the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons , muscles , or glands

Polarized – a state of rest or inactive plasma membrane of a neuron


- Fewer positive ions on the inner face plasma membrane than there are on its outher face
- The major ions inside the cell are Potassium
- The major ions outside the cell are Sodium
*always remember PISO (potassium in , Sodium out)
*As long as the inside remains more negative than the outside, the neuron will stay inactive

Depolarized/Depolarization – A state where in the sodium ion rush inward to the plasma membrane of the neuron.
*Sodium ions cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane of the neuron, but when the neuron is adequately
stimulated the sodium channels in the membrane open

Note : Sedative and anesthetics block nerve


Impulses by altering membrane permeability to ions
(Sodium). No sodium entry= no action potential
Central Nervous System

Brain
Parts of the Brain :
 Cerebral Hemesphere – collectively called “ Cerebrum”
- The most superior part of the brain
Gyri – elevated ridges of the cerebrum
Sulci – shallow groves that separetes gyrus
Fissures – deeper grooves that separates large region if the brain
- Cerebral hemisphere are separated by a single deep fissure ( Longitudinal fissure)

 Cerenral cortex – responsible for speech , memory, logical, emotional response, consciousness , interpretation
of sensation and voluntary movement.

 Parietal lobe – primary somatic sensory area ( allows you to recognize pain )
- Located at the posterior to the central sulcus
 Occipital lobe – Visual area ( located in the posterior part )
 Temporal lobe – Auditoru area (
 Frontal lobe – primary motor area ( allows to consciously move the skeletal muscle)

 Diencephalon /interbrain – enclosed by the cerebral hemisphere


Major structures:
 Thalamus –relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex
*the sensory cortex actually localize and interprets the sensation
 Hypothalamus – makes up the floor of diecephalon
- Regulates : temperature, water balance , metabolism
- Important part of “ Limbic system ( emotional visceral brain)”
Example: thirst , appetite, sex, pain , pleasure
 Regulates the pituitary gland
 Epithalamus – forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Parts: pineal gland , choroid plexus
Brain Stem
Structures:
 Midbrain – small part of the brain stem
 Cerebral aqueduct – connects diencephalon to the 4th ventricle below
 Pons – bridge
 Medulla oblongata – the most inferior part of the brain stem
 Merge with the spinal cord
 Contain centers that control : HR , BP, Breathing, Swallowing, Vomitting

Cerebellum – a large cauliflower like structure of the brain


 Provides the precise timing for skeletal muscles activity and controls balance
 Responsible for body movements coordination

Associated Disease/s : Ataxia


 Movement becomes clumsy and disorganized

Protection of the CNS


1. Meninges – connective tissue covering and protecting the CNS
Layers :
 Dura mater – outermost layer
 Doubled layered membrane where it surrounds the brain
Divided into :
 Periosteum ( periosteal layer ) – attached to the layer of the skull
 Meningeal layer – outermost covering of the brain and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord
 Arachnoid mater – middle layer
- Subarachnoid space is a threadlike extensions that attach to the inner most membrane
 Pia mater – clings tightly to the surface of the and spinal cord
2. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) – similar to blood plasma but less protein and more Vitamin C
- form from blood by the choroid plexus
Functions:
- Protects brain and spinal cord from trauma
- Supply nutrients to nervous system tissue
- Remove waste products from cerebral metabolism

3. Blood brain barrier

You might also like