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CE 132 – Structural Analysis II

Learning Objectives:
2

CHAPTER 7 In this chapter, you will learn the following:

Slope Deflection Method: • Derive the general form of the slope-deflection equations
A Displacement Method of Analysis
• Apply the method to the analysis of continuous beams
and frames

Instructor: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD

Topic Outline Methods to Analyze Indeterminate Structures

3 4

Force Method Displacement Method

5.1 Displacement Method of Analysis: General Procedures

Satisfies displacement compatibility
Satisfies force-displacement
5.2 Slope-Deflection Equations and force-displacement relations relations and force equilibrium
5.3 Analysis of Beams
Forces are the unknowns
Displacements are the unknowns

Method of consistent deformation
Slope-Deflection Method
5.4 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway

Three-moment equation (only for
Moment-Distribution Method
5.5 Analysis of Frames: With Sidesway beams)
Direct Stiffness Method (matrix
formulation)

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Force Method of Analysis Displacement Method of Analysis

5 6

Identify the unknown redundant forces
Satisfy equilibrium equations for the structure

Satisfy the structure’s compatibility equations
Unknown displacements are written in terms of the loads
using the load-displacement relations, then solved for the
• The displacements are expressed in terms of the loads using the
load-displacement relations displacements

The solution of the resultant equations yields the redundant
Once the displacements are obtained, the unknown loads
reactions, and then the equilibrium equations are used to are determined from the compatibility equations using the
determine the remaining reactions on the structure load-displacement relations

Degrees of Freedom (DOF) Degrees of Freedom (Cont.)

7 8

When a structure is loaded, specified points on it, called The number of DOFs is referred to as the degree in which
nodes, will undergo displacements. the structure is kinematically indeterminate.
• Nodes are usually located at joints, supports, at the ends of a
member, or where the members have a sudden change in cross- • Any load P applied to the beam will
section cause node A to rotate

The nodal displacements (rotation, deflection) are referred • Node B is completely restricted from
to as the degrees of freedom (DOF) for the structure. moving

In the displacement method of analysis, it is important to • DOF = 1:


specify these DOFs since they become the unknowns • Beam is kinematically indeterminate
when the method is applied. to 1st degree

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Degrees of Freedom (Cont.) Degrees of Freedom (Cont.)

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• The beam has nodes at A,

B, & C • DOF = 3:
 ,
 , and ∆ =∆
• DOF = 4:
 ,
 ,
 , and ∆ • Frame is kinematically indeterminate
• Beam is kinematically to 3rd degree
indeterminate to 4th degree

Degrees of Freedom (DOF) Slope-Deflection Method

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In 3D, each node on a beam or frame can have at most
Originally

developed by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr.
three linear displacements and three rotational In 1915, George A. Maney refined the method.
displacements
A method of analysis for indeterminate beams and frames

In 2D, each node can have at most two linear

Takes into account only the bending deformations of
displacements and one rotational displacement
structures

This method provides a valuable introduction to the matrix
stiffness method, which forms the basis of most computer
software currently used for structural analysis

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Slope-Deflection Equation Slope-Deflection Equation: Derivation

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- relates the unknown slopes and deflections to the applied load Angular Displacement at A, 

on a structure   
A B
A’ B’
• Consider the typical span

AB of a continuous beam 
L ′ =
 Conjugate Beam
with arbitrary loading 
Real Beam
• The objective is to relate The moment diagrams on the conjugate beam were determined by
the end moments
 and superposition for a simply supported beam
EI is constant  

in terms of three DOF: A B A B
Positive sign convention:
rotation 
,  and
• Clockwise moment and rotation 
+  
deflection ∆, and the loads  =

 =  =  =
• Downward deflection    

Slope-Deflection Equation: Derivation Slope-Deflection Equation: Derivation

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Angular Displacement at A, 

  Angular Displacement at B, 
A B
+ ∑  = 0

      
 -   =0 !
L        = 

 (3)
Real Beam
 + ∑  = 0
       
A’ B’  -   +
  = 0  = 

 (4)
     

′ =
  ! 
Conjugate Beam  =
 (1)  =
 (2)
 

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Slope-Deflection Equation: Derivation Slope-Deflection Equation: Derivation

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Relative Linear Displacement, ∆ Fixed-End Moments (FEM) for a given load

∑ &' = 0
 (  
 !
 -2  
 = 0
+ ∑  =0
)
      =
 
 
 -  
 
 − ∆= 0 8

$
 =  = = − ∆ (5)  = &   = &  (6)
%

Slope-Deflection Equations Slope-Deflection Equations (Cont.)

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If the end moments due to each displacement (1) to (5) and where: MAB = internal moment at A of member AB
the loading (6) are added together, the resultant moments at MBA = internal moment at B of member AB
the ends can be written as:
. = slope or rotation of the span at the supports
(in radians) or DOF i
2 ∆
 = 2
 +
 − 3- + &  -=  = span rotation of its cord due to a linear displacement
 (in radians)
2 (7) E = modulus of elasticity of the material
 = 2
 +
 − 3- + &  FEMAB = fixed-end moment at A of member AB

FEMBA = fixed-end moment at B of member AB
Sign Convention: Clockwise rotations and moments are positive.

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Slope-Deflection Equation (Cont.) Fixed-End Moments

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Pin-Supported End Span

When one end of the member is pinned
or roller supported, the end moment
equations are

3 & 0/
/0 =
/ − - + & /0 −
 2 (8)
0/ =0

where: c = continuous/connected end

h = hinged end

Fixed-End Moments (Cont.) Basic Concept

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Determine the end moments for each span of the beam as

shown.

5 kN 5 kN 5 kN/m

A B C D
5m 2.5m 2.5m 5m

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Basic Concept (Cont.) Basic Concept (Cont.)

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1. Identify the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the structure. 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN/m

For continuous beams, the DOF consist of the unknown rotation
at the nodes (joints, supports, ends of a member, where the A B C D
members have sudden change in cross-section)
5m 2.5m 2.5m 5m

Specify the deformation at the nodes except at the free ends
and fixed supports. • DOF = 2: rotation at B (
 ) and rotation at C (
 )

Ifan end is pin or roller support, do not count any DOF in that • Deflections at free end and at hinged end are not included. See
end. previous slide for guideline.

Basic Concept Basic Concept (Cont.)

27 28

2. Establish slope-deflection equations (or end moment 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN/m

equations) for each member.
2 A B C D
 = 2
 +
 − 3- + & 
 For members with 5m 2.5m 2.5m 5m
2 both ends continuous
 = 2
 +
 − 3- + &  Remove overhang

5 kN 5 kN/m
3 & 0/ For members with 25 kN-m
/0 =
/ − - + & /0 −
 2 one end that is B C D
0/ =0 hinged (or pinned)
2.5m 2.5m 5m

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Basic Concept (Cont.) Basic Concept (Cont.)

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Member BC Sign Convention:

5 kN • Clockwise moment
 
5 kN 5 kN/m
and rotation are
25 kN-m positive
B C D B C • Downward deflection
2.5m 2.5m 5m 2.5m 2.5m is positive

2 4 2
• There are now 2 members, member BC and CD  = 2
 +
 − 3 0 + &  →  = 
 + 
 + & 
5 5 5
• For each member, generate the slope-deflection 2 2 4
 = 2
 +
 − 3 0 + &  →  = 
 + 
 + & 
equations (or the end moments equations) 5 5 5

Basic Concept (Cont.) Basic Concept (Cont.)

31 32

Member CD Slope-Deflection Equations for each member

 5 kN/m
 4 2
Member BC:  = 
 + 
 + & 
5 5
C D 2 4
 = 
 + 
 + & 
5m 5 5
3 & 
3 &  3 &  Member CD:  = 
 + &  −
 =
 − 0 + &  − →  = 
 + &  − 5 2
 2 5 2  = 0
 =0
These end moment equations are incomplete since FEM values
are still not set.

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Basic Concept (Cont.) Basic Concept (Cont.)

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3. Compute all fixed-end moments (FEM). Member CD

Member BC 5 kN &  5 kN/m & 
&  & 

B C C D
2.5m 2.5m 5m

) 5 5 6 5 5
&  =− =− = −3.125 &  = − =− = −10.4167
8 8 12 12
) 5 5 6 5 5
&  = = = 3.125 &  = = = 10.4167
8 8 12 12

Basic Concept (Cont.) Basic Concept (Cont.)

35 36

4. Rewrite the slope-deflection equations. 5. Set-up equilibrium equations (Joint Condition)

5 kN
4 2 25 kN-m   
Member BC:  = 
 + 
 − 3.125 (1)
5 5
2 4 B C
 = 
 + 
 + 3.125 (2) B
5 5 2.5m 2.5m
(−15.6251) Summing moment at joint B:
3 10.4167
 = 
 + −10.4167 − (3)
;  = 0:
Member CD:
5 2
 = 0
 +  = 0 → 25 +  = 0 ← joint condition 1 (4)

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Basic Concept (Cont.) Basic Concept (Cont.)

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5 kN   6. Substitute slope-deflection equations to the joint conditions.

  
5 kN/m
EFGHI JFHKGIGFH L: MN + O = P (4)
B C C C D
4 2
2.5m 2.5m 5m  = 
 + 
 − 3.125 (1)
5 5
Summing moment at joint C: 4 2
25 + 
 + 
 − 3.125 = 0
;  = 0: 5 5
4 2
 +  = 0 ← joint condition 2 → 
 + 
 = − 21.875 (6)
(5)
5 5

Basic Concept (Cont.) Basic Concept (Cont.)

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EFGHI JFHKGIGFH M: O + OQ = P (5) 7.Solve the deformations from the established equations.
2 4 4 2
 = 
 + 
 + 3.125 (2) 
 + 
 = −21.875 (6)
5 5 5 5
3 2 7
 = 
 − 15.6251 (3) 
 + 
 = 12.5001
5
(7)
5 5
2 4 3

 + 
 + 3.125 + 
 − 15.6251 = 0 
 = −37.1094
5 5 5
2 7 
 = 19.5313
→ 
 + 
 = 12.5001 (7)
5 5

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Basic Concept Basic Concept (Summary)

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8. Solve end moments 
 = −37.1094 1. Identify degrees of freedom (DOF)


 = 19.5313

Ignore the DOF at the free end and at hinged/roller
4 2
Member BC:  = 
 + 
 − 3.125 →  = −25 end
5 5
 !
 = S 
 + S 
 + 3.125 →  = 3.9063 2. Set-up the slope-deflection equations (or the end
moment equations) for each member
3
Member CD:  = 
 − 15.6251 →  = −3.9063
Calculate all fixed-end moments (FEM) needed in the
5 equation
 = 0

Basic Concept (Summary) Example 1 – Beam

43 44

3. Set up joint conditions (equilibrium at joints) • Determine the end moments in each member of the
beam shown below.
4. Establish the systems of equation for the unknown
DOF by substituting the necessary end moment • Also, solve the reactions.
expressions to the joint conditions from 3.
10 kN
5. Solve the systems of equation for the values of DOF. 5 kN/m

6. Solve the end moments using the calculated values of A 2EI B EI C

DOF. 4m 3m
40 kN-m

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Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway (Cont.)

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A frame will not sidesway, or be displaced to the left or right, Also, no sidesway will occur in an unrestrained frame provided it is
provided it is properly restrained. symmetric with respect to both loading and geometry.

(a) (b) (a) (b)

Example 2 – Frame without sidesway Analysis of Frames: With Sidesway

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Determine the member end moments. Support B settles by ¾ in.

A frame will sidesway, or be

displaced to the side, when it or
the loading acting on it is
nonsymmetric.

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Example 3 – Frame with sidesway Important Notes

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1. Number of unknown rotation dictates the number of

Using the slope-deflection method,
moment equilibrium equations to be generated.
determine the member end moments,
then draw the shear and moment 2. Number of unknown translation dictates the number of
diagrams of each member. The frame shear equilibrium equations to be generated.
also carries a 2 k/ft uniform load
distributed throughout member BC. 3. Chord rotation (-) is assumed to be small angle and can be
Assume constant EI. represented by perpendicular translation, ∆, divided by the
length of member. (- = ∆/)

Practice Problems Practice Problems

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1. Determine the member end moments and reactions for the 2. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending
frame shown using slope-deflection method. moment diagrams of the beam shown. There is a 25-mm
support settlement at C.

Answer:
Answer:  = 68.6UVW,
 = −9.4UVW  = −183UVW
 = −187.5UVW  = 183UVW
 = 29UVW
 = 187.5UVW
 = −29UVW
 = 0  = −170.2UVW

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Practice Problems Practice Problems

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3. Determine the member end

moments and reactions of
the frames shown.

References
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1) Caburnay, J. M. 2nd Sem 2013-2014. CE 132 Lecture

Notes, CE Department, UPLB. Thank you for
2) Hibbler, R. C. 1995. Structural Analysis. 5th Edition. listening!
Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
3) Kassimali, A. 1993. Structural Analysis. 4th Edition.
PSW Kent: Boston.

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