Readings in the Philippine History

Chapter 3

ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS

OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

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Chapter 3

ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL

SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is devoted to the student’s actual evaluation, assessment, analysis, interpretation
and appreciation of the different historical sources. It will include the variety of templates that
will use for content analysis and different historical sources.

Specific Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 Develop critical and analytical skills in assessing the different historical sources.
 Demonstrate the ability to use historical sources to argue in favor or against a particular
issue.
Duration
Chapter 3: Declaration of Principles: Kartilya ng
Katipunan = 3 hours
Memoirs: Paghirang sa Supremo Bilang
Hari =3 hours
Proclamation: The Act Declaration of
Principles =3 hours
Paintings: The Making of the Philippine
Flag and Spolarium =3 hours

Lesson Proper

CHAPTER 3 – ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

HISTORICAL SOURCES
Historical source is original source that contain important historical information. These sources
are something that inform us about history at the most basic level, and these sources used as
clues in order to study history Historical sources include documents, artifacts, archaeological
sites, features.

DEFINITION OF THE DIFFERENT HISTORICAL SOURCES

 CHRONICLE is an account or record of series of events means to write about them or
show them in broadcast in the order in which they happened.
 DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES a paradigm on equality, drawing on the
establishment and emerging principles of a law.
 MEMOIRS a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or
special sources.
 PROCLAMATION a public official announcement, especially one dealing with a
matter of great importance.
 CARTOONS a simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorously
exaggerated way, especially a satirical one in a newspaper or magazine.
 SPEECH the expression or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate
sounds.

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  PAINTINGS a picture created by putting paint on a surface, or the activity or skill of
creating pictures by using paint.
 FILM is also called as movie, motion picture or moving picture, is a visual art-form
and usually with sound, that make up a story.
 DIFFERENT HISTORICAL SOURCES TO ANALYZE

Here are the historical sources reproduced here which you can subject to situation, assessment,
analysis, interpretation and appreciation.
a. Chronicle – Customs of Tagalogs by Juan de Placencia
b. Declaration of Principles – Kartilya ng Katipunan Emilio Jacinto
c. Memoirs – Paghirang sa Supremo Bilang Hari ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo
d. Proclamation – The Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence
e. Cartoon – Political Caricatures of the American Era 1900-1941
f. Speech – Speech before the Joint Session of the United States Congress (1986) by
Corazon C. Aquino
g. Paintings – Spoliarium by Jaun Luna and The making of Philippine Flag by Fernando
Amorsolo
h. Film – The Yellow Propaganda “The Aquino and Cojuango Fact’s We Didn’t Know”

SAMPLE HISTORICAL SOURCES TEMPLATES

Templates available in the following format:
1. Analyze a Photograph
2. Analyze a Written Document
3. Analyze a Poster/Painting
4. Analyze a Cartoon
5. Analyze a Video
6. Analyze a Sound Recording
7. Analyze a Historical Writing
8. Film Review

THE PURPOSES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

These purposes are 1) illustration and motivation; 2) evidence for historical inquiry; 3) visual
or textual interpretation; 4) source analysis. By reflecting on how each of these purposes can
play a role in the classroom, which kinds of sources are appropriate for each, and where they
fit into an overall sequence of instruction, teachers can ensure that their use of sources deepens
and extends students’ historical understanding.

IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY HISTORICAL SOURCES

 Primary sources help students relate in a personal way to events of the past and promote
a deeper understanding of history as a series of human events.
 Because primary sources are snippets of history, they encourage students to seek
additional evidence through research.
 First-person accounts of events help make them more real, fostering active reading and
response.
 Many state standards support teaching with primary sources, which require students to
be both critical and analytical as they read and examine documents and objects.
 Primary sources are often incomplete and have little context. Students must use prior
knowledge and work with multiple primary sources to find patterns.
 In analyzing primary sources, students move from concrete observations and facts to
questioning and making inferences about the materials.

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 Questions of creator bias, purpose, and point of view may challenge students’
assumptions.
 Inquiry into primary sources encourages students to wrestle with contradictions and
compare multiple sources that represent differing points of view, confronting the
complexity of the past.
 Students construct knowledge as they form reasoned conclusions, base their
conclusions on evidence, and connect primary sources to the context in which they were
created, synthesizing information from multiple sources.
 Integrating what they glean from comparing primary sources with what they already
know, and what they learn from research, allows students to construct content
knowledge and deepen understanding.

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 TEMPLATE FOR: A PHOTOGRAPH

PASTE HERE PHOTO

CAPTION/TITLE _________________________________________________

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OBSERVE ITS PARTS: List the people, objects and activities you see.
PEOPLE OBJECTS ACTIVITIES

Who took the photo?

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Where is it from?
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What was happening as the time in history this photo was taken?
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Why was it taken? List evidence from the photo or your knowledge about the
photographer that led you to your conclusion?
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What did you find out form this photo that you might not learn anywhere else?
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What other documents or historical evidence are you going to use to help you
understand this event or topic?
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 TEMPLATE FOR: A WRITTEN DOCUMENT

What is the document’s title? And Who wrote it?

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Write one sentence summarizing this document?

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Why did the author write it?

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Quote evidence from the document that tells you this.

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_____________________________________________________________________
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What was the happening at the time in history this document was created?
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What did you find out from this document?

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_____________________________________________________________________
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What other documents or historical evidence are you going to use to help you
understand this event or topic?
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 TEMPLATE FOR: A POSTER/PAINTING

PASTE HERE POSTER/PAINTING

WORDS VISUALS
Does it have a message printed on it? If List the people, objects, places, and
yes list down. activities in the poster.

Are there questions or instructions? What are the main colors used?

Does it says who created it? Are there any symbols?

Does the poster try to persuade mainly through words, visuals, or both equally?

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_____________________________________________________________________
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Write one sentence summarizing this poster.

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Who do you think is the intended audience?

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Why was it created? List evidence from the poster/painting that tells you this.
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What did you find to this poster/painting?

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What other documents or historical evidence are you going to use to help you
understand this event or topic?
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 TEMPLATE FOR: A CARTOON

PASTE CARTOON HERE

WORDS VISUALS
Are the labels, descriptions thoughts, or List the people, objects, and places in
dialogue? the cartoon.

List the actions or activities

WORDS VISUALS
Which words or phrases are the most Which of visuals are symbols?
significant?

List adjectives that describe the emotions What do they stand for?
portrayed.

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 TEMPLATE FOR: A VIDEO

OBSERVE ITS PARTS: List people, objects and activities you see.
PEOPLE PLACES ACTIVITIES

Write one sentence summarizing the video.

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What was happening at the time in history it was created?

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Who made it? Who do you think is the intended audience?

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What do you think he creator wanted the audience to respond? List evidence form the
video or your knowledge about who made it that led you to your conclusion.
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 TEMPLATE FOR: A SOUND RECORDING

What is the title?

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What do you think you will hear?

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What is the mood or tone?

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List the people and topics you hear.

PEOPLE TOPICS

Write one sentence summarizing the sound recording.

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Who made it? And who do you think is the intended audience?
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_____________________________________________________________________
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What do you think the creator wanted the audience to respond? List evidence from the
sound recording or your knowledge about who made it that led you to your conclusion.
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 TEMPLATE FOR: A HISTORICAL WRITING

HISTORICAL WRITING ELEMENTS

Subject:
Focus
Time:

Place:

Text Organization

Style:

Author’s Purpose and Purpose:

Style

Features

CONCLUSION:_______________________________________________________
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A. CHRONILE

THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

From the Philippine Islands, 11493-1898.Volume 7, 1588-1591
By Juan de Plasencia,O.S.F.

The distinctions made among the priests of the devil were as follows:
1. The first, called CATOLONAN, was either a man or a woman. This office was an
honorable one among the natives, and was held ordinarily by people of rank, this rule
being general in all the islands.

2. The second they called MANGAGAUAY, or witches, who deceived by pretending

to heal the sick. These priests even induced maladies by their charms, which in
proportion to the strength and efficacy of the witchcraft, are capable of causing death.
In this way, if they wished to kill at once they did so; or they could prolong life for a
year by binding to the waist a live serpent, which was believed to be the devil, or at
least his substance. This office was general throughout the land.

3. The third they called MANYISALAT, which is the same as mangagauay. These
priests had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and
despise their own wives, and in fact could prevent them from having intercourse with
the latter. If the woman, constrained by these means, were abandoned, it would bring
sickness upon her; and on account of the desertion she would discharge blood and
matter. This office was also general throughout the land.

4. The fourth was called MANCOCOLAM, whose duty it was to emit fire from
himself at night, once or oftener each month. This fire could not be extinguished; nor
could it be thus emitted except as the priest wallowed in the ordure and filth which falls

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from the houses; and he who lived in the house where the priest was wallowing in order
to emit this fire from himself, fell ill and died. This office was general.

5. The fifth was called HOCLOBAN, which is another kind of witch, of greater
efficacy than the mangagauay. Without the use of medicine, and by simply saluting or
raising the hand, they killed whom they chose. But if they desired to heal those whom
they had made ill by their charms, they did so by using other charms. Moreover, if they
wished to destroy the house of some Indian hostile to them, they were able to do so
without instruments. This was in Catanduanes, an island off the upper part of Luzon.

6. The sixth was called SILAGAN, whose office it was, if they saw anyone clothed in
white, to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing his death. This, like the preceding,
was in the island of Catanduanes. Let no one, moreover, consider this a fable; because,
in Caavan, they tore out in this way through the anus all the intestines of a Spanish
notary, who was buried in Calilaya by father Fray Juan de Merida.

7. The seventh was called MAGTATANGAL, and his purpose was to show himself at
night to many persons, without his head or entrails. In such wise the devil walked about
and carried, or pretended to carry, his head to different places; and, in the morning,
returned it to his body – remaining, as before, alive. This seems to me to be a fable,
although the natives affirm that they have seen it, because the devil probably caused
them so to believe. This occurred in Catanduanes.

8. The eighth they called OSUANG, which is equivalent to” sorcerer;” they say that
they have seen him fly, and that he murdered men and ate their flesh. This was among
the Visayas Islands; among the Tagalogs these did not exist.

9. The ninth was another class of witches called MANGAGAYOMA. They made
charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood, which would infuse the heart with
love. Thus did they deceive the people, although sometimes, through the intervention
of the devil, they gained their ends.

10. The tenth was known as SONAT, which is equivalent to” preacher.” It was his
office to help one to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of
the soul. It was not lawful for the functions of this office to be fulfilled by others than
people of high standing, on account of the esteem in which it was held. This office was
general through- out the islands.

11. The eleventh, PANGATAHOJAN, was a soothsayer, and predicted the future. This
office was general in all the islands.

12. The twelfth, BAYOGUIN, signified a” cotquean,” a man whose nature inclined
toward that of a woman.

SOURCES:
Customs of the Tagalogs (two relations), Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F.; Manila, October
21, 1589
Outline of Philippine Mythology, F. Landa Jocano, Centro Escolar University, 1969

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3.1: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Ni Emilio Jacinto

Sometime in 1896, Andres Bonifacio, the father of the Philippine Revolution, and once
the President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, penned the Duties of the Sons
of the People, a list of the duties and responsibilities to be followed strictly by every
member of the organization. The rules constituted a decalogue, and embodied
Bonifacio’s passionate beliefs.

In admiration of Emilio Jacinto’s literary style, Bonifacio would later adopt Jacinto’s
Kartilya as the official teachings of the Katipunan. Similar to the Decalogue, the
Kartilya was written to introduce new recruits to the principles and values that should
guide every member of the organization.

Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy

na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang
nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang
isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.

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4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay;
mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan
sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak
na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik;
nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim
ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak;
kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang
katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa
iyong kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa
asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng
mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng
lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang
sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri;
yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap
sa bayang tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na
Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag
ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga
ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat
ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga
tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.

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3.2: MEMOIRS

PAGHIRANG SA SUPREMO BILANG HARI DAKILANG PARANGAL SA

PAGDATING NG SUPREMO
(hango mula sa mga GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN) ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo

Nang matapos ang masayang pagpapaalaman, ang Supremo at mga kasamahan,

ay sumama na sa Pamunuan ng Magdiwang. Gayon na lamang ang karingalan at
kasayahang naghari sa pagsalubong na ginawa ng mga bayang kanilang pinagdaanan.
Sa hanay na may siyam na kilometro ang haba, mula sa Noveleta, hanggang sa San
Francisco Malabon, ang lahat halos ng mga bahay ay may mga palamuting balantok na
kawayang kinaskas at pinalamutihan ng sari-saring watawat, tanda ng maringal na
pagsalubong at maligayang bati sa dakilang panauhin. Isang kilometro pa lamang ang
agwat bago dumating sa kabayanan ng San Francisco de Malabon, ang Supremo Andres
Bonifacio, sinalubong agad ng isang banda ng musika at nang nasa pintuan na ng
simbahan at nirupiki ng gayon na lamang ang kampana. Ang malalaking aranya at
dambana sa loob ng simbahan ay pawang may sindi ng ilaw. At ang kurang Tagalog na
si Padre Manuel Trias, saka ang "Pallo," ay naghihintay naman sa mga panauhin sa
pintuan ng simbahan, at pagkatapos ay kumanta ng Te Deum, hanggang sa dambana na
kaakbay ang mga panauhin. Pagkatapos ng ganyang parangal sila'y itinuloy sa bahay
ni Binibining Estefania Potente.

PAGHIRANG SA SUPREMO BILANG HARI

Isang paglalarawan kay Bonifacio bilang "Ang
Haring Bayan" Sulat kamay mismo ni Bonifacio ang
titolo at lagda na hango sa "Acta de Tejeros".
Kinabukasan naman, ang Gabinete ng Pamahalaang
Magdiwang, ang gumanap ng kanilang malaon nang
inihandang pagpaparangal sa pamamagitan ng isang
kapasiyahan na pagkalooban ang dakilang panauhin,
Supremo Andres Bonifacio, ng pinakamataas na
tungkulin sa taguring HARING BAYAN. Sa ganito'y
lubusan nang mabubuo ang pamunuan ng nasabing
Sanggunian na dati-rati'y wala ng tungkuling ito at
pansamantala lamang nanunungkulan sa pagka Vi
Rey, si Heneral Mariano Alvarez. Ang buong
Pamunuan ng kanilang Sanggunian, ay magagarang
kasuotan kung nangagpupulong. Simula sa HARING
BAYAN, hanggang sa kahuli-hulihang Ministro at
Capitan General, ay may mga bandang pulang
ginintuan nakasakbat sa kani-kanilang balikat. Kung
minsan sa kanilang paglalakad, ay nakasuot pa rin ang nasabing banda upang makilala
ang kanilang katayuan marahil. Lubhang masaya sila parati, palibhasa'y ang labing-
dalawang bayan na kanilang nasasakupan ay di naliligalig sa anumang laban. Sila'y
naliliskub halos ay nanga sa likuran ng mga bayang maliligalig tuwina ng Pamahalaang
Magdalo.

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Nang matapos ang ilang araw na parangal sa
Supremo at mga kasama, dinalaw nilang lahat ang
labing-dalawang bayang nasasakupan nila bilang
paghahanda sa gagawing pagpipisan ng dalawang
Sangguniang Magdiwang at Magdalo.
Nangagtalumpati sila at anangaral ng pagka-
makabayan at iba pang makagising-damdaming
pangungusap ukol sa kalayaan. Sabihin pa, ang galak
ng mga taong bayan, kaya't gayon na lamang karingal
ang pagtanggap sa kanila at para bang isang
HARING BAYAN nga ang dumating. Ang mga daan
ay pawang binalantukan, may banda ng musika at
panay ang hiyawan ng "Viva Tagalog," magkabi-
kabila. Ang mga kampana'y halos mabasag sa
pagrurupiki sa mga simbahan niyang
pinatutunguhan, may mga dapit pa ng cereales at awit
ng Te Deum. Sa kabilang dako naman, sa gitna ng
gayong di magkamayaw na kasayahan at paghdiriwang, ang walong bayang nasa
Pamahalaan ng Magdalo. ay laging nagigimbal araw at gabi ng paghanap sa kalaban sa
mga hanay ng Zapote, Almanza, San Nicolas, Bakood, Arumahan, Pintong Bato, at
Molino sa bayan ng Bakoof, at kasakit-sakit sabihin na sa masamang pagkakataon, ang
mga kalaban ay nakalusot tuloy nang di napapansin sa kabilang ilog ng Zapote, dahil
sa puyat at pagod ng ating mga kawal. Gayon man ang matatapang nating sandatahan
sa ilalim ng mando ni Heneral Mariano Noriel at Heneral Pio del Pilar, ay agad-agad
dinaluhong ang mga kalaban, kaya't putukan at tagaang katakut-takot ang naghari
pagkatapos. Sa wakas, muli na namang nagtagumpay ang ating mga kawal, at ang Ilog
Zapote ay muling namula sa dugo ng mga kalaban. Ganyan nang ganyan ang
nangyayari parati sa buong hanay ng aming labanan."

Emilio Aguinaldo,
Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
Manila: National Centennial Commission, 1964

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3.3: PROCLAMATION
THE ACT OF DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Translation by Sulpicio Guevara

BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor And Special

Delegate Designated To Proclaim And Solemnize this Declaration of Independence by
the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree
issued by the Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, The undersigned
assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who could not attend, as well as
the representatives of the various towns, Taking into account the fact that the people of
this country are already tired of bearing the ominous joke of Spanish domination.

Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in
connivance with and even under the express orders of their superior officers who at
times would order the shooting of those placed under arrest under the pretext that they
attempted to escape in violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were
left unpunished, and because of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially
those decreed by General Blanco at the instigation of the Archbishop and friars
interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations
were carried out through processes more execrable than those of the Inquisition which
every civilized nation repudiates as a trial without hearing.

Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence
and sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed by his predecessor
Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by
means of a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle
that took place in said shores to which battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako of
Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed on the Island of Bohol by entering also

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into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force
the Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he
went to Manila, the capital, winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and
Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the whole Archipelago in the name
of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these historical precedents and
because in international law the prescription established by law to legalize the vicious
acquisition of private property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution can
not be put in doubt which was calmed but not complete stifled by the pacification
proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the
Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don
Fernando Primo De Rivera under terms, both written and oral, among them being a
general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that by reason of the non-
fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of Cavite.
Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had
he given the order to rise on the 31st of last month when several towns anticipating the
revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th , such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men,
between Imus Cavite-Viejo, under the command of major of the Marine Infantry
capitulated , the revolutionary movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of
Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and
Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the success of the victory of our
arms, truly marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in
the first mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to
surrender; in the second all Detachments had been wiped out; in the third the resistance
of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of San Fernando where the greater part
of them are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the
fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital and in Calumpit; and in last two
remaining provinces, only in there respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon
be besieged by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan,
La Union, Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the revolution at the time
of the pacification and others even before, so that the independence of our country and
the revindication of our sovereignty is assured. And having as witness to the rectitude
of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection of our
Powerful and Humanitarian Nation.

The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name
by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands, That they are and have the right
to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown of
Spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely severed and
annulled; and that, like other free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to
make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate
commerce, and do all other acts and things which and Independent State Has right to
do, And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind
ourselves to support this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred
possession, our Honor.

We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the
Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as the Supreme
Head of this Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that
he has been the instrument chosen by God, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate
the redemption of this unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his

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magnificent verses which he composed in his prison cell prior to his execution,
liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish domination, And in punishment for the impunity
with which the Government sanctioned the commission of abuses by its officials, and
for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrified in order to please the
insatiable friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of all
those who oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal Code of these
Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments at the
instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and without any
spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent
Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora
were hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to the intrigues of these so-called
Religious corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military uprising
at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was instigated by
those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding the execution of the decree- sentence issued
by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative case interposed by the secular
clergy against the Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under them within the
jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those
controlled by them in Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus
revoking them completely and ordering the return of those parishes, all of which
proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they are sent last
month of the year of the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in turn, caused the
grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear land that grow more and more through the
iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last drop of our chalice of suffering having
been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santa
Mesa and continued its course to the adjoining regions of the province were the
unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a one sided battle against superior forces
of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of 3 months, without proper arms
nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.

Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the
prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty, and lastly, it was results unanimously that
this Nation, already free and independent as of this day, must used the same flag which
up to now is being used, whose designed and colored are found described in the attached
drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of
the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in
revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three principal Islands of these Archipelago -
Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary movement started; the sun
representing the gigantic step made by the son of the country along the path of Progress
and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila, Cavite,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which declares
themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of
Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a
manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested
protection which it lent us and continues lending us.

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And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here assembled:

Don Segundo Arellano Don Mariano Toribio Don Marcelino Gomez

Don Tiburcio del Rosario Don Gabriel de los Reyes Don Valentin Politan
Sergio Matias Don Hugo Lim Don Felix Politan
Don Agapito Zialcita Don Emiliano Lim Don Evaristo Dimalanta
Don Flaviano Alonzo Don Faustino Tinorio Don Gregorio Alvarez
Don Mariano Legazpi Don Rosendo Simon Don Sabas de Guzman
Don Jose Turiano Don Leon Tanjanque Don Esteban Francisco
Santiago y Acosta Don Gregorio Bonifacio Don Guido Yaptinchay
Don Aurelio Tolentino Don Manuel Salafranca Don Mariano Rianzares
Don Felix Ferrer Don Simon Villareal Bautista
Don Felipe Buencamino Don Calixto Lara Don Francisco Arambulo
Don Fernando Canon Don Buenaventura Toribio Don Antonio Gonzales
Faustino Don Gabriel Reyes Don Juan Antonio
Don Anastacio Pinzun Don Hugo Lim Gonzales
Don Timoteo Bernabe Don Emiliano Lim Don Juan Arevalo
Don Flaviano Rodriguez Don Fausto Tinorio Don Ramon Delfino
Don Gavino (?) Masancay Don Rosendo Simon Don Honorio Tiongco
Don Narciso Mayuga Don Leon Tanjanque Don Francisco del Rosario
Don Gregorio Villa Don Gregorio Bonifacio Don Epifanio Saguil
Don Luis Perez Tagle Don Manuel Salafranca Don Ladislao Afable Jose
Don Canuto Celestino Don Simon Villareal Don Sixto Roldan
Don Marcos Jocson Don Calixto Lara Don Luis de Lara
Don Martin de los Reyes Don Buenaventura Toribio Don Marcelo Basa
Don Ciriaco Bausa Don Zacarias Fajardo Don Jose Medina
Don Manuel Santos Don Florencio Manalo Don Efipanio Crisia
Don Ramon Gana Don Epitacio Asuncion Don Pastor Lopez de Leon
Don Santiago Garcia Don Catalino Ramon Don Mariano de los
Don Andres Tria Tirona Don Juan Bordador Santos
Don Estanislao Tria Don Jose del Rosario Don Antonio Calingo
Tirona Don Proceso Pulido Don Pedro Mendiola
Don Daniel Tria Tirona Don Jose Maria del Don Estanislao Galinco
Don Andres Tria Tirona Rosario Don Numeriano Castillo
Don Carlos Tria Tirona Don Ramon Magcamco Don Federico Tomacruz
Don Sulpicio P. Antony Don Teodoro Yatco
Don Ladislao Diwa

Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.

In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by
me and by all those here assembled including the only stranger who attended those
proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson, a Colonel of Artillery.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate

Source: Centennial Publication. National Historical Insitute

See: The Proclamation of Philippine

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3.4: PAINTING
SPOLIARIUM (1884) by Juan Luna

The painting features a glimpse of Roman history centered on the bloody carnage
brought by gladiatorial matches. Spoliarium is a Latin word referring to the basement
of the Roman Colosseum where the fallen and dying gladiators are dumped and devoid
of their worldly possessions.

At the center of Luna’s painting are fallen gladiators being dragged by Roman soldiers.
On the left, spectators ardently await their chance to strip off the combatants of their
metal helmets and other armory. In contrast with the charged emotions featured on the
left, the right side meanwhile presents a somber mood. An old man carries a torch
perhaps searching for his son while a woman weeps the death of her loved one.

The Spoliarium is the most valuable oil-on-canvas painting by Juan Luna, a Filipino
educated at the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (Philippines) and at the Academia de San
Fernando in Madrid, Spain. With a size of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters, it is the largest
painting in the Philippines. A historical painting, it was made by Luna in 1884 as an
entry to the prestigious Exposicion de Bellas Artes (Madrid Art Exposition, May 1884)
and eventually won for him the First Gold Medal.

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 THE MAKING OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG by Fernando Amorsolo

The making of Philippine flag is a masterpiece painting by Fernando Amorsolo in

Philippines. Fernando Amorsolo was one of the most important artists in the history of
painting in the Philippines. No doubt he created such a wonderful artwork. The painting
shows three women namely Marcella Marino de Agoncillo (on the right side) refer as
the mother of the Philippine flag, with the help of Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa de
Natividad which is actually the daughter of Marcela. They was tasked by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo to sew the first flag for the new republic. The clothes that the women are
wearing are an older style, more vintage and really depict the traditional styles. The
skirts the women’s are wearing are long and their tops were like a traditional “kimona”.
The three women are sewing passionately which demonstrates elegance.the painting
was not that kind of vibrant in the eyes but canset your mood in calm. The setting is
inside of a house which is more like a “Bahay Kubo” The main colors that was used in
painting was brown, red, blue and yellow. The mood and visual effect that this painting
can be considered is calm and serene.

The painting shows a contrasts of colors of brown to yellow, it is not a harmonious. The
artist balanced his characters and the background in his painting which makes the
painting balanced. There are no real lines in the painting because it is painted in a
pointillist style. The colors of the author set the moods of the audiences as warm by the
usage of brown and yellow colors. The yellow background signifies that it a beautiful
sunny day. The colors of the characters were also contrasted with the background which
made the painting calm as it seen. The artist shows rough texture in some parts of the
painting namely the dresses as well as in the backgrounds. The artist uses a different
color values for the dresses also to differentiate it from the background. That made the
painting realistic scene.

It is believed that Fernando Amorsolo made this painting to show the citizen of the
Philippines of how the Philippine flag was made and to remind them the traditions and
customs that we did not realize it becomes faded. To take care and give importance the
National flag which it symbolizes as white triangle stands for equality and fraternity;
the blue field for peace, truth and justice; and the red field for patriotism and valor. The

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eight rays of the sun stand for the first eight provinces that the colonizers have put under
martial law. The three stars symbolize Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. These just shows
us to loved our country, be proud of it do not be ashamed because our ancestors risked
their lives for the freedom from the hands of the colonizers. It is really shown in the
painting of Amorsolo that he is a nationalistic person some his paintings portray and
commemorate the different tradition, cultures and customs of Filipino.

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References

Fleming, G. & Jagodowski, S. (2018). Importance of Context in Analysis and

Interpretation. Alpha History and Publishing

Fernandez, Leandro H. (1930) Mga Tala ng aking buhay by Gregoria de Jesus.

published in the June 1930 issue of the Philippine Magazine, Volume XXVII, No 1.

Llewellyn, J. & Thompson, S. 2015) . “The History” at publishing of The Alpha

History. Alpha History Publishing House

Zaide, G. & Sonia Z. (1990) Documentary Sources of Philippine History 12 vols.

Manila: National Book Store

http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10008

http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/membership-documents

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