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Class 6 Science Chapter 5 Revision Notes

The document discusses various methods for separating mixtures into their pure components. It describes separation techniques for solids, liquids, soluble and insoluble substances. Common separation methods include threshing, winnowing, sieving, magnetic separation, evaporation, filtration, centrifugation and crystallization. The goal of separation is to obtain a pure sample by removing unwanted impurities or to acquire a desired component.

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163 views

Class 6 Science Chapter 5 Revision Notes

The document discusses various methods for separating mixtures into their pure components. It describes separation techniques for solids, liquids, soluble and insoluble substances. Common separation methods include threshing, winnowing, sieving, magnetic separation, evaporation, filtration, centrifugation and crystallization. The goal of separation is to obtain a pure sample by removing unwanted impurities or to acquire a desired component.

Uploaded by

Piyush gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Revision Notes

Class 6 Science
Chapter 5 - Separation of Substances

● A substance is a piece of matter with certain features and characteristics.


● Substances characterised into two types as Pure substance and Impure
substance.

Pure Substance:
● Many of the substances we come into contact with only have one type of
component particle.
● Pure substances are elements and compounds.
● Iron, copper, water, salt, and other pure substances are examples.

Impure Substance:
● Impure substances are those that have multiple types of component
particles.
● Pond water, milk, and other unclean substances are examples.

Impurities:
Impurities are undesired particles in a substance that cause it to be impure.

Element:
Element is a substance made up of the same material's identical particles.

Compound:
Compound is a substance created by the chemical reaction of two or more
elements in a specific ratio.

Mixture:
● Mixtures are substances that have more than one component blended in
any ratio.
● Air, for example, is made up of a variety of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, dust particles, and so on.

Solution:
● A mixture of two or more components is referred to as a solution.
● The solvent is the material with the highest concentration, whereas the

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solute is the substance with the lowest concentration.
● Pure substances are elements and compounds.

Need for separating component of a mixture:


Separation of the components of a mixture or an impure substance for the
purposes of:

● To get rid of something that isn't beneficial or dangerous.


● Obtaining the required component.
● To get a pure sample, contaminants must be removed.

Methods of Separation:
● The properties of the components in a mixture, such as particle size,
density, melting point, boiling temperature, volatility, and so on, remain
unchanged.
● To separate the components of a mixture, use the differences in any one of
these qualities.
● The following methods are used for separation, these are as follows;
1. Threshing
2. Winnowing
3. Handpicking
4. Sieving
5. Magnetic Separation
6. Floating and Sinking Method
7. Sedimentation and Decantation
8. Loading
9. Filtration
10. Separation to Immiscible Liquids
11. Churning to Separate Cream from Milk
12. Sublimation
● From above Threshing, Winnowing, Handpicking, Sieving and
Magnetic Separation methods are used to separate the solid from other
solids.
● Evaporation and Condensation methods are used to separate water
soluble solids or soluble solute in the solvent.
● Sedimentation, Decantation, Loading and Filtration methods are used
to separate insoluble solids from liquids.
● Funnel, Centrifugation and Churning methods are used for separation
of immiscible liquids.
● Floating and Sinking Method and Sublimation methods are used for
removing a non-soluble solute from a solvent.
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Separation of solid from other solids:

1. Threshing:
● Threshing is the process of separating grain from husk.
● The grains must be separated from the stalks once these crops have
been harvested or cut (the dried stems). Threshing is used to
accomplish this.
● It can be done by hand or with the use of equipment.
● Threshing is done manually by grasping a pile of grain and pounding
it against a rock or a hard surface.
● This loosens the grain and separates it from the stalk.
● Bullocks are sometimes used to crush the gathered stalks during
threshing.
● Threshing can also be done with the assistance of machinery such as
the combine harvester.
● Seed coverings and small fragments of leaves or stem may still be
present in threshed grains (collectively called chaff). Winnowing is
used to separate them.

2. Winnowing:

● Wind or blowing air is used to separate heavier and lighter


components of a combination.
● Winnowing is the process used to separate chaff from grain with the
help of wind or blowing air.
● The farmer places the mixture of chaff and grain in a winnowing
basket and stands at a higher level, letting the mixture fall to the
ground.

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● The grain falls practically vertically because it is heavier, whereas
the lighter chaff is swept away by the wind and forms a distinct
mound from the grain.
● Cattle feed is made from the separated chaff.
● The direction of the wind is very important factor in the process of
winnowing.

3. Hand-picking:

● Unwanted components are simply picked up by hand in this process.


● When the quantity of the combination is tiny, the undesired
component is present in lesser quantities, and the size, form, or
colour of the unwanted substance differs from that of the useful one,
this hand-picking approach is preferable.

4. Sieving:

● The procedure for separating solid parts of a mixture of varying


sizes.
● The smaller component (stones or husk) passes through the sieve's
pores, while the larger component (stones or husk) is left behind.

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Some people use this approach to remove wheat bran (larger
particles) from flour in their homes.
● At construction sites, sieving is also used to remove pebbles and
stones from sand. The fine sand particles flow through the holes of
the sieve, while the stones and pebbles in the combination remain in
the sieve.
● A sieve is a device having numerous small holes through which
smaller particles can pass.

5. Magnetic separation:

When a magnet is passed over a magnetic mixture, the magnetic material


adheres to it and is removed.

Separation of water soluble particles or soluble in solvent solutes:

1. Evaporation:

The process of converting a liquid condition to a gaseous state when


heated.

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2. Condensation:

On cooling, the process of converting a gaseous state to a liquid state.

Separation of insoluble solids from Liquids:

1. Sedimentation:

● Sedimentation is the process of heavier and insoluble components


of a mixture sinking down.
● Sand and water are two examples.

2. Decantation:

Decantation is the technique of conveying clean liquid without disturbing


the sediment.

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3. Loading:
The methods for causing finer particles to settle more quickly by dissolving
a little amount of alum.

4. Filtration:

● Impurities are passed through a filter in this process. The pores of


the filter enable only liquids to flow through, and it may separate
suspended particles and solid particles.
● The clear liquid recovered is referred to as filtrate, whereas the stuff
left on the filter paper is referred to as residue.

Separation of Immiscible Liquids:

1. Funnel:

● In this process, the separation of an insoluble material from a liquid


will be done by passing the mixture through a filtering apparatus.
● It is used to separate oil and water mixtures.

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2. Centrifugation:
● A centrifuge is used to spin a liquid containing suspended particles
at a high speed, causing heavier particles to settle down.
● It's used to separate milk from cream.

3. Churning:

● This approach is used to separate lighter solid particles suspended


in a liquid.
● Butter made from curd is an example.

Separating solute not soluble in a solvent:

1. Flotation and sinking methods:

This method is employed when one of the components of a mixture is


lighter than water and the other is heavier than water and the components
are not soluble in water.

2. Sublimation:

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Sublimation is the process of converting a solid to a vapour without first
becoming a liquid.
● Husk and stones might be extracted from grains by handpicking.
● Winnowing separates the husk from the heavier grain seeds.
● A saturated solution is one in which no more of a substance can be
dissolved.
● A solution can be heated to dissolve more of a substance.
● Different amounts of soluble compounds dissolve in water.

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