Lorentz Force F=qvB

m1 m2 F=ILB
Fg=G
r2 Cathode ray tube A
Recognition that there is a vacuum tube in which a
linear relationship between hot cathode emits a beam
field strength and inverse of electrons that pass
square of distance (i.e. through a high voltage
anode and are focused or
deflected before hitting a
) fluorescent screen.
The Inverse square law. The
Implication is that as r Solenoid A coil of wire
increases Fg will decrease that acts as an
dramatically. electromagnet when
electric current is passed
Earth mass=5.98 ×1024 through it due to the
Earth R=6.37 ×10 6 magnetic field that is set
up by the current passing
V through it. Solenoids are
F=qE W =qV V =Ed∨E=
d often used to control the
motion of metal objects,
W¿ qEd after Finding E which isV m−1 such as the switch of a
relay.
ma=qE
Magnetic field A
q1q2 magnetic field is a region
F=k 2
k =9.0 ×10 9 N m2 C−2 influenced by a magnet or
r something with the
properties of a magnet.

Magnetic Fields will

experience a force when
it’s perpendicular.
For Electrons It must be
Potenial Eg=mg ∆ h parallel for work to be
1 2 done.
Kinetic Energy , E K = mv
2
Gravitational fields are
Gravitational field the region around an
object where other objects will experience a
monopoles, attractive and
gravitational force. extends to an infinite
Electric field A region of space where
charged objects experience a force due to the
distance.
field created by another charged object. Electrical Fields are
monopoles and dipoles are
Geostationary satellite. attractive and repulsive
Satellite that remains in orbit and can be constrained to
above the same place on the a fixed distance.
Earth’s surface. It has the Magnetic Fields are
same period as the Earth’s dipoles, are attractive and
rotation, i.e. 24 hours. Only repulsive and can be
occurs at an altitude of 36 000 constrained to a fix
km above the Earth. distance.
 A Satellite is an object in
Kelpler’s laws. 1. The plants a stable orbit around
move in elliptical orbits with another object.
the sun at one focus.
Fn=Fnet −Fg

2. The line connecting a Apparent weight. The

planet to the sun sweeps out weight felt by a person
equal areas in equal intervals when their body is
of time. stationary or in motion.
r3 Sometimes it is higher or
3. 2 lower than their usual
T weight. Equivalent to the
size of the normal reaction
distance 2 πr force acting on the person.
v= =
time T

2 2
Recognition that the
v 4 π r GM gradient of the line is a
a= = 2 = 2 =g
r T r function of the object
mass which is multiplied
Centripetal acceleration by the universal
Acceleration directed towards gravitational constant.
the centre of a circle when an Gradient=Gm
object moves with constant
speed in a circular path. Explain why the
magnitude of the
τ =r ⊥ F F=nILB magnetic field at point p?
At P the magnetic field
1 mv from the top magnet will
m v 2=qV r=
2 qB be to the left and the
magnetic field from the
Particle accelerator A bottom magnet will be to
machine that can accelerate a the right. They will be
charged particle (proton,
Explain why it must be in an orbit above the equal in magnitude, as P
electron) or an atomic nucleus
equator? Satellite orbits must lie in planes is equidistant from both
to very high speeds, including
speeds that approach the speed passing through Earth’s centre. If not above the magnets, but because
of light. equator, its orbit must alternate from N to S they are opposite in
hemispheres. direction, they will cancel
If The electrons emerge with each other out.
2 qV The purpose of the commutator is to reverse
no deflection. v=√ to What would be the length
m the current in the rotating coil every half
find speed. of a year if the earth and
rotation. This ensures that the torque (twisting
the sun is doubled?
the effect of the magnetic force) on the rotating
V V
qvB=q d=q coil is always in the same direction so that it
d d r3
keeps in the same direction. 2
=constant =¿ ¿
t
The mass of the electron is
−31
9.1 ×10 Kg

A space shuttle of mass 200 t

is in circular orbit around the Faraday’s Law states that
earth at a height of 200km. 
Find the kinetic energy of the   N so the EMF is
space shuttle the orbit. opposite in sign to the
GMm change in the magnetic
Formula Ek= flux.
2r
Between t = 2 s and t = 5 s
An induced emf , is produced the loop is entering the
by changing magnetic flux in magnetic field and the
process called electromagnetic flux through the loop is
induction. increasing so the change
in flux is positive and
Magnetic Flux is defined as hence the EMF will be
the product of the strength of negative. Between t = 7 s
the magnetic field, B, and the and t = 10 s the loop is
area of the field perpendicular leaving the magnetic field
to the field lines. and the flux through the
Φ=B⊥ A magnetic flux unit loop is decreasing so the
An AC alternator has slip rings that transfer the change in flux is negative
Wb weber or T m-2
alternating nature of the current in the coil to and hence the EMF will
the output. A DC generator has a split ring be positive.
The induced emf in straight
commutator to reverse the current direction
conductor moving in a
magnetic field B is given by every half turn so that the output current is DC motors have split
ϵ=lvB always in the same direction. rings. AC have slip rings.

The emf induced in Transformers will not

conducting loop in which work with DC voltage
there is a changing magnetic since it has a constant,
flux is proportional to the unchanging current that
negative rate of change in creates no change in
flux. magnetic flux.

△Φ B
ϵ=−N
△t

Lenz’s law states that an

induced emf always gives rise
to a current whose magnetic
field will oppose the original
change in flux.

There are 3 distinct steps to

determine the induced current
direction according to Lenz’s
law.
1. What is the change that is
happening?
2. What will oppose the
change and/or restore the
original conditions?
3. What must be the current
direction to match this
opposition?

A coil rotated in a magnetic

field will produce an
alternating induced current in
the coil. How that current is
harnessed will determine

Newton’s first law states

that every object continues
to be at rest, or continues
with constant velocity,
unless it experiences an
unbalanced force. This is
also called the law of
inertia.

Newton’s second law states

that the acceleration of a
body experiencing an
unbalanced force is directly
proportional to the net force
and inversely proportional
to the mass of the body:
Fnet = ma.

Newton’s third law states

that when one body exerts a
force on another body (an
action force), the second
body exerts an equal force
in the opposite direction on
the first (the reaction force):

A normal reaction force,

FN , acts between an object
and a surface, at right
angles to the surface.
On a horizontal surface, FN
= Fg and the object is
stationary.
On an inclined surface, FN
is equal and opposite to the
component of the weight
force acting perpendicular
to the plane:
FN = Fg cos θ. • The net
force acting on an object on
a plane inclined at an angle
θ is: Fnet = Fg sin θ when
friction is negligible.