COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you should be

able to:

 Discuss the interactions between S&T

and society throughout history;
 Discuss how scientific and
technological developments affect
society and the environment;
 Discuss the paradigm shifts through
history;
 Explain how intellectual revolution
change the way how humans see the
world;
 Describe the technological
advancements that happened in the
information age;
 Explain the role of Science and
Technology in Philippine nation
building;
 Evaluate government policies
pertaining to science and technology
in terms of their contributions to
nation building; and
 Identify actual science and technology
policies of the government and
appraise their impact on the
development of the Filipino nation.
 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENTS

INTRODUCTION

Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have
imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust as today.
Our current understanding about the nature and the world is a result of constant
over throwing of paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric Model is
replaced by a paradigm that has a higher content and explanatory power like the
Heliocentric Model. Such is termed scientific revolution. This is just one of the
many theories that were challenged in the history of Science and have helped
shaped our society.

Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact in
the history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country
as a whole. In this unit, you will learn how science and technology has greatly
influenced the development of the Philippine society. You will evaluate different
government policies and programs to see how they have shaped the nation. You
will also learn significant inventions and projects accomplished by Filipinos that
greatly develop the countries’ science and technology, and have been a major
contributor to the Philippine nation building.

This module will allow you to time travel through the antecedents of science and
technology; lets you investigate how the present status of science and technology
came into being, and explore the major turns in the course of global and national
history that led it to its exhilarating and captivating development.

Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science

____
and Technology

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

 Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society; and

 Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to the
environment.

Activating Prior Learning

In order to understand past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like manner,
we are going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are the major
turns in the development of Science and Technology that had led us to the
innovation of cutting edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.

Your task is to fill in the K-W-L chart below by jotting down what you have known
and what are the things that you would like to know about our historical antecedents
in terms of Science and Technology. (Skip)

What I already What I Want to What I have

Know Know Learned
_____________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________

Presentation of Contents

 Science and Technology in Ancient Times

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation,
communication and record keeping, mass production, security and protection,
as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and Technology keeps on
advancing in order to meet the growing needs of people along these areas. Due
to the constant innovation introduced by Science and Technology, which has the
end goal of improving lives and making the work easier, faster and efficient, our
society respond by changing as well. These changes are evident as each ancient
civilization keep on creating technology that has been modified and that is being
used today.

To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first writing
system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they invented
plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the existence of
this civilization, their main mode of transportation was through waterways such
as rivers and seas. They are also known to develop the first road.

Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged near Tigris and
Euphrates River were famous for being great builders, engineers and architects.
One of major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which one of the
seven wonders of the world.
 Figure 1.2 Hanging Garden of Babylon ("Image: Hanging
Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia", 2019)

Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like the
death mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian Civilization.
Also, ancient Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions like water clock
or clypsedra, paper or papyrus, ink and a system of writing known as
hieroglyphics. They have also invented cosmetics for aesthetic reason.
Meanwhile, during this time, wigs were worn by wealthy Egyptians to protect the
shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun.

Apart from being the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major
achievements of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and Mathematics.
They are also celebrated for their contribution to the world like coliseum,
Olympics, alarm clock and water mill.
Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, Roman
Empire was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other
civilizations looked up to it as a model in terms of codified laws and legislation.
They are also celebrated for the invention of newspaper, bound books or codex.
In terms of architecture and engineering, Romans are known for building
elaborate churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters and
residential houses. They have also devised their own number system which is
the Roman Numeral System.

Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk trade,
tea production, gun powder and the living legend great wall of China .

 Science and Technology in Middle Ages

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the
fields of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production and health. The wars
 have resulted to population decline. However, in the later part of this period,
there was significant increase in population. Trade and commerce among nations
increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology.
Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.

To facilitate record keeping, woodlock printing developed by Chinese was

improved by the time of Johann Gutenberg with a cast type printing press. This
general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was
eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to address
the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at
a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to individuals who could
not even write (Streissguth, 1997).

Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations caused
massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people
transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people
getting sick. With this, experts needed to a device to study microorganisms in order
to develop proper medicines for illnesses. Guided by the principles used for the
invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the
first compound microscope (Davidson, 2015).

Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope

("Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)

Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for
nautical inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an optical
instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for
navigators during this time.

Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred in this era. This
include cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand
combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed
by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and
limited the movements of the soldiers, chainmail was invented to solve the
problem.
 Science and Technology in Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards

demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient
means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance.
Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and
easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish
connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the
development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and
medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great
concern.

As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of
the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis
Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve the
problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill
the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk
could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses
caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of
Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

transportation. This led to the development of kerosene and the petroleum
refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles, factories and power plants, among others. The more
people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to
easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time.
Governments likewise needed some kind of communication system which would
allow them to administer their states well. Important day to-day decisions must
be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the invention of
telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions
at that time.

Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone ("Image: Inventor of the

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History", 2019)

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more
complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they
would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did
not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the
development of more complex processing machines like computer.

Application

Your task
1. Write down the top 10 invention in the World and in the Philippines. (3)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. Determine the persisting needs addressed by each invention.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Feedback

1. Fill in “What I have Learned” column by writing down what you have learned from this
topic. (SKIP)

What What I What I have Learned

I Want
alrea to
dy Know
Kno
w

2. Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world.

Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

 Discuss paradigm shifts through history;

 Explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the world; and
 Select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuasive speech representing
his/her theory.

Activating Prior Learning

You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to be
true during ancient times. In Astronomy, for example, you have learned that Sun
is the Center of the Solar System and that the planets, including Earth, are
revolving around it in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient times
believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Early beliefs also claimed
that human beings were created through “Divine Creation” but this was replaced
by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. These are just some of the
examples of early theories that were challenged in the
history of Science.

What were the great Intellectual Revolutions that significantly shaped our
Society? What made these new theories controversial? Who were these people or
groups of people behind these upheavals that permanently changed the course
of history of Science? What were their needs, and what were their struggles that
motivated them to engage in such scholarly contribution? This topic will lead you
to some of the answers of these aforementioned questions. Moreover, this topic
describes how science and technology theories paved the way for the
Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of
the fundamental concepts of Science and of the world.

Presentation of Contents

 The Man who moved the Sun

The way people think about Solar System has changed many times throughout
history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on
what can be seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar System
was structured was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that planets as
well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, a
concept which is known as geo-centrism. This geocentric model, considered to
be one of the greatest discoveries of all time, was widely accepted by the people
and became the astronomical dogma in Western civilization for 1,400 years. In
the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by
putting sun at the center of the solar system and known as the concept of
heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since
their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all
other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants,

animals and fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th
century. Darwin's theory of evolution challenged the idea that God made all the
animals and plants that live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted the
commonly held Christian views of his era. He did not publish his scientific work
and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.
Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were
enhanced by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded
scientists and his developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the
theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual
organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a
characteristic, individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment
are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characteristics that
have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next
generation. This is called Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

 The Father of Psychoanalysis

In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy.
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th
century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology
with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is the study of
human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious
and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. He also
argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego and
superego.

Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science

since concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed
that Freud’s theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data
could support it. Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his
theory and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method
in treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand
the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying
psychology as a science.

Application

What’s New?

What we had just studied are the major intellectual revolutions in the past. At
present, what are the widely acceptable theory that could explain 1) Celestial
Mechanics; 2) Evolution of human beings; and 3) Psychoanalysis. Justify your
answer.

1. Celestial Mechanics

2. Evolution of human beings

3. Psychoanalysis

Feedback

Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science majors about intellectual revolutions and

present the synthesis of your interview on the space provided (Note: Kindly prepare an
interview schedule prior to the conduct of the interview).

Topic 3: Science & Technology and Nation Building

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

 Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;

 List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major
contributions in shaping the Filipino
nation;
 Identify science and technology policies of the government;
 Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the Filipino
nation; and
 Recognize the need for balance between freedom and responsible behavior
during the exchange of ideas.

Activating Prior Learning

Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by
completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch the
movie clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas. Happy
watching and reading!

Question to Ponder: (SKIP)

1. What roles do science and technology play in the developmental progress
of the country?

Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward

Link: https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Link: https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg
Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation
building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka,
34(3), p.113. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640
From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram
below by enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation.
Then, choose one from your list and explain on the spaces provided.

Role of S
& T in
Nation

Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.

Presentation of Contents

 Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the

Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period

Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and
technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal –
raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of
technology is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by
ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.
Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the
rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking,
fishing, and also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They used
indigenous technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation, both
on land and on waterways.
The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now
considered as indigenous science or folk science. (later on it continued to develop)

Colonial Period

Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads,

bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more
sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards.
In addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education system in the
country. The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the
country. They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in
the field of science and technology.

Post – Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under
different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and
technology. Each leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important
to note that some Philippine presidents introduced more developments in the
field than others, which you will find out soon as you course through this topic.

 Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of

Science
and Technology in the Philippines

Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration

Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)

- lack of support of experimental work
- marginal budget for scientific research
- low salaries of scientists employed by the government
- established the National Science Development Board

Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)

- directed the Department of Education to revitalize the
science courses in public high schools
- channelled additional funds to support projects in
applied sciences and science education
- he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as
the site of the Philippine Science Community
- scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science
scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography
- added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the
NSDB to modernize the coconut industry. (became one of
the biggest distributor of coconut)
- support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with
Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972
- he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to
establish the National Academy of Science and Technology
- He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the
Philippines at Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
- he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine
Science High School to encourage careers in science and technology
-established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains
Authority, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine
National Oil Company among others

Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by
the Department of Science and Technology science and
technology's role in economic recovery and sustained
economic growth was highlighted
created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and
Technology Master Plan or STMP
Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also
known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.” gave assistance to Filipino
inventors through giving financial aid, patent application assistance, legal
assistance, and to help inventors market their products domestically
and abroad R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988
opened doors to free education up to the secondary level “Science for
the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy
among Filipinos

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)

Significant increase in personnel specializing in the
science and technology field addition of Philippine Science
High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao government
provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking
up professions related to S&T schools were becoming more
modernized and updated with the addition of high-tech
equipment for student priority for S&T personnel
increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology
Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established award
was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have
been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
or Republic Act No. 7459) programs such as National Program for Gifted
Filipino Children in Science and Technology enactment of a law creating a
nationwide system of high schools specializing in the field of science and
engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994) enacted the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293)

Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

Launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective
irrigation technologies establishment of one science high
school in every province.
Advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age,
passage of the e-Commerce Act

Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)

The science and technology sector of the Philippines was
dubbed as the "golden age“ during her term
Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the
environment and science to push technology as a tool to
increase the country's economic level the term
"Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia Science
Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education system such as the
Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology
and mathematics in their curriculum imposes Republic Act 10601 which
improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization
(AFMech)

Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016)

“lift the nation from poverty through honest and

effective governance.”
“cut red tape dramatically and implement stable
economic policies.”
“level the playing field for investors and make government
an enabler, not a hindr1ance to business.”
“have leaders who are ethical, honest and true
public servants.”
 ________________________________________________________________

Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016-Present)

The Duterte government has lived up to the President’s

promise of a “relentless” anti-drugs campaign. While
the campaign has been modified and reorganized
thrice, Duterte’s marching orders have been to arrest
drug suspects and kill them if they “fight back.” Here
are the numbers as of June 30 (as reported by the
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

The signing then ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law is a major

achievement for both the Mindanaoan President and Congress.

Duterte pushed for the enactment of the free tertiary education law, against
the advice of his economic managers. The government’s fiscalizers now face
the challenge of finding funding for this expensive law every year but it’s a
welcome development for Filipino families everywhere.

Universal health care

Cutting red tape
Aggressive infrastructure plan (build build build program)
Environmental policies

(Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines)

 Filipino Scientists and their Inventions

Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their
contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal
energy development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered
an
electric light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the
first
geothermal power generated in the Philippines.

Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988)

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of
producing
alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the
production
of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.
 Pedro Escuro (1923 - )
Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation
of
nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice
breeding in the country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are:
Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-37,
C-168 and C-12.

Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)

Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science in
the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of
production for the poultry and livestock industry.

Felix Maramba
Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator.
He
also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable
biogas
systems.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)

Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the
phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for
natural
products, essential oils, and the medicinal qualities.

Emerita De Guzman
Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the
propagation of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to
the faster propagation of pure macapuno trees and
increased macapuno nut production from 3-5 macapuno
nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented tissue
culture techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and
banana plants.

Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)

Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that
lead to
the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice
relieving
device.

1
 Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978)
Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made
improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the
two
way television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a
"photo phone signal separator network"; discovered the
physical
law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect
(around 1930);invented an airplane engine that ran on plain
alcohol as fuel (1952).

(Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors)

For more information, please go to the links provided below, then watch and read
the following:

Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at

https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc
Read: 1. The Philippine Men and Women of Science.

http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
2. Philippine Great Inventions

Application

Let’s have some practice, shall we?

Activity 1: Back Through Time (SKIP)

A. This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich historical
background on its journey to scientific and technological progress. Complete the
table below and elaborate the development of S&T in each period and its
contributions and implications to the present society.
a. Early Filipino/ Pre – colonial period
b. Spanish Colonization
c. American Regime
d. Japanese Colonization
e. Post – colonial period

Period State of Contribution Science culture Implications

S&T during of the period and of S&T and
the period in the practices/ science
development Society’s culture of
of S&T norms during the each period
period to the
present
Early
Filipino/ Pre-
colonial
period

Spanish
Colonization
American
Regime

Japanese
colonization

Post- Colonial
Period

Note: Please read the article below for additional information

A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili
Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-
philippines_pdf#download-require

Activity 2: New Generation Science Genius

Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino civil engineer

scientists and their respective inventions/ discoveries and describe the
inventions and their major contributions in the development of our nation.

MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Feedback (2 only)

List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s

Science and Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and give their
Pros, as well as their Cons. Support your claims by citing examples of their
positive/negative impact to our nation’s development.

Policy/ Pros (w/ positive Cons (w/ negative

Program impacts) impacts)
1.

2.
 SUMMARY

In this module, you have learned the

different contributions to Science and
Technology of each epoch of human
history- Ancient, Medieval and Modern
Times. Necessity and adversity drive
people to think and invent technology
to address the needs and problems
they encountered in everyday life. These inventions paved way to major
developments from ancient to modern society and along with it, the
transmission of scientific and technological knowledge that influenced our
very own notion of the world.
The advent of technology opens the door for more scientific
endeavors in the quest of unravelling the mysteries of the natural
world, and hence the birth of scientific revolution. The revolution
had sparked human creativity and critical thinking, and by this
time, many a discovery and scientific ideas were developed, and
new scientific paradigms were generated which had overthrown
previous paradigms. This manifests that scientific knowledge is
not permanent, and subject to constant change through careful
research and experimentation. In the Philippines, even before
period of colonization, our society has been faring on its
improvement in terms of Science and Technology especially in
agriculture, handicraft and medicine. During colonization, there
was a slow growth of S&T since majority of its sophistication is
brought about by the foreign invaders. The establishment of
Bureau of Science by Americans paved the way for the initial
growth of S&T in the country. During post-colonial period where
Philippines had given the autonomy for executive, administrative,
judicial and legislative operations, different programs and policies
of the government gear towards reinforcing progress of S&T.
Many Filipinos were renowned not only in the national but also
around the global society for their outstanding feat.

End of Prelim
 Questions for Reflection

Think about these....

1. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major

revolutions? Why?

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2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not
take place?
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________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to
what was widely accepted at that time?
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_________________________________________________

4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not
take place?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________

5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it in a good way,
otherwise, or both? Explain how.
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References:
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McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and
Society
(1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building.
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