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Chapter 2

There are three types of clauses: independent clauses, dependent clauses, and noun clauses. Noun clauses function as nouns within sentences. They can be introduced by question words, indefinite pronouns, conjunctions like "whether" or "if", and the word "that". Noun clauses are used as subjects, objects, appositives, and complements and follow certain verbs, adjectives, nouns, and prepositions.

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2: Clauses

CHAPTER 2: CLAUSES

An Introduction to Clauses

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, you will be able to

 identify the types of clauses in English.
 interpret their functions.
 use different clauses properly in your writing.

GETTING STARTED
Work in groups of four. Discuss the following questions. You can use any resources
(grammar books, internet, etc.) to help you.
1. How many kinds of clauses are there in English? What are they?

2. What are the structures and functions of each kind of clauses?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE

I. Definition of Clauses
A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a finite verb.
Examples: - The round-faced girl is my friend’s sister. (phrase)
- The girl having a round face is my friend’s sister. (phrase)
- The girl who has a round face is my friend’s sister. (clause)
- The girl who has a round face is my friend’s sister. (clause)

II. Classification
There are two main kinds of clauses: independent (or main) clauses and dependent (or
subordinate) clauses.

An independent clause is one that can stand by themselves, as separate sentences.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

A dependent clause is one that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not
express a complete thought.

Examples:
- The crew could see the whale, which had surfaced only 50m behind them.
- Do you know the butcher who went to court on Saturday?
- I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps.
- The excellence of a gift lies in how appropriate it is rather than how valuable it is.
Dependent clauses can act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. There are 3 kinds of dependent
clauses: Noun clauses, Adjective clauses, and Adverbial clauses.
Example: - On weekends, we can do whatever we want. (Noun clause)
- The people whose names are on the list will go to camp. (Adjective clause)
- When you get home, call me. (Adverbial clause)

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Chapter 2: Clauses

CHAPTER 2: CLAUSES

Unit 1: Noun clauses

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this unit, you will be able to

 identify noun clauses;
 interpret the functions of noun clauses; and
 use noun clauses correctly.

GETTING STARTED
Work in groups of four. Discuss the following questions. You can use any resources
(grammar books, internet, etc.) to help you.
3. What is a noun clause?

4. What are the forms of noun clauses?

5. What are the functions of noun clauses in sentences?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE

I. Definition

A noun clause is a clause used as a noun in the sentence.

II. Forms

Noun clauses beginning with - I don’t know where she lives.

a question word derive - I couldn’t hear what he said.
from information - Do you know when they arrive?
questions - I don’t know who lives there.
When Who - Please tell me what happened.
Where Whom - I don’t know who those men are.
Why What
- I wonder whose house that is.
How Which
- What she said surprised me.
Whose

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Noun clause beginning with - Whoever wants to come is welcome.

an --ever word = Anyone who wants to come is welcome.
Whoever - He makes friends easily with who(m)ever he meets.
Whomever - He always says whatever comes to his mind.
Whatever - There are 4 good programs on TV at 8 o’clock. We can
Whichever watch whichever program you prefer.
- She can go wherever she wants to go.
Noun clauses beginning with - I don’t know whether she will come.
Whether or If derive I don’t know if she will come.
from Yes/No Questions I don’t know whether or not she will come.
I don’t know whether she will come or not.
I don’t know if she will come or not.
- Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.
Noun clauses beginning with - I think (that) he is a good actor.
That follow certain verbs, - We know (that) the world is round.
adjectives, or nouns - That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious.
It is obvious (that) she doesn’t understand spoken English.
- That the world is round is a fact.
It is a fact that the world is round.

Common Verbs followed by THAT Noun clause

Verbs of thinking
assume believe - I hope that you will enjoy your holiday.
decide dream - She didn’t really think that it would happen.
expect feel
- I knew that I had seen her somewhere before.
forget guess
hope imagine
know remember
suppose think
understand
Verbs of saying
admit allege - They admitted that they had made a mistake.
agree announce - She argued that they should invest more in the business.
answer argue - The children complained that they had nothing to do.
assert claim
complain conclude
declare deny
explain mention
predict promise
reply say
suggest
Other verbs
discover doubt - I suspect that she eloped with her boyfriend.
find out hear - We discovered that our luggage had been stolen.
learn notice
observe pretend
prove realize
recognize regret
remember show
suspect

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Notes:

Some verbs of saying - We tried to tell them that they should stop what they were
must always have a direct doing.
object: tell, convince, persuade, - The police informed everybody that the danger was over.
inform, remind

Be + Common Adjectives followed by THAT Noun clause

Other verbs
afraid amazed - I am sorry that you can’t come.
annoyed angry - Everybody was pleased that the danger was past.
aware certain - It is lucky that you were able to drive us home.
clear concerned
disappointed glad
grateful happy
nervous obvious
sorry sure
surprised worried

Common Nouns followed by Noun clauses

advantage advice
agreement argument - He made a promise that he would do all he could to help.
assumption belief - I had a funny feeling that something was wrong.
chance claim
- She pointed out the danger that they might be left behind.
conclusion danger
decision difficulty - There was a chance that we would succeed
effect evidence
fact feeling
guess hope
idea impression
message notion
opinion possibility
prediction problem
promise report
threat warning

Note:
After nouns such as issue and question, we include of before a wh-clause.
consideration discussion
example knowledge - We considered the issue of what we mean by freedom.
issue matter - It’s a question of how we can survive.
problem question
review

After verbs such as discuss, we must use the fact that (not that) to introduce a noun clause.
conceal discuss
dispute disregard - We discussed the fact that he had been absent a lot.
hide ignore NOT: We discussed that he had been absent a lot.
overlook
support

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Chapter 2: Clauses

After prepositions and phrasal - He pointed to the fact that Britain is an island.
verbs, we also use the fact that NOT: He pointed to that Britain is an island.
(not that). - They covered up the fact that people had died.
NOT: They covered up that people had died.
We can use other nouns with - I don’t agree with the idea that older is wiser.
more specific meanings such as - They played down the news that prices had risen.
idea or news instead of fact in
these structures.

Noun + be + THAT clause

danger problem - The danger is that we will be left behind.
chance possibility - The fact is that it is getting very late.
fact

NOTES:
1. THAT may be dropped in some cases.
When the Noun clause is in - We all hope (that) you’ll be able to come.
Object position - I hear (that) you have been promoted Captain.
- We know (that) the world is round.
When the Noun clause is after - It is obvious (that) she doesn’t understand spoken English.
Be + Adjective - Muriel was glad (that) she had come.
When the Noun clause is after a - I have a feeling (that) this is a mistake.
Noun that takes Noun clauses - It was a pity (that) the plan would fail.
- It was a good thing (that) we reach home in time.
2. The Subjunctive is used in a Noun clause that follows certain verbs, nouns and adjectives. The
subjunctive is more common in American English than British English. In British English, Should
+ Vo is more usual.
advise order crutial - The teacher demands that we be on time.
ask propose essential - I insisted that he pay me the money.
beg recommend imperative
- I recommended that she not go to the concert.
command request important
demand require (in)appropriate - It is important that they be told the truth.
intend suggest (un)necessary
insist stipulate vital
instruct warn

III. Functions
Functions Examples
- How and when they appear is a secret.
- That she told a lie makes him so sad.
1. Subject of Verb + Vsing.
- It is disappointing that Tom can’t come.
That Tom can’t come is disappointing.
- Who loses will pay.
- The trouble is that we are short of money.
2. Subjective Complement - The question is how we are going to get some money.
- The important thing is what you do, not what you say.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Functions Examples
- What surprise me most was that they were so cheerful about
their lost.
- What I wonder is whether she will come.
3. Object of Verb
- We saw that the plan would fail.
- He wonders if his friends are willing to help him.
S+V+O - Nobody can know whether the agreement will promise a
lasting peace.
- The president examined what his advisors reported.
- They inform the manager that they were willing to work
overtime.
- She reminds me that she is in need of my help.
S + V (+prep) + IO + DO - We explained to everyone present that the delay was
inevitable.
- They suggested to the manager that the business should be
improved.
- We all consider your behavior wrong.
We all consider it wrong that you disobeyed your father.
S + V + O + OC
- I think it strange that everybody hates me.
(with formal object IT)
- We count it an honor that we could die for our country.
- I think it a pity that you didn’t try harder.
- He is responsible for what he says.
- I take no interest in what you have suggested.
4. Object of Preposition
- Everything depends on whether will pass your exam.
- He laughed at what you said.
- The news that they married was a surprise to everyone.
- He expressed a hope that you would soon be well again.
5. Appositive
- She told me her plan that she would write a story of her life.
- Is there any proof that the pistol was his?
6. Complement of - I’m happy that we finished on time.
Adjective - She had been nervous that she would miss her flight.

NOTES:

1. Noun clauses as subjects or after false subject It

 Instead of putting the noun - That we won the match surprised eveyone.
clause in subject position, we = It surprised everyone that we won the match.
usually use it as a false
subject and put the that clause - That the other team played badly really helped us.
or the wh- clause at the end. = It really helped us that the other team played badly.

- How the thief broke in is obvious, but why they only

took one old computer is a mystery.
= It is obvious how the thief broke in, but it is a mystery
why they only took one old computer.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

b. We can use whether or if in a - It doesn’t really matter whether/if you go now or later.
noun clause at the end after it
as subject, but only whether in - Whether you go now or later doesn’t really matter.
a noun clause in subject If you go now or later doesn’t really matter.
position.

2. Noun clauses as objects or after false object It

a. We can use a noun clause as - We learned that pineapples don’t grow on trees.
an object after a verb to - No one noticed that the keys were missing.
express facts or ideas, and in - She could never anticipate what he might want.
indirect speech. - Ewan suggested that we should leave early.
- He screamed that he hated school.
- She said that she felt that everyone was against her.
b. Some verbs need an indirect - I’ll show you how it works.
object (you, me) before a noun - He told me that he loved me.
clause as direct object: show, He told that he loved me.
tell, assure, convince, inform,
notify, persuade, remind,
warn.
c. After verbs of liking or not - He doesn’t like it that she still smokes.
liking, we use it as a false - I hate it that nobody ever cleans up after the meetings.
object before a noun clause.
d. After thinking verbs such as - They consider it an offence that women go out in public
consider or think, we can use without covering their head.
it as a false object + a - I think it odd that no one called us.
noun/adjective + a noun cl.

e. regard/see/view + it + as - Many people regard it as a really bad idea that the

N/Adj + N cl. police have started carrying guns.

IV. ‘Wish’ sentences

Main clause Noun Clauses Meanings Examples
(no relation
to)
- He wishes he knew her address.
He wished he knew her address.
S + Ved/2/WERE A wish for things to be
(Past Subjunctive) different in the present - He wishes his mother were here.
- If only I were taller, I might be better
at basket ball.
- Tom wishes his neighbors wouldn’t
A wish for sth to
S + WISH S + Would make so much noise.
happen or to stop
IF ONLY (Conditional)
happening in the future - If only you would try to keep the
place tidy.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

- He wishes he had met her yesterday.

S + Had Ved/3 A wish about the past
(Perfect Subjunctive) - If only David had been a bit more
careful, he would have been all right.

V. Reported Speech
1. Definition: Reported speech or indirect speech is the words of the speaker reported
indirectly to a third person.
Example: Direct speech: Tom said, ‘I will come.’
Indirect speech: Tom said that he would come.

2. Reported speech of statement

SAY (to s.o) - Trevor says, ‘I’m tired.’
TELL s.o  Trevor says (that) he is tired.
announce - He says, ‘I’m going home.’
S
answer
THAT Statement  He says (that) he is going home.
explain - She tells me, ‘I want to stop.’
mention  She tells me she wants to stop.’
promise
reply

CHANGES IN TENSES
When the reporting verb is in the past, the tense in reported speech normally moves back.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH/REPORTED

SPEECH
Present Simple Past Simple
- Mary says, ‘He has a new book.’ - Mary said (that) he had a new book.
But the Simple Present is unchanged when
it denotes an all time truth or habit.
- Tom says, ‘The earth is round.’ - Tom said (that) the earth is round.
- Tom says, ‘I wake up early every day.’ - Tom said (that) he wakes up early every
day.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
- Bob says, ‘I am writing a novel.’ - Bob said that he was writing a novel.
Past Simple Past Perfect
- Dick said, ‘They ate breakfast.’ - Dick said that they had eaten breakfast.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
- Jean said, ‘I’ve met him before.’ - Jean said that she had met him before.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
- Doris said, ‘We were studying English.’ - Doris said that they had been studying
English.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
- Larry said, ‘I’ve been waiting for her. - Larry said that he had been waiting for
her.
Future Conditional

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Chapter 2: Clauses

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH/REPORTED

SPEECH
- He said, ‘I will be in Paris on Monday.’ - He said that he would be in Paris on
Monday.
Conditional (would, should, could, might, Conditional (would, should, could, might,
ought to) ought to)
I said, ‘I would like to see it.’ I said I would like to see it.

NOTES:
Unreal past tenses after Wish, - ‘We wish we didn’t have to take exam,’ said the
Would rather/ Would sooner, children.
It is time do not change.  The children said they wished they didn’t have to
take exam.
- ‘Bill wants to go alone,’ said Ann, ‘but I’d rather he
went with a group.’
 Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone, but she’d
rather he went with a group.
- ‘It’s time we began planning our holiday,’ he said.
 He said that it was time they began planning their
holidays.
Conditional sentences type 2 & - ‘If my children were older, I would emigrate,’ he said.
3 remained unchanged. Tom said that if his children were older he would
emigrate.

CHANGE IN ADVERBS OF TIME, PLACE, AND OTHERS

now  then, at the time “I’m writing now.”  He was writing then.
right now  at once “Do it right now!”  He told us to do it at once.
“Today we have a new test.”
today  that day, on Monday, on ....
 That day they had a new test.
“I found my key yesterday.”
yesterday  the day before, the
 He had found his key the day before/ the
previous day
previous day.
tomorrow  the next day/ the following “Tomorrow we’ll have a party.”
day,  The next day they would have a party.
on Monday, on ...
He said, She is coming this week.’
this week  that week
 He said she was coming that week.
“She’ll come back next week.”
next week  the following week
 She would come back the following week.
last week  the week before, the “Tom had a cold last week.”
previous week  Tom had a cold the previous week.
“We received her letter two days ago.”
ago  before, earlier
 They had received her letter two days before.
She said, ‘The train will leave here in 5 minutes.’
here  there, at the flat, beside her, ...
 She said that the train would leave there in 5
minutes.
Blair said, “My dog always sleeps here under the
this  that porch by this door.”
 Blair said that her dog always sleeps there

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Chapter 2: Clauses

under the porch by that door.

CHANGE IN PRONOUNS
first person: agrees with the - He said, “I’ve forgotten the combination of my safe.”
function and number of the  He said that he had forgotten the combination of
Subject in the main clause. his safe.
second person: agrees with the - I said, “I like my new house.”
function and number of the  I said that I like my new house.
Object. - He says, “I know her.” He says he knows her.
third person: remains unchanged. - He said to me, “You are late.” He said to me I was
late.

3. Reported speech of questions

YES-NO questions
- ‘Is anyone there?’ he asked.
 He asked if/ whether anyone was there.

asked + O - ‘Do you know Bill?’ he said.

wondered  He asked if/ whether I knew Bill.
WHETHER
S wanted to S + V - ‘Do you want to insure your luggage or not?’ he
IF
know asked.
inquired  He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my
luggage.
 He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or
not.

WH- questions
- He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
asked + O  He asked (her) why she hadn’t put on the brake.
wondered
S wanted to
WH- S + - She said, “What do you want?”  She asked
word V (them) what they wanted.
know
inquired - He said, “Mary, when is the next train?”  He
asked Mary when the next train was.

4. Reported speech of commands, advice and offers

asked - He said, ‘Lie down, Tom.’
told  He told Tom to lie down.
order - He said, ‘Get your coat, Tom.’
suggested TO Vo
 He told Tom to get his coat.
S recommended O NOT TO
requested Vo - ‘You had better hurry, Bill!’ she said.
commanded  She advised Bill to hurry.
advised - ‘Don’t swim out too far, boys,’ I said.
offered  I warned/ told the boys not to swim out too far.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

- He said, ‘Go away!’

 He told me(/him/her/us/them/the children) to go
away.
- He said, “Could I see Tom, please?”
 He asked to see Tom.
- ‘Do, please, send me to a warm climate,’ he asked/
begged.
 He asked/ begged us to send him to a warm
climate.
- ‘Let’s sell the house,’ said Tom. ‘Let’s not,’ said Ann.
 Tom suggested selling the house but Ann was
against it.
- ‘We could help you.’  They offered to help me.

We can sometimes report advice, orders, requests, suggestions, etc. about things that need to
be done or are desirable using a that clause with should + bare infinitive.
Examples: - They have proposed that Jim should move to their London office.
- Alice thinks that we should avoid driving through the centre of town.
- I suggested that Mr Clarke should begin to look for another job.
- It has been agreed that the company should not raise its prices.
- They directed that the building should be pulled down.
- The report recommends that the land should not be sold.
- We urged that the students should be told immediately.
- We insist that the money should be available to all students in financial
difficulties.

In formal context, particularly in written English, we can often leave out should but keep the
infinitive (the subjunctive).
Example: - They directed that the building be pulled down.
- We insist that the money be available to all students in financial difficulties.

Some structures of reporting offers, suggestions, orders, intentions, etc.

1. Verb + O + to Infinitive ‘You should take the job, Frank.’
- She encouraged Frank to take the job.
Advise1,4,6, ask, call on, command, compel,
encourage, expect, instruct, invite, order, ‘It must be a peaceful demonstration.’
persuade, recommend1,6, remind, request, - Dr. Baker called on the crowds to demonstrate
tell, urge, warn peacefully.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

2. Verb + to Infinitive ‘I’ll take you to town.’

- She offered to take me to town.
Agree, demand, guarantee, hope, promise,
swear, threaten, volunteer, vow ‘The theatre will be built next to the town hall.’
* ask + to inf.: when asking someone’s - They propose to build the theatre next to the
permission town hall.
- I asked to see his identification before i let
him into the house.
- He claimed to be innocent.
3. Verb + That clause/ V + to Infinitive
- He claimed that he was innocent.
Agree, demand, expect, guarantee, hope,
promise, propose, request, vow
- The team captain said that I had to play in
4. Verb + That clause (not: + to Inf.)
goal. (not: ... said to play...)
Advise, insist, order, say, suggest - There were cheers when he suggested that
we went home early. (not: ... suggested to ...)
- Carolyn intends to return to Dublin after a
5. Verb + to Infinitive (not: + That cl.)
year in canada. (not: ... intends that...)
Long, offer, plan, refuse, volunteer - The children wanted to come with us to the
cinema. (not: ... wanted that ...)
- The government proposed closing a number
6. Verb + Gerund (to report suggestions)
of primary school.
Advise, propose, recommend, suggest - The lecturer recommended reading a number
of books before the exam.

5. Reported speech of exclamation

Changing an Exclamatory Sentence into the Reported Speech

Some common exclamatory phrases:

- Hurrah! Ha! (Express joy)
- Alas! Oh! (Express sorrow, regret, or loss)
- Bravo! (Express Applause)
- What! Oh! How! (Express surprise)
- Pooh! Pshaw! (Express contempt)

1. In indirect speech, the The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’
exclamatory phrase or word  The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won
(interjection) is replaced the match.
by ‘exclaimed with joy, sorrow,
The old man said, ‘Alas! I have lost my purse.’
regret, surprise, contempt etc.’
 The old man exclaimed with sorrow that he had
2. Reporting verb SAID / SAID TO lost his purse.
should be changed into
‘How glad I am,’ said Alice, ‘to meet my friend
EXCLAIMED.
here.’  Alice exclaimed with delight that she was
3. Use the conjunction word THAT. very glad to meet her friend there.
4. Change that into a Statement. The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our foes are too strong!’

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Chapter 2: Clauses

5. When WHAT or HOW is  The Emperor exclaimed with sorrow that their
followed by an adjective, use foes were too strong.
VERY but when WHAT is ‘Hurrah!’ cried the boy, ‘I have won a prize.’  The
followed by a noun use boy exclaimed with delight he had done a prize.
(GREAT).
The child said, ‘What a beautiful sight!’
6. Change of Personal Pronoun,  The child exclaimed with delight that it was a
Tense and Special words. very beautiful sight. OR The child exclaimed with
7. Remove commas, quotation delight that the sight was very beautiful.
marks and exclamation mark. The girl said, ‘How beautiful the rainbow is!’
8. Formula : Subject + exclaimed +  The girl exclaimed with delight that the rainbow
that + other subject (from was very beautiful.
Reported Speech) + verb (by The candidate said, ‘How difficult the problem is!’
changing the tense) + very +  The candidate exclaimed with disapproval that
adjective (or great + noun)+ …. the problem was very difficult.
"What a shot!"
 Somebody said it was a (great) shot.
He said, “How dreadful!”
 He exclaimed that it was dreadful.
He said, “What a dreadful idea!”
 He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea.
The students said to the teacher, ‘Good morning,
Teacher!’  The students respectfully wished their
teacher good morning.
He said to me, “Hello! Where are you going?”
 He greeted (me) and asked me where I was going.
“Good!” he exclaimed.
 He gave an exclamation of pleasure/ satisfaction.
Pam said, ‘What a mistake I made!’
 Pam realized what a mistake she had made.
Pam said, ‘This is a wonderful restaurant!’
 Pam exclaimed that that was a wonderful
restaurant.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell their function.

1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.

2. He said that he would not go.

3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.

4. He said that he was not feeling well.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

5. I cannot rely on what he says.

6. I don’t know where he has gone.

7. He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.

8. The news that he is alive has been confirmed.

9. The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.

10. It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.

11. It was fortunate that he was present.

12. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.

13. That he believes his own story is remarkable.

14. He knows all about art, but he doesn't know what he likes.

15. My one regret in life is that I am not someone else.

Exercise 2: If the given words are questions, insert a capital letter and a question mark.
If the given words are a noun clause, write ‘I don’t know’ and a final period.
Example: _________ W where is he?
I don’t know where he is.
1. ______________ what he did
2. ______________ what did he do
3. ______________ how old is he
4. ______________ how old he is
5. ______________ where did he go
6. ______________ where he went
7. ______________ why he said that
8. ______________ why did he say that
9. ______________ who he is
10. ______________ who is he
11. ______________ when will he arrive
12. ______________ when he will arrive
13. ______________ who is he talking to
14. ______________ which one he bought
15. ______________ what his name is

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 3: Finish the second sentence with a noun clause based on the preceding direct
question.
Example: How do you say this?
- Can you tell me how you say this?

1. How much did it cost?

- He doesn’t remember _______________________________________________ .

2. How much does it cost?

- Ask the manager ___________________________________________________ .

3. Which do you prefer?

- Please tell the clerk _________________________________________________ .

4. What cities did you visit?

- Please tell us ______________________________________________________ .

5. What country is he from?

- Let’s ask Bill ______________________________________________________ .

6. Whose book did he use?

- I wonder __________________________________________________________ .

7. Whom should I speak to?

- I would like to know ________________________________________________ .

8. Who wrote this paper?

- Can you tell me ____________________________________________________ ?

9. Why did you buy it?

- Please tell me ______________________________________________________ .

10. When are they leaving?

- Let’s ask them ____________________________________________________ .

11. Where does Mr Nam live?

- Do you remember __________________________________________________ ?

12. Who is that man?

- I don’t know ______________________________________________________ .

13. Why did she leave?

- Do you know ______________________________________________________ .

14. Where will he be?

- Let’s ask him ______________________________________________________ .

15. When did Tom return?

- Please tell me ______________________________________________________ .

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 4: Make a question from the given sentence. The words in parentheses should
be the answer to the question you make. Then change the question to a noun clause.
1. That man is (Mr. Robertson).
Question: Who is that man?
Noun clause: I want to know who that man is.
2. George lives in (Los Angeles).
Question: ........................................................................................................................................
Noun clause: I want to know .........................................................................................................

3. Ann bought (a new dictionary).

Question: ........................................................................................................................................
Noun clause: Do you know ............................................................................................................
4. It is (350 miles) to Denver from here.
Question: ........................................................................................................................................
Noun clause: I need to know .........................................................................................................

5. Jack was late to class (because he missed the bus).

Question: ........................................................................................................................................
Noun clause: The teacher wants to know ......................................................................................
6. That is (Ann’s) pen.
Question: ........................................................................................................................................
Noun clause: Tom wants to know .................................................................................................

7. Alex saw (Ms. Frost) at the meeting.

Question: ........................................................................................................................................
Noun clause: I don’t know .............................................................................................................
8. (Jack) saw Ms. Frost at the meeting.
Question: ........................................................................................................................................
Noun clause: I don’t know .............................................................................................................

9. Alice likes (this) book best, (not that one).

10. The plane is supposed to land (at 7:14 p.m.).

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 5: Use the words in parentheses to complete the sentences. Use any appropriate
verb tense. Some of the completions contain noun clauses and some contain questions.
Examples:

A: Where did Ruth go ? She’s not in her room. (Ruth, go)

B: I don’t know. Ask Tina. She might know where Ruth went . (Ruth, go)

1. A: John is searching every drawer. Do you know what ________________? (he, look for)
B: I have no ideas. Why don’t I just ask him? John? What _________________? (you,
look for)

2. A: Oops! I made a mistake. Where _________________? Didn’t I lend it to you? (my

eraser, be)
B: I don’t have it. Ask Sally where _________________. I think I saw her using it. (it, be)

3. A: I heard that Sam changed his mind about going on the picnic. Why
_________________ to stay home? Is something wrong? (he, decide)
B: I don’t know. Maybe Jane can tell us why _________________ not to come with us.
Let’s ask her. I hope he’s okay. (he, decide)

4. A: Whose book _________________? (this, be)

B: It’s not mine. I don’t know whose book _________________. (it, be)

5. A: Did Jack get enough food when he went to the market? How much fish
_________________? It takes a lot of fish to feed 12 people. (he, buy)
B: Just relax. I don’t know exactly how much fish _________________, but I’m sure
there’ll be enough for dinner for all of us. (he, buy)

6. A: The door isn’t locked! Why _________________ it before he left? (Fred, lock, not)
B: Why ask me? How am I supposed to know why _________________ it? Maybe he
just forgot. (he, lock, not)

7. A: The Lee family are recent immigrant, aren’t they? How long ___________________
in this country? (they be)
B: I have no idea. Would you like me to ask Mr. Lee how long ___________________
here? I’ll be seeing him this afternoon. (he and his family, live)

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Chapter 2: Clauses

8. A: I need a math tutor. Do you know who _________________? (John’s tutor, be)
B: No. Let me ask Phil. Excuse me, Phil? Who _________________? Do you know?
(John’a tutor, be)

9. A: You’re a student here? I’m a student here, too. Tell me what classes
_________________ this term. Maybe we’re in some of the same classes. (you, take)
B: Math 4, English 2, History 6, and Chesmistry 101. What classes _________________?
(you, take)

10. A: Lucy, why _________________ for the exam? You could have done much better if
you’ve been prepared. (you, study, not)
B: Well, Professor Morris, why _________________ for the exam is a long story. I
intended to, but … (I, study, not)

Exercise 6: Circle the best choice.

Example: He asked me where ____.
A. did I live B. I lived C. do you live D .that I lived
1. I talked to Bob two weeks ago. I thought he wanted to know about my cat, but I
misunderstood him. He asked me where ___, not my cat.
A. is my hat B. my hat was C. my hat is D. was my hat
2. ‘The people in the apartment upstairs must have a lot children.’
‘I don’t know how many ___, but it sounds like they have a dozen.’
A. children do they have B. do they have children
C. children they have D. they have children
3. Do you know ___? I myself have no idea.
A. how many years the earth is B. how old the earth is
C. how long is the earth D. how much time has been the earth
4. ‘There’s too much noise in this room. I can’t understand what ___.’ ‘Neither can I.’
A. is the professor saying B. is saying the professor
C. that the professor is saying D. the professor is saying
5. When I was little, my father gave me some advice. He said ___ talk to strangers.
A. I shouldn’t B. that shouldn’t C. don’t D. that I don’t
6. ‘I didn’t expect Ann’s husband to be here at the opera with her.’
‘I’m surprised, too. Ann must have insisted that ___ with her.’
A. he come B. he comes C. he came D. he had come
7. ‘Ms. Wright, can you give me a little extra help typing some letters today?’
‘Sorry, I can’t. The boss has an urgent report for me to write. She demanded that it ___ on
her desk by 5 p.m today.’
A. was B. will be C. is D. be

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Chapter 2: Clauses

8. ‘Did you tell Carol where ___ us this evening?’

‘Yes, I did. I can’t understand why she is late.’
A. should she meet B she to meet C. she meets D. to meet
9. A fortune-teller predicted ___ inherit a lot of money before the end of the year.
A. that I would B that I C. what I will D. what I
10. ‘Bill Frazer seems like a good person for the job, but we don’t know why he left his last
job.’
‘I know why. He told me ___ a serious policy disagreement with his boss last January.’
A. if he’d had B. he’d had
C. what he’d had D. that what he had
11. ‘Is it true that you fell asleep in class yesterday and began to snore?’
‘Unfortunately, yes. ___ is unbelievable! I’m very embarrassed.’
A. That I could do such a thing it B. That I could do such a thing
C. I could do such a thing it D. I could do such a thing
12. ‘Officer, can you tell me how to get to Springfield?’
‘Sure. What part of Springfield ___ to go?’
A. do you want B. you want C. that you want D. where you want
13. ‘Is it true ___ the law says there is no smoking in restaurants in this city?’
‘Yes. That law was passed last year.’
A. that what B. what C. if D. that
14. ___ prompt is important to our boss.
A. A person is B. Is a person
C. If a person is D. Whether or not a person is
15. A scientific observer of world life must note every detail of how ___ in their environment:
their eating and sleeping habits, their social relationships, ad their methods of self-
protection.
A. do animals live B. live animals C. do live animals D. animals live
16. The mystery movie was clever and suspenseful. The audience couldn’t guess ___
committed the murder until the surprise ending.
A. who he B. who had C. that who D. that
17. How do you like your new school? Tell me ___.
A. who in your class is B. who your class is in
C. who is in your class D. your class who is in it
18. ‘What do you recommend ___ about this tax problem?’
‘I strongly suggest that we consult an expert as soon as possible.’
A. do we do B. we will do C. we do D. should we do
19. The college does not grant degrees simply to ___ pays the cost of tuition; the student must
satisfy the academic requirements.
A. whoever B. who C. whomever D. whoever that
20. ‘What are you going to buy in this store?’
‘Nothing. ___ want is much too expensive.’
A. That I B. What I C. That what I D. What do I

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 7: Circle the best choice.

1. Do you know _____________________?
A. where we will be taking the TOEFL test
B. where will we be taking the TOEFL test
C. where we will taking the TOEFL test
D. which we will be taking the TOEFL test
2. _________________changed his life forever.
A. That Tomo did B. What did Tomo do
C. What Tomo did D. Who Tomo did
3. I will talk _________________.
A. about whatever is on your mind B. whatever is on your mind
C. about whenever is on your mind D. about whichever is on your mind
4. I don't know ____________________.
A. when will we go to the football game B. whom we will go to the football game
C. whenever we will go to the football game D. when we will go to the football game
5. when the others will arrive?
______________________
A. Do Steve know B. Do Steve knows
C. Does Steve know D. Is Steve know
6. Did the student hear ______________________?
A. who Jim Drake said about open university advising
B. what Jim Drake said about open university advising
C. what did Jim Drake say about open university advising
D. whom Jim Drake say about open university advising
7. After four hours of interrogation, the police officers finally figured out ____________.
A. who he was behind the Bank of America bank robbery
B. who was behind Bank of America bank robbery
C. who was behind the Bank of America bank robbery
D. whose was behind the Bank of America bank robbery
8. ________________ is hiring a tutor who can help them with their math skills.
A. What they do B. What should they do
C. Whatever they should do D. What they should do
9. Do you know ________________?
A. who's house that is B. whose house is that
C. whose house that is D. whose house is
10. ______________is unimportant to her peers.
A. If she passes B. Whether does she pass or not
C. Whether she pass or not D. Whether she passes or not

Exercise 8: Write THAT or WHAT in the blank.

1. _________ he said to me was not important.
2. I know ____________ Hiroko has talked to Jun.
3. He doesn't remember __________ happened at the accident.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

4. I heard ______________ there was a serious traffic accident on the corner of University
Parkway and College Avenue.
5. ______________ we should do in the case of an earthquake should be an agenda item at
the next City Council meeting.
6. _____________ we should keep a 72 hour emergency kit in case of an earthquake was a
suggestion at the city council meeting.
7. I need to talk to you about ___________ John said to Mary at the party last Friday.
8. Everyone knows _____________ she said to him.
9. We know _____________ good love is always hard to find.
10. Friendship in a relationship is _______________ I seek.

Exercise 9: Using a dictionary if necessary, complete each definition with a noun and
that or what. Put brackets round (that) where it could be left out.

conception confession condidence confirmation confusion contempt

Example: Confidence is believing (that) you can be successful, or feeling (that) you
are certain about something.

1. _____ is a statement or letter telling you _ something is

correct, or _____________ an arrangement is definite.

2. _____ is a statement made by someone admitting _ they are

guilty of a crime, or _____________ they are ashamed of something.

3. _____ is feeling _ somebody or something is without value

and deserves no respect, or showing no concern for _____________ might be against the
rules or dangerous.

4. _________________ is the process of forming an idea or an understanding of

_____________ something is, or _____________ something should be.

5. _____ is a state of uncertainty about _ is happening, or

_____________ something means.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 10: The original version of this paragraph included the ten words listed here
introducing noun clauses. Put them back in appropriate places in the paragraph.

how that (x5) what where whether why

I had a strange experience when I got a summer job as a temporary office assistant in a big

company. On my first day, I didn’t know I was supposed to do and nobody seemed to care I

was doing anything or not. Since I didn’t understand anything worked in the office, I just sat

down at an empty desk and waited. When the office manager walked in, she stared at me and

asked I was sitting on her chair. I remember I felt really embarrassed and tried to explain

nobody had told me I should sit. She announced quite loudly I wasn’t being paid to sit around

and I should go and find some work to do. So I tried to act as if I was busy and started

cleaning out all the wastebaskets. I only discovered later in the morning I had gone to the

wrong office.

Exercise 11: Rewrite these sentences, beginning with It.

1. That the weather wasn’t very nice wasn’t my fault.
________________________________________________________________

2. That nobody stopped to help the old woman after the accident is absolutely disgraceful.
________________________________________________________________

3. What you’re going to need on a trip can be hard to work out two months in advance.
________________________________________________________________

4. How Adrian became so rich so fast remains a mystery to everyone.

________________________________________________________________

5. Whether he eats the fish or not doesn’t bother me, but he should eat something.
________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 12: Add it and that where appropriate to these sentences.

1. They concluded in their report didn’t make any difference if the vehicles had air bags or
not. _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. If you say is important I should attend the meeting, I can assure you I’ll be there.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. They notified everyone living near the river was possible the water was contaminated.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. None of the staff likes now every Thursday is a late night.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. She delivered a marvelous performance pleased her parents.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 13: Rewrite each sentence with a meaning similar to the one above it.

1. It’s considered an honour that they’ve been chosen to play for their country.
The boys _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. It used to be thought outrageous that women were smoking in public.

People __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. Won’t it be seen as a sign of weakness that we didn’t fight back?

Won’t they _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 2: Clauses

4. It wasn’t regarded at the time as an indication that anything was wrong.

No one___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. It is regarded as a bad idea that the police have started carrying guns.
Many people _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 14: Correct the ten mistakes in these sentences.

1. The audience stood up and applauded our performance convinced we had a successful
show.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. You want to take one class or twenty makes no difference because you have to register
first and the university doesn’t like people have been attending classes without being
registered.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Mr. Trotter was trying to show how should the equipment be used, but they weren’t
listening.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Didn’t you think strange nobody told his car lights were left on all night?
___________________________________________________________________

5. I tried to warn the trail was dangerous, but it didn’t surprise they went hiking anyway.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Noun with noun clauses

Exercise 15: Rewrite each pair of sentences as a single sentence using a noun derived
from the verb in the sentence above it, plus other appropriate changes.

Example:

They concluded that the child’s death was an accident. It made a lot of people angry.
- Their conclusion that the child’s death was an accident made a lot of people angry.

1. Manfred explained that a friend’s dog had eaten his homework. It wasn’t very convincing.
Manfred’s ________________________________________________________

2. They expect that everyone will just go along with their plans. It’s unrealistic.
Their ____________________________________________________________

3. She suddenly realized that she was drifting out to sea. It caused her to panic.
Her _____________________________________________________________

4. We discussed how we might solve the problem. It went on for over three hours.
Our _____________________________________________________________

5. People believe there are aliens from outer space living among us. It’s quite widespread.
The _____________________________________________________________

Exercise 16: Using a dictionary if necessary, complete each definition with a noun and
that or what plus a preposition where necessary.

belief example fear knowledge statement

1. If you do something with apprehension, you have a ____________________ something

bad may happen.

2. Oblivion is an unconscious state in which you have no ____________________ is

happening around you.

3. When you say or do something with conviction, you have a strong

____________________ you are right.

4. A precedent is an earlier action or decision used as a good ____________________

should be done in other similar situation.

5. An estimate is an appropriate idea or ____________________ something will cost.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 17: Correct the ten mistakes in these sentences.

1. They discussed people were getting into the country illegally and the issue whether those
people would be able to become legal citizens.
- ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. His theory is cutting down the trees causes more flooding due to there is nothing left on
the hills to hold the soil in place and absorb the rain.
- ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Alfred tried to explain away he had missed several meetings, but he had nothing to say on
the question what had happened to his quarterly report.
- ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. It seems to be they didn’t have a lot of applicants so they overlooked that I didn’t have
much experience and offered me the job.
- ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. The German research team’s discovery, which the addition of milk to a cup of tea reduces
its health benefits, seems to have been based on the assumption which the only benefit of
hot tea is an improvement in the flow of blood which goes to the heart because that is all
they measured.
- __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Adjective with noun clauses

Exercise 18: Rewrite each pair of sentences as a single sentence containing a noun
clause.

1. So many young people don’t know how to swim nowadays. That’s rather surprising.
It’s _____________________________________________________________

2. All the lights were on, but nobody seemed to be at home. That seemed very strange.
It _______________________________________________________________

3. Nobody complained about all the noise you were making. That was lucky for you.
You ____________________________________________________________

4. My friend has to work and can’t go to the concert. She’ll be disappointed.

My friend ________________________________________________________

5. He made such a mess. I was angry about it.

I ________________________________________________________________

Exercise 19: Complete each sentence with an adjective and that or what, with
prepositions where necessary.

Confident happy (x2) not sure sorry (x2) worried surprised

Example: My parents are happy that I do well at school.

1. I’m ____________________ ‘savoire faire’ means.

2. We’re ____________________ none of the children got hurt in the accident.

3. I made you cry. I’m I said. I’m really I

spoke that way.

4. Aren’t you ____________________ you’ll fail the test or are you really
____________________ you’re ready?

5. I’m _____________________ he didn’t come.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Exercise 20: Complete each sentence using appropriate forms of one pair of words and
noun clauses.

Afraid/have amazed/win essential/wear certain/have fortunate/not be

Example: Were you frightened by the muggers? – Yes, I was afraid that they had knives.

1. Isn’t it astonishing that Rick finished first? – Yes, I’m _____________________ the race.

2. Are you sure that Stella took the car keys? – Yes, I’m _______________________ them.

3. You’re lucky that you weren’t hurt. – Yes, it’s ____________________________ near
the front of the bus.

4. jacob doesn’t think safety glasses are necessary. – Well, it is

____________________________ them.

Exercise 21: Add that in five appropriate places in this paragraph.

The philosopher David Hume’s argument people cannot be certain about anything not directly
taken in through their senses was destined to lead him to the idea we cannot be certain about
God. Hume also argued our expectation the future will be like the past (e.g. the sun will rise
tomorrow morning) had no basis in reason.

Exercise 22: Complete each paragraph with one set of words (not necessarily in this
order).

if/that/that how/that/the fact that how/that/where

1. The claim ____________________ you live can determine _____________ healthy you
feel seems rather obvious, doesn’t it?

2. Are you one of those people who leave the house and can’t remember ___________ they
switched off the oven, or walk away from their parked car with the suspecion
_____________ they didn’t put the handbrake on, or even leave the supermarket just
hoping ____________ they didn’t forget to pick up all their bags?

3. More people are taking pills containing glucosamine for pain in their knees.
________________ no one is quite sure __________ this ‘medicine’ works doesn’t mean
____________ we should ignore its reputation for relieving pain and increasing mobility.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

Subjunctive in noun clauses

Exercise 23: Choose an ending (a-d) for each beginning (1-4) and appropriate forms of
these words, using the subjunctive or should where appropriate.

Demand propose vital wish be become resign stay

1. At some point every individual __________ a. that local clinics ___________ opens.

2. The planners have already _ b. that he or she _ richer.

3. It’s ___________ for rural comminities c. that the prime minister ___________.

4. The protest leaders are _____________ d. that part of the town centre
___________ a pedestrian area.

Exercise 24: Complete the sentence, using the idea of the words in parentheses.

Example: (You should organize a camping trip.)

The girls proposed that their scout leader organize a camping trip.

1. (Ms. Hanson thinks that the director should divide our class into two sections.)
Ms. Hanson recommended that our class ___________ into two sections.

2. (You must call home every week.)

Dan’s parents insisted that he ___________ home every week.

3. (Someone must tell her the truth about her illness.)

It is essential that she ___________ the truth about her illness.

4. (Open your suitcases for inspection.)

The customs official demanded that all passengers ___________ their suitcases.

5. (Ann, you should take some art courses.)

The counselor recommended that Ann ___________ some art courses.

6. (All parts of the motor must work correctly.)

It is vital that all parts of the motor ___________ in proper working order.

7. (Please mail all packages at the central office.)

The director requests that all packages ___________ at the central office.

8. (Soldiers must obey their officers.)

It is imperative that soldiers ___________ their officers.

9. (We must remember to give the babysitter certain phone numbers to call in case of
emergency.)
It is important that the babysitter ___________ phone numbers to call in case of
emergency.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

10. (You should join the party.)

Don recommended that I _______________ the party.

Noun clauses as subjects and objects

Exercise 25: Rewrite these sentences in a less formal style beginning with it.

1. That they don’t have any money left doesn’t surprise me at all.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. That children would rather sit watching TV instead of playing outside just astonishes me.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. Why the government didn’t act immediately to stop the movement of all animals has
never been explained.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. Whether Nicole’s father had been for or against her marriage wasn’t clear, but he did
participate in the wedding ceremony.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. That the other team played badly really helped us.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 26: Add one set of words to each paragraph (not necessarily in this order).

It/that/that it/that/what that/where/whether

A. He wanted to know (1) ___________ we were doing, but (2) ___________ was obvious
(3) ___________ he didn’t really seem very interested in our answer.

B. Sometimes one of them will say (4) ___________ he or she actually prefers
(5)___________ (6)___________ the other has separate interests.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

C. (7) ___________ Robert’s new schedule will be an improvement remains to be seen, but
no one liked it (8) ___________ he just decided (9) ___________ the changes would be
made without consulting anyone.

Exercise 27: Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1. Mr Baker complained about the noise was predictable, but we assured it wouldn’t happen
again.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. The headmaster warned during our meeting some teachers wouldn’t like their classrooms
had suddenly been changed.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. They told me about Geoff had said in the meeting, but I thought strange he hadn’t
mentioned money.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. The police regarded suspicious the dead woman’s husband had recently taken out a life
insurance policy in her name.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. The prosecutor showed the jury how could the crime have been committed by Feldman,
but he didn’t convince that Feldman was guilty.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

‘Wish’ sentences

Exercise 28: Cloe is on holiday in a foreign city. She was so busy admiring the sights that
she has got lost. What does she wish? Write sentences with ‘I wish’.

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Chapter 2: Clauses

1. I haven’t got a map.

- I wish I had a map.

2. The streets all look the same.

________________________________________________________________

3. I didn’t bring my mobile phone.

________________________________________________________________

4. I can’t speak the language.

________________________________________________________________

5. I didn’t buy a phrase book.

________________________________________________________________

6. I’m hot and thirsty.

________________________________________________________________

7. I came here alone.

________________________________________________________________

8. I need someone to help me.

________________________________________________________________

9. I’m sorry I came here.

________________________________________________________________

10. I want to be back in my hotel.

________________________________________________________________

Reported speech

Exercise 29: Complete each sentence, using indirect speech, with a meaning similar to
the one above it.

Example: ‘It’s a strange story.’

- They said that it was a strange story.

1. ‘I’m in love with your sister and I want you to tell her.’
He just blurted out that _____________________________________________

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Chapter 2: Clauses

2. ‘Where are you going next and how do you plan to get there?’
One of them asked us _______________________________________________

3. ‘I lived here before any of the old houses had electricity or indoor plumbing.’
The old woman said that ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. ‘I can’t do the work now, or even tomorrow, but I’ll try to do it later in the week.’
Darren told me on Monday that _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. ‘I’m sorry. I’ve been rather obsessed with myself and my own problems recently.’
Carolyn _________________________________________________________

6. ‘I’ll give you £50 after I get paid.’

Peter told Elizabeth ________________________________________________

7. ‘Emile is from Montreal and speaks French.’

Jackie says _______________________________________________________

8. ‘What shall I wear if I’m invited to dinner?’

Celine asked me ___________________________________________________

9. ‘Simon, I’m looking for cheaper flat.’

Fraser mentioned __________________________________________________

10. ‘Bridget, I’lll look after you.’

Mark assured _____________________________________________________

11. ‘Fiona, you can stay at my place.’

Malcolm invited ___________________________________________________

12. ‘Andrew, take off your dirty boots!’

Andrew’s mother ordered ___________________________________________

13. ‘Don’t go there after dark.’

She warned _______________________________________________________

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Chapter 2: Clauses

14. ‘I’m not paying for the tickets.’

Jason refused _____________________________________________________

15. ‘You should buy a rail pass.’

Melvin suggested __________________________________________________

Exercise 30: Complete this text with appropriate forms of one pair of verbs in each
space.

ask/become be/remind encourage/give join/persuade

promise/provide volunteer/work

A charity is an organization that helps people in need such as the poor, the homeless, children
and refugees. Some people volunteer to work for a charity while others (1)_____________
________________ support with money or other gifts. Many charities (2)________________
well-known people, such as film stars, ______________ a representative for their
organization in the hope that they will (3)________________ others ____________________
the organization or (4)__________ them _________________ money to the charity. Charities
not only help people, they also (5)__________________ those who have a comfortable life
____________________________ generous to those who have much less.

Exercise 31: Complete the sentences to report what was said using one of the verbs
below and a to-infinitive phrase. You may need to use a verb more than once. If
necessary, add an appropriate object after the verb. (Advanced grammar in use, 47.1,
p.95)