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 The roots of education
are bitter, but the fruit
is sweet.

By Aristotle

O ur English programme has been the result of a

huge effort among people committed to one
objective: helping you achieve your mastery of the
English language. So, after a lot of years of work and
sacrifice, we come to you with this programme, which
will take you from the very beginning of the basics up
to the top of the advanced level. As our slogan says, this
book series is professional, practical, and lots of fun.
Let’s enjoy learning together and you will know first-
hand that English is not just easy, but fun. Within this
book, there is a complete professional system that
connects and integrates every part of the book to your
teacher’s performance. You and your teacher will
interact perfectly with this book and this will produce
the most positive effect on your learning. Also, the
virtual-online aspect of this series will complement your
studies appropriately, giving you more hours of
practice. Well, do not wait any longer!
 “TRUE STORIES” The Infinitive

“PERSONALITY” The Gerund (verb + ing)

“RELATIONSHIPS” Verbs + Gerund or Infinitive

“ARTIFICIAL Modal Verbs to express certainty and

INTELLIGENCE” possibility (Present and Future)

Modal Verbs to express certainty and

“GOSSIP AT WORK” possibility (Past)

“THE WHITE HOUSE” Modal verbs to express ability

“HOW TO BE HEALTHY” Modal Verbs to express obligation

“THE EFFECTS OF STRESS” Modal Verbs to express prohibition

“TATTOOS” Modal verbs to express permission

“TRUE STORIES”
UNIT 1
WARM-UP Look at the pictures and try to think about what these people did to change history. Then complete the
blanks in the text with the options below. One of the options is not used.

To learn To obey To listen To look To give

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and discuss these questions: Were these people demanding a fair treatment
from the authorities? Or were they just exaggerating?

Ordinary People Who Changed History

Rosa Parks Candy Lightner “Tank Man”

People who change the world are not always who you expect. They are housewives, sisters, and ordinary
people who believe in a better world.

Rosa Parks: Wouldn’t give up her seat

Tired from a full day’s work, Rosa Parks boarded a Montgomery bus on December 1, 1955 and forever became
to obey the driver’s order
one of the inspirational people who changed the world. When she refused __________
to give up her seat and move to the back of the bus so a white person could sit there, she was arrested
____________
for civil disobedience. Parks’ act of defiance, and the Montgomery Bus Boycott that followed, are recognized
as pivotal moments in the civil rights movement.

Candy Lightner: Stood up against drunk driving

After her 13-year-old daughter was killed by a repeat DWI (driving while intoxicated) offender, Candy Lightner
founded Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) in her home on March 7, 1980. Before MADD, there were
little to no legal consequences for driving while intoxicated; her organization transformed American attitudes
to learn from our mistakes
about drunk driving and successfully fought for stricter laws across the country. __________
as a society is important if change is made for the good and protection of our children.

Tiananmen Tank Man: Faced down the Chinese army

We have all seen the powerful image of a man standing directly in front of a tank near Tiananmen Square in
to look at carefully, the
China, but he was never identified. The photo was taken on June 6, 1989, a photo _________
day after China’s bloody crackdown on student protesters. Despite his anonymity, Tank Man has become an
internationally recognized symbol of resistance to government oppression.
1 INFINITIVES What is the nature of the infinitive? Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look
at these examples:

To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift waiting tables at the neighbourhood café.
To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.

No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.
To look functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb refuses.

Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait.
To read functions as an adjective because it modifies book.

Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster.
To throw functions as an adverb because it explains why Richard braved the inclement weather.

2 INFINITIVES WITHOUT “TO” An infinitive will almost always begin with particle “to”. Exceptions do occur,
however. An infinitive will lose its particle “to” when it follows certain verbs. These verbs are feel, hear, help,
let, make, see, and watch. Example: Although Dr. Ribley spent an extra class period helping us understand
logarithms, we still bombed the test.

3 To split or not to split? The general rule is that no word should separate the particle “to” of an infinitive from
the simple form of the verb that follows. If a word does come between these two components, a split infinitive
results which is something common in natural speaking. Look at the example that follows:

Sara hopes to quickly finish her chemistry homework so that she can return to the more interesting Stephen
King novel she had to abandon. (Emphatic, informal)

Sara hopes to finish her chemistry homework quickly so that she can return to the more interesting Stephen
King novel she had to abandon. (Formal)

4 USAGE Infinitives are to be used after certain verbs, they express purpose and they are used with certain
adjectives and nous. Examples:

1. They decided to start a business together.

2. He bought some flowers to give to his wife.
3. Unfortunately, I was unable to work for over a week.
4. There is no need to shout.
“PERSONALITY”
UNIT 1
WARM-UP What personality type do you have? Are more extrovert or introvert? How does this affect your life?
Discuss with your class.

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and complete the blanks with the gerund.

This Is the Rarest Personality Type in the World

Do you think you have it?
You’ve most likely had to take a Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test at some point in your life. If you haven’t, here’s a
quick summary: The test measures which side you lean more towards in four different areas: Extroversion vs.
Introversion, Sens____ vs. Intuition, Think___ vs. Feel____, and Judg___ vs. Perceiv___. The Myers-Briggs personality
types combine the letters of those traits to create a four-letter sequence, like ENTJ or INTP. (There’s an “N” in some
of these Myers-Briggs personality types to represent “Intuition,” because the “I” is already taken by “Introversion.”)
After you take the test, don’t be surprised if you’re oddly freaked out by how accurate your results are. If you
happened to fall into the INFJ personality type, you’re a rare breed; only 1.5 percent of the general population fits
into that category, mak___ it the rarest personality type in the world. When it comes to physical attributes, this is
the rarest hair and eye colour combination in humans.
What does this type mean about you? What are some INFJ personality traits? According to the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator test, the INFJ personality is more introverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging. In other words, INFJs are a
bit more reserved, but they’re very loyal friends and make strong, empathetic leaders. The rarest personality type
is often referred to as the “Counsellor” type because of the INFJ personality traits. INFJs are very moral and
persistent, and they usually see the glass half full. They prefer to be open with only a select few people and are very
good listeners themselves. Their introversion can cause them to be difficult to get to know, as well as reserved with
people they don’t know well. If you have any of the Myers-Briggs personality types that start with I, you’ll definitely
relate to these funny cartoons for introverts.

1 Gerunds are a type of noun. Don’t confuse gerunds with the present participle, which we often use in continuous
tense forms, for example. Gerunds can be the subject of a sentence: “Swimming is good for you”; or the object of a
sentence, “I don’t like swimming“. Here are the other situations when we use gerunds:

After some verbs

You use the ing form after some verbs such as enjoy, admit, appreciate, can’t stand / help / bear, deny,
avoid, mind, understand, consider, finish, imagine and resent. For example, “I can’t stand doing
nothing”, or “She denied breaking the copier”.

After prepositions
“Before going out he turned off the heating.”

In some fixed expressions

“As well as doing…”
“It’s no good doing…”
“It’s no use doing…”
2 Verb plus Gerunds.
admit He admitted cheating on the mention He mentioned going to that
test. college.
advise The doctor generally advised mind Do you mind waiting here for
drinking low-fat milk. a few minutes.
allow Ireland doesn't allow miss He misses living near the
smoking in bars. beach.
anticipate I anticipated arriving late. need The aquarium needs
appreciate I appreciated her helping me. cleaning.
avoid He avoided talking to her. neglect Sometimes she neglects
begin I began learning Chinese. doing her homework.
can't bear He can't bear having so much permit California does not permit
responsibility. smoking in restaurants.
can't help He can't help talking so postpone He postponed returning to
loudly. Paris.
can't see I can't see paying so much practice She practiced singing the
money for a car. song.
can't stand He can't stand her smoking in prefer He prefers sitting at the back
the office. of the movie theater.
cease The government ceased propose I proposed having lunch at
providing free healthcare. the beach.
complete He completed renovating the quit She quit worrying about the
house. problem.
consider She considered moving to recall Tom recalled using his credit
New York. card at the store.
continue He continued talking. recollect She recollected living in
defend The lawyer defended her Kenya.
making such statements. recommend Tony recommended taking
delay He delayed doing his taxes. the train.
deny He denied committing the regret She regretted saying that.
crime. remember I remember telling her the
despise She despises waking up early. address yesterday.
discuss We discussed working at the report He reported her stealing the
company. money.
dislike She dislikes working after 5. require The certificate requires
don't mind I don't mind helping you. completing two courses.
dread She dreads getting up at 5 resent Nick resented Debbie's being
encourage He encourages eating healthy there.
foods. resist He resisted asking for help.
enjoy We enjoy hiking. risk He risked being caught.
finish He finished doing his start He started studying harder.
homework. stop She stopped working at 5
forget I forgot giving you my book. o'clock.
hate I hate cleaning the bathroom. suggest They suggested staying at the
imagine He imagines working there hotel.
one day. tolerate I tolerated her talking.
involve The job involves traveling to try Sam tried opening the lock
Japan once a month. with a paperclip.
keep She kept interrupting me. understand I understand his quitting.
like She likes listening to music. urge They urge recycling bottles
love I love swimming. and paper.
 “RELATIONSHIPS”
UNIT 1
WARM-UP How do you get on with your girlfriend or boyfriend? And your best friend? Is it more difficult to get angry
with your best friend than with your boyfriend or girlfriend? Why yes? Why not?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and complete the blanks appropriately with a Gerund or with an Infinitive.

eating
My friend Bernardo liked _________________ (eat) McDonald’s hamburgers. But he had a problem. He was gaining
to go
weight.. He decided _________________ eating
(go) on a diet. He stopped _________________ (eat) fast food and started
buying
_________________ (buy) more fruit and vegetables. After a month, he had lost a few pounds. But he wanted
to lose
_________________ joining
(lose) more. I suggested _________________ exercising (exercise),
(join) a gym. Bernardo disliked _________________
to try
but he agreed _________________ (try) it. Now he exercises every day and he looks better. He’s looking forward
to lose
_________________ (lose) more weight.

My friend Bernardo enjoys cooking. He also really likes eating. But one month ago, his girlfriend told him to lose
weight, so he decided to join a gym. In the beginning, it was difficult to go regularly. He tried to go every day, but
sometimes he forgot to go. Yesterday, he drank beer with me instead of exercising. He prefers drinking alcohol to
lifting weights, of course. His girlfriend called him when we were at the pub. He stopped drinking his beer to answer
the phone. He promised to be home by 10 p.m. However, we kept drinking until we ran out of money.

Teresa’s boyfriend Bernardo is gaining weight. She wanted him to quit eating fast food. He agreed to start eating
healthily. A few weeks passed. Teresa expected Bernardo to lose weight, but nothing changed. She noticed that
sometimes he would smell like hamburgers. She started to suspect that he had broken his promise to eat well.

One day, she followed him home from work. She saw him pass by McDonalds, but then he stopped walking. He
hesitated to go in, but he finally did. After a few minutes, she decided to follow him in. She caught him eating a Big
Mac. She attempted to wrestle it from him, but she couldn’t manage to get it out of his greasy hands. He tried to
push her away, but he accidentally hit her in the face. Naturally, she got angry. He said that he didn’t mean to hit
her, but she started screaming. They both got kicked out of the restaurant. Now they refuse to speak to each other.

to lose
One month ago, my friend Bernardo decided _________________ eating
(lose) some weight. He stopped _________________ (eat)
drinking (drink) beer, and he refused _________________
chocolate, gave up _________________ to eat (eat) anything high in fat. This was
eating
difficult for him because he enjoyed _________________ to drink
(eat) chocolate and he preferred _________________ (drink) beer
to help
to Diet Coke! Luckily, his girlfriend agreed _________________ to make
(help) him. She promised _________________ (make) him a
to lose
lot of healthy food, and she did. But after two months, he only managed _________________ (lose) 3 pounds. Now, his
joining
girlfriend has suggested _________________ exercising (exercise), but he will try it.
(join) a gym. Bernardo hates _________________

Bernardo loves traveling. He began traveling when he was a young child. He remembers visiting new places every
Christmas and summer holiday. In particular, he’ll never forget visiting Hawaii in 2010. On the day he and his family
were going to depart, there was a big snowstorm. His father tried to get them to the airport, but the roads were icy.
The car kept sliding. In the airport parking lot, his father actually hit another car. He tried to stop, but he couldn’t.
Finally, when they got inside the airport, Bernardo realized that he had forgotten to pack clothes. He remembered
to bring his passport at least. So after arriving in Honolulu, his family had to stop to buy some clothes for him. In
the end, he had a great trip. He hopes that he never stops traveling.
1 When to Use Gerunds and Infinitives.
What is your hobby? What do you love doing? “To be or not to be—that is the question.”
Going to the beach? Playing video games?
“To mourn a mischief that is past and gone is
Hiking (walking)? Singing? Dancing? Nice! These
the next way to draw new mischief on.”
are all examples of gerunds. Now, what if I ask
you what you want to do every day? Maybe you (Both sentences are quotes from William
are learning to draw. Maybe all you want to do Shakespeare’s works.)
is to read comic books. Maybe you are planning
to start your own business. Or maybe you will They sound formal, don’t they? They are poetic,
soon decide to travel the world! These are also aren’t they? Shakespeare is one of the greatest
hobbies, aren’t they? But we used infinitives to authors of all time, but his English is famously
describe them. difficult to understand. And that’s because it is
literature. It is formal and it is art. In those two
Gerunds and infinitives are very common in the quotes, the infinitives “to be” and “to mourn”
English language. They can be used in many are used as the sentence subjects. So, it is
situations. Sometimes you may use an infinitive possible to use both infinitives and gerunds as
and a gerund. Sometimes you have to choose subjects, but gerunds are much more
between the two, because using one may be commonly used as subjects. Just pay attention
completely wrong. to how the choice reflects on the tone and
meaning of your sentences.
Gerunds can be used as a subject of a sentence.
Take a look at some examples. Walking is good Some verbs can use either the ‘to do’ or the ‘ing’
for your health. Making friends has become form. See/hear/watch someone do/doing
more difficult since I moved to a new city.
Becoming a millionaire is a dream of many With the verb form do, you see or hear the
young people today. Here, the gerunds (in bold) whole action. For example, ”I heard him tell you
are part of the sentence subjects (“walking,” about the letter.”
“making friends,” “becoming a millionaire”). All With the verb form ing you only see or hear part
three sentences sound like normal, everyday of the action. For example, “I saw her drinking a
English. coffee in the bar.”
Now read these two sentences: Also with Remember /Regret / Stop / Try we
have these special use.
grammar
1
I finished _____ two years ago. (STUDY) 5
Now I've changed job, I miss _____ my old colleagues.
2 (SEE)
Avoid _____ if you feel tired or sleepy. (DRIVE)
6
3 I'd like _____ to the party. (COME)
We hope _____ you again soon. (SEE)
7
4 They chose _____ about the environment for their
Next summer, we're planning _____ our relatives. project. (WRITE)
(VISIT)

'key' word transformation

For questions 1-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word
given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words.
1. It's really important that you pay the bill today.
REMEMBER
You must __________________________________________________________________________ the bill today.

2. I think it would be a good idea if you joined the beginner's class.

SUGGEST
I __________________________________________________________________________ the beginners class.

3. Meeting John in town was really surprising.

EXPECT
I __________________________________________________________________________ John in town.

4. In the future she became a successful businesswoman.

WENT
She __________________________________________________________________________ a successful businesswoman.

5. I'll help you with your homework.

MIND
I __________________________________________________________________________ you with your homework.

6. I hated driving on the left at first but now it's OK.

USED
I __________________________________________________________________________ on the left now.

7. Don't bother to apply for the job.

POINT
There __________________________________________________________________________ for the job.

8. Were you successful in passing the exam?

MANAGE
Did __________________________________________________________________________ the exam?
Listen to this song from The Beatles (Drive my car). Complete the blanks with the infinitive or gerund.

Asked a girl what she wanted __________

She said, "baby, can't you see Baby, you can drive my car
I want _____ famous, a star on the screen Yes, I'm gonna be a star
But you can do something in between Baby, you can drive my car
And maybe I'll love you
Baby, you can drive my car
Yes, I'm gonna be a star I told a girl I can start right away
Baby, you can drive my car And she said, "listen, babe, I got something
And maybe I'll love you" ________
I got no car and it's breaking my heart
I told a girl that my prospects were good But I've found a driver and that's a start
And she said, "baby, it's understood
_________________ for peanuts is all very fine Baby, you can drive my car
But I can show you a better time Yes, I'm gonna be a star
Baby, you can drive my car
Baby, you can drive my car And maybe I'll love you"
Yes, I'm gonna be a star
Baby, you can drive my car Beep beep'm beep beep yeah
And maybe I'll love you" Beep beep'm beep beep yeah
Beep beep'm beep beep yeah
Beep beep'm beep beep yeah Beep beep'm beep beep yeah
 “ARTIFICIAL INTELLI
UNIT 2
WARM-UP Do you
think that maybe in
the future robots will
be independent and
smart?

READING AND
SPEAKING Read the text
and discuss the questions
below.

Artificial intelligence will be insanely good

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could generally be a good thing, assuming there isn't a "Terminator" scenario.
While robots could replace some workers, it's important to remember that past innovations have unlocked whole
new industries and new jobs along with them. The rise of AI could do the same. What's more, think how much
better robots could make our world. Hans Moravec of Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute predicts that
by 2050 freely moving robots that outperform humans both physically and intellectually will run entire businesses
by themselves. That could allow humans to "occupy their days with a variety of social, recreational and artistic
pursuits, not unlike today's comfortable retirees or the wealthy leisure classes," he wrote in Scientific American. It
could also lead to new breakthroughs, as "mass-produced, fully educated robot scientists working diligently,
cheaply, rapidly and increasingly effectively will ensure that most of what science knows in 2050 will have been
discovered by our artificial progeny!" Robots could also provide people with emotional sustenance. In "Love and
Sex with Robots," AI researcher David Levy predicted that by 2050 there would be human-like robots with their
own emotions and the capability to hold intelligent conversations and, yes, relationships with people. "Is this the
ultimate sex toy?" Levy wrote in New Scientist. "It could be considered as such, but the sophisticated sex robots of
the middle of this century will also be valued as relationship partners in the widest sense of the word, someone to
love." As advanced as they may be, Levy still envisions robots "sitting in the corner in your house waiting for you
to decide what you'd like to do next" rather than living independent lives of their own.
1. How do people see robots in the future influenced by science fiction movies?

2. What positive future can robots have regarding the human race?

3. How realistic robot swill be in the future? Up to what extend?

4. What is your opinion about this issue?

GENCE”
BE CAREFUL!
We do not use can to talk
about specific events:

A: Where's John?
B: I'm not sure. He
may/might/could be (NOT can)
in his office.

Notice the difference in

meaning between can and
may/might/could:

That dog can be dangerous.

(= Sometimes that dog is
dangerous. I know.)

That dog may/might/could be

dangerous.
(= Perhaps that dog is
1 We use must to show we are sure something is true and we have reasons for dangerous. I don't know.)
our belief:

 It's getting dark. It must be quite late.

 You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
We use should to suggest something is true and we have reasons for our suggestion:

 Ask Miranda. She should know.

 It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon.
We use may, might and could to say that something is possible, but not certain:

 They may come by car. (= Maybe they will come by car.)

 They might be at home. (= Maybe they are at home.)
 If we don't hurry, we could be late. (= Maybe we will be late.)

We use can to make general statements about what is possible:

 It can be very cold here in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold here in winter.)
 You can easily get lost in this town. (= People often get lost in this town.)

We use can't or cannot to say that something is impossible:

 That can't be true.

 You cannot be serious.

2 Let’s Talk! Go around the class and express your ideas about the future of our race and civilization
using these modals.
 “GOSSIP AT WORK”
UNIT 2
WARM-UP Have you ever suffered from gossipers at work or school? How was it?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and discuss the questions on the opposite page.

In any office there will always be people who speculate about co-workers and their motives, but when
it turns into rumor-mongering or outright lies, gossip can wreck careers and reputations. Finding out
that people are talking behind your back at work can be devastating. It can also take a hit on team
cohesion, morale and productivity. To get yourself back on track when rumors start to fly, consider
these four approaches.

Address the Instigator If you find out people are talking about you in an intrusive or
inappropriate way, you can address it directly, says Elliot Lasson, executive director of Joblink of
Maryland. “Gossip may in fact be a form of verbal harassment.” Lasson recommends approaching the
instigator in private and politely but firmly expressing your displeasure. “Workplaces must be
professional and therefore gossip-neutral or gossip-free. A rule of thumb to express might be ‘if you
would not be saying that about me in my presence, then it should be avoided.’” The People’s HR
founder Deanna Arnold agrees you should take the direct approach. “The employee should address
the situation in a non-confrontational way with the person that is at the root of the gossiping. Talk to
the gossiper about any potential issues and ask them to not talk any further about them.” This
includes comments on social media, Lasson adds. Check with your organization’s digital code of
conduct if you think someone may be violating it with online gossip.

Give the Gossiper a Way to Save Face As part of your non-confrontational approach, keep
it light, says Karin Hunt, CEO of Let’s Grow Leaders. “Maintain a sense of humor as you confront the
gossiper. ‘I heard the craziest thing’” can be a lighthearted way of opening the confrontation. Or you
can try asking “‘How do you think someone could get that impression?’” to see what the gossiper
might have to say. “Most importantly, take the high road,” Hunt says. “Never fight gossip with gossip.”

Think About It While gossip is often hurtful and not productive at all, there are sometimes ways
to make it useful, says Lindsay Jefferson, a marketer at LIDA360. “While hearing gossip about yourself
in the workplace is not fun, it is actually quite a gift. The people who are gossiping about you have
just alerted you to a perception brewing, and that perception can spread and grow if you don’t take
action.” Jefferson doesn’t recommend paying attention to everything said around the water cooler,
but to look for patterns in your perceived behavior and important insights about how people see you.
“As we all know, perception is reality, and how others see you affects their desire to work with you
and give you opportunities,” she says.

Report It Gossip is a distraction at work, and can cross the line into harassment. Don’t hesitate to
bring in HR if there’s a problem you can’t solve on your own, says Sheila A. Dramis, CEO of Human
Resource Partners Inc. and Lowden & Associates. “The majority of employers have an employee
handbook that prohibits harassment.” If the gossiper doesn’t stop after your confrontation, it can be
considered harassment, she says. Document it and report it.
1 Why is gossip a negative issue in companies or schools?
2 How can we address the instigator?
3 What does “a way to save face” mean in this text?
4 How can we turn gossip problems into a chance for us
to get something positive?
5 Why should we report constant gossipers?

1 Listen to a man giving

his opinion about
gossip. Do you agree or
disagree?

2 Listen again. Answer

these questions:

 Why does he hate

gossip?
 Is there gossip in
his job?
 Why is gossip
dangerous?
 What is celebrity
gossip?
 Why is celebrity
gossip worse than
office gossip?
 How does he avoid
gossips?

SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST We use may have, might have or could have to make guesses about the past:
 I haven't received your letter. It may have got lost in the post.
 It's ten o'clock. They might have arrived by now.
 Where are they? They could have got lost.
We use could to make general statements about the past:
 It could be very cold there in winter. (= It was sometimes very cold there in winter.)
 You could easily get lost in that town. (= People often got lost in that town.)
We use can't have or couldn't have to say that a past event was impossible:
 They know the way here. They can't have got lost!
 If Jones was at work until six, he couldn't have done the murder.
We use must have and should have for the past:
 They hadn't eaten all day. They must have been hungry.
 You look happy. You must have heard the good news.
 It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now.
“THE WHITE HOUSE”
UNIT 2
WARM-UP What do you know about George Washington? Did you know about his most secret gossip? Look at the
picture and guess the gossip.

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and discuss the questions on the opposite page.

When Georgie Met Martha

We often think of presidents and First Ladies as stodgy old men and women. But they too were
once young, and the stories of how these power couples first got together show a human side to
the presidency. In 1758 Martha Dandridge Curtis was 27 and recently widowed, and a very
wealthy woman. That year George Washington, also 27 and already a colonel in the Virginia militia
(and not at all wealthy) met Martha via the Virginia high-society social scene and proceeded to
court her. Courtship was quick, and they were married in January 1759, in what at the time was
viewed as a marriage of convenience. They were, however, happily married for 41 years. (Note:
The marriage took place at the plantation that Martha owned, in what was called the “White
House.”)

A Sweet Love
Story About
How President
Washington
Met His First
Lady

However, his first love wasn’t Martha. Washington met

an intelligent and beautiful Sally Fairfax, the woman
he is rumored to have loved first, when he was 16.
According to researchers at Mount Vernon, she taught
him the best manners for moving in Virginia’s highest
social circles, and even how to dance the minuet. Sally
married one of George’s closest friends, George
Williams Fairfax, and the couple visited Mount Vernon
frequently. Washington didn’t marry Martha
Dandridge Custis until he was 26. Letters show he was
still in close contact with Sally at the time.
 1 Why did people at that time think this was a marriage of convenience?
2 Was Washington a wealthy man? What was his occupation?
3 What was rumored about his first love?
4 Could he love two women at the same time? Can you?

ABILITY IN THE PRESENT AND THE PAST. We use can and can't to talk about someone's skill or
general abilities:

 She can speak several languages.

 He can swim like a fish.
 They can't dance very well.

We use can and can't to talk about the ability to do something at a specific time in the present or
future:

 I can see you.

 Help! I can't breathe.

We use could and couldn't to talk about the past:

 She could speak several languages.

 I couldn't see you.

We use could have to say that someone had the ability or opportunity to do something, but did not
do it:

 She could have learned Swahili, but she didn't want to.
 I could have danced all night. [but I didn’t]

LET’S PRACTISE! Match the sentences with their halves to make sense.

1. I could have stayed at university for another two years

2. You could have helped us
3. Kennedy could have been a great footballer
4. I could have slept all day
5. I could have lent you some money ESSAY Write about an
6. I think Lorraine could have passed the exam anecdote you had about
something you wanted to
a…but I had enough of studying do but couldn’t. Explain
b…but I had to get up and take the dog for a walk why you couldn’t. Write
c…if she’d worked a bit harder about 190 words.
d…if he hadn’t injured his knee
e…but you didn’t ask
f…but you just didn’t want to
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
For questions 1-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given (in capitals). Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words,
including the word given.

1. I’m sure he’s not Michael Jackson. He died a few years ago!
BE
He _______________________ because he died a few years ago.
2. It’s possible that in the sales cameras will be cheap enough for me to afford one.
ABLE
I __________________________ a camera in the sales if they are cheap enough.
3. I think Sarah isn’t very ill, because I saw her shopping this morning.
BE
Sarah ____________________ because I saw her shopping this morning.
4. Perhaps Filip is from the Czech Republic – he speaks Czech very well.
COULD
Filip ________________________ the Czech Republic because his Czech is very good.
5. He is so rich that I am sure he is always happy.
MUST
He is so rich that ________________ happy.
6. He looks so pale that I’m sure he has seen a ghost.
MUST
He _________________ ghost because now he looks very pale.
7. I think Alice worked at a hotel last summer, but I’m not sure.
MIGHT
Alice ________________ at a hotel last summer.
8. Jana speaks excellent Finnish so I’m sure she’s lived in Finland at some point.
HAVE
Jana ______________________ Finland at some point because she speaks excellent Finnish.
WORD FORMATION
For each question, fill the space in the sentence using the base word given in bold at the end. The
required word may be a noun, adverb, adjective or verb and it may be either positive (e.g. helpful) or
negative (e.g. unhelpful).

1. There will be a special ___________ meeting tomorrow morning at 9a.m. which everyone has to
attend. SAFE

2. The modernisation of the factory _____________ productivity but unfortunately, many people lost
their jobs. DOUBLE

3. All students must take English and Mathematics. Then they must choose two other courses, but
the course in International Relations is ___________________. OPTION

4. It is my dream to work in the ship-building industry but unfortunately, there is so much

____________ around that I may have to alter my ambitions.
EMPLOY

5. Too much of the food we eat nowadays is full of chemicals and other _______________. ADD

6. Come to my house tomorrow, _________________ as early as possible.

PREFER

7. I do like your new friend Jasper. He tells the funniest jokes and seems to be a very _________________
young man. ENTERTAIN

8. He has just asked me for money again. That's the ____________ time and he doesn't seem to
understand the word "no"! THREE

Listen to this song from Coldplay called Green Eyes. Underline all the modals showing ability.

Honey, you are a rock I think you should know

Upon which I stand
And I come here to talk The green eyes
I hope you understand You're the one that
I wanted to find
The green eyes Anyone who
Yeah, the spotlight Tried to deny you
Shines upon you Must be out of their mind
And how could
Anybody 'Cause I came here with a load
Deny you? And it feels so much lighter
Since I've met you
I came here with a load And, honey, you should know
And it feels so much lighter That I could never go on
Now I've met you Without you
And, honey, you should know
That I could never go on Green eyes
Without you Green eyes
Green eyes
Honey, you are a rock
Honey, you are the sea Upon which I stand
Upon which I float
And I came here to talk
“HOW TO BE HEALTHY”
UNIT 3
WARM-UP How many times have you been sick so far this year? Do you think this is connected to a wrong food
choice? What is junk food according to you?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and discuss the questions

Good health is a wonderful thing, but you can’t take it for granted! For good health, you should eat nutritious foods,
and you should be physically active each day. You have to be aware of the things that you choose to eat, and you
have to make time in your daily schedule for physical activity. It’s important to choose a variety of fruits and
vegetables. You should also eat a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains, like whole wheat bread and brown
rice. You should include fat-free or low-fat milk and dairy products. For protein, you should eat lean meats, poultry,
fish, beans, eggs, and nuts. You should not have foods with a lot of cholesterol, salt (sodium), or added sugar. You
should not eat junk food like cheeseburgers, French-fried potatoes, candy, and soft drinks, even though they may
taste very good!
In addition to proper nutrition, you must be physically active. Try to get at least 30 minutes of exercise most days
of the week. If you are overweight, you’d better increase the amount of time that you spend in physical activity.
You don’t have to do boring exercises – you can participate in a team sport or do individual activities you enjoy,
like swimming, tennis, or hiking. Eating right and being physically active aren't just a "diet" or a "program"—they
are keys to a healthy lifestyle. With healthful habits, you may reduce your risk of many chronic diseases such as
heart disease and diabetes, and you may very well increase your chances for a longer life. You might even live to
be more than 100 years old!

1) Why is it important to eat a variety of food?

2) Do we have to eat protein? Why?
3) Why do we have to be active and not sedentary?
4) What diseases can we avoid with healthy eating habits?
1 Complete the blanks appropriately according to the listening.
used to worry about my health until recently. When I was a kid, I _______________________
I never _______________________
exercise. Even in my twenties and thirties, I was very _______________________ ill. I have been lucky all
my life – always _______________________ health. I rarely get even a cold. I suppose _______________________
with you. Now I seem to be getting lots of little _______________________. I should go to the doctor for a
health check, but I’m too busy. The older you get, the _______________________ about your health. One
good thing is that I’m eating more healthily now _______________________. I no longer have fast food and
midnight snacks. I also sleep _______________________. I’ve read that getting seven or eight hours sleep
every night _______________________ best things you can do for your health.

2 Let’s Talk! What do we have to do if we want to stay healthy?

1 Modals for Obligation We use have to and must to express obligation. There is a slight difference
between the way we use them.

have to
Have to shows us that the obligation comes from outside the speaker.

 We have to wear a uniform when we're working in reception.

 (Student to teacher) When do we have to hand in our homework?
 Al has to work tomorrow so he can't come.

We sometimes call this 'external obligation'.

must
Must expresses a strong obligation or necessity. It often shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker
(or the authority that wrote the sentence).

 I must phone my dad. It's his birthday today.

 (Teacher to student) You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or you will lose ten points.
 (Sign on a plane) Seat belts must be worn by all passengers.

Note that we don't use must to express obligation in the past. We use have to instead.

 I had to pay £85 to renew my passport last week.

2 Write down an essay about “healthy diets” that you consider appropriate. Write no more than 190 words.
 “THE EFFECTS OF
UNIT 3
WARM-UP Have you ever suffered of stress? What can you do to fight it back?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text ignoring the gaps and discuss the questions
There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I want to ___ ___!" This expression refers to a feeling of panic,
or stress, that makes a person want to stop whatever they are doing, try to relax, and become calm again.

'Stress' means pressure or tension. It is one of the most common _______ ___ health problems in modern life. Too much
stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems. There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress
can affect the heart. It can increase the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress
can affect the respiratory system. It can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of
important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can cause stomachaches and problems digesting food. These
are only a few _________ ___ the wide range of illnesses and symptoms _________ _____ stress. Emotions are also
easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel anxious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel
tired all the time. When people are under stress, they often overreact to little problems. For example, a normally gentle
parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make people angry, moody,
or nervous. Long-term stress can lead to a ___________ ____ serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling
of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other addictions often
develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are
sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by stress. If stress is allowed to continue, then one's mental
health is put at risk. It is obvious that stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions.

Untreated, it may eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great ___________ ___ the health and well-being of
our bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a while.
1) Which of the following is not a common problem 5) Choose the best answer to explain how alcoholism
caused by stress? is caused by stress.
a) physical problems a) alcohol is used to relieve stress
b) anecdotal problems b) alcohol is popular
c) mental problems c) alcohol is a chemical
d) emotional problems d) alcohol is similar to medicine
2) According to the essay, which of the following 6) Which of the following is not caused by long-term
parts of the body does not have physical problems stress?
caused by stress. a) bloating
a) the arms b) addiction
b) the stomach c) anorexia
c) the lungs d) alcoholism
d) the heart 7) Choose all of the answers that can complete this
3) Which of the following show how stress can affect sentence: Stress can affect the respiratory system
the emotions? by __________.
a) it can make people feel nervous a) causing stomach problems
b) it can cause panic attacks b) causing asthma
c) it can make people feel elated c) a loss of carbon dioxide
d) it can make people feel angry d) causing breathing problems
4) Which of the following can result from long-term 8) Symptoms of emotional stress include __________.
stress? a) feeling joyous
a) bliss b) feeling hungry
b) depression c) feeling thirsty
c) alcoholism d) feeling tired
d) whimsy
STRESS”

1 Listen to the recording and complete the blanks in the text from the previous page.
2 Let’s Talk! What prohibitions are necessary to follow in order to fight stress?

1 Modals for Prohibition We use can't and mustn't to show that something is prohibited – it is not allowed.
can't
We use can't to talk about something that is against the rules, particularly when we didn't make the rules.

 What does this sign say? Oh, we can't park here.

 You can't take photos in the museum. They're really strict about it.
 Sorry, we can't sell knives to under-18s.
must not / mustn't
We use must not to talk about what is not permitted. It is common on public signs and notices informing
people of rules and laws.

 Visitors must not park in the staff car park.

 Baggage must not be left unattended.
 Guests must not make noise after 10 p.m.
We use mustn't particularly when the prohibition comes from the speaker.

 (Parent to child) You mustn't say things like that to your sister.
 (Teacher to student) You mustn't be late to class.
 I mustn't let that happen again.

2 Write an essay about the prohibitions in your school, work or home. Write about 190 words.
 “TATTOOS”
UNIT 3
WARM-UP Do you like tattoos? Would you have one? Why yes? Why not? Where on your skin would you put it?

READING AND SPEAKING Read this essay and answer the questions in the opposite page.

Jack lay, quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly stabbed him with sharp needles,
causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo,
and Jack was so impressed by Tony's bravery and his tattoo that he decided to get one too. Getting a tattoo because
your friends and peers have them is just one of the reasons why a lot of young people in North America get tattoos.
Peer pressure, media influence, and personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos
today.

The desire to be part of a group, to be accepted by one's friends or peers, can have a great influence on what a
person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you belong to a certain group. Gangs often use special
clothes and tattoos to identify their particular group. For example, in one gang all the members may wear green
army jackets and have large 'Xs' tattooed on their arms. It is not only gangs that have this type of special 'uniform'.
Young people often belong to a certain group of friends. Some of these groups wear only brand-name clothes. Some
wear only black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person's friends are all doing something, such as getting a
tattoo, that person is more likely to do the same thing, and get a tattoo too.

The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North America. A wide variety of media
images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people appearing in commercials selling expensive cars. Famous
sports heroes with tattoos are shown in magazines. Fashion models are often seen in magazines and on TV wearing
designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colourful patterns. These media images link
tattoos to ideas of wealth, success, and status. As a result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and
status value.

It is not always the influence of other people or the media that results in a person getting a tattoo. Many people
decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature, their beliefs, or their feelings -- in other words, to
show their individuality. A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some environmentalists
may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders. Lovers may tattoo each others' names over their
hearts. A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person's life.

As you can see, there are many reasons why young North Americans get tattoos. A tattoo can be part of a group's
uniform. It can be a sign of fashion. It can be an expression of individuality. The decision to get a tattoo is most
often a result of the influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself. For Jack, it was a mixture of all
three.
 1) According to the essay, what are the three c) to show pictures of animals that may
most common reasons why a person gets a become extinct
tattoo? d) to show which language you speak
a) pressure from their peers
b) it is healthy 6) Jack was stabbed for thirty minutes with a
c) influence from the media needle because _____________. Click on button
d) a way of personal expression beside the best answer.
a) he was getting a tattoo
2) According to the essay, which of the b) he was getting acupuncture
following are common ways that people c) he is was getting his ears pierced
show they belong to a certain group? d) he was getting a nose ring
a) wearing a tattoo
b) wearing special clothes 7) According to the essay, some people get
c) wearing a special uniform tattoos because ____________. Click on the
d) wearing a special kind of socks button beside the best answer.
a) they think it is fashionable
3) According to the essay, which of the b) they like pain
following are ways that the media uses c) they think it will wash off in the bath
tattoos in advertising? d) they are religious
a) to sell cars
b) by using fashion models 8) According to the essay, Jack thinks people
c) by using sports stars who get tattoos are ____________. Click on the
d) by using endangered species button beside the best answer.
a) brave
4) According to the essay, media images are b) cowardly
linked to _____________. Choose all that apply. c) old fashioned
a) wealth d) nitwits
b) status
c) success 9) The reason Jack wanted to get a tattoo was
d) debt ____________. Click on the button beside the
best answer.
5) According to the essay, which of the a) the influence of friends
following are possible artistic reasons for b) the influence of the media
getting tattoos? c) a desire to express himself
a) to show membership in a band d) all of the above
b) to show a lover's name

1 Listen to the recording and discuss this question: Should children get parents’ permission to tattoo
themselves? What about young adults?

2 Let’s Talk! Why should children ask permission to get a tattoo?

Modals for Permission We often use can to ask for  Could I borrow your pen for a moment,
and give permission. please?
May is the most formal way to ask for and give
 Can I sit here?
permission.
 You can use my car if you like.
 Can I make a suggestion?  May I see your passport, please?
We also use could to ask for permission (but not to  Customers may request a refund within a
give it). Could is more formal and polite than can. period of 30 days.
 These pages may be photocopied for
 Could I ask you something?
classroom use.
 Could I interrupt?
 KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1) We knew we had to arrive by nine.
NECESSARY
We knew that .................................................... by nine.

2) They weren't allowed to stay out late when they lived with their parents.
LET
Their parents .................................................... stay out late when they lived at home.

3) Because of the snow, we weren't allowed to take the mountain road.

LET
Because of the snow, the police .................................................... the mountain road.

4) It was careless of him to go without checking the times.

OUGHT
He .................................................... the times before going.

5) It was very bad of you to use my mobile without asking my permission.

OUGHT
You .................................................... before you used my mobile.

6) "Is Andy accustomed to the climate yet?"

USED
"Has Andy .................................................... yet?"

7) Dave prefers eating sandwiches to a proper meal.

RATHER
Dave .................................................... than a proper meal.

8) I prefer to arrive an hour early.

RATHER
I .................................................... an hour early.

WORD FORMATION
For each question, fill the space in the sentence using the base word given in bold at the end. The required word may
be a noun, adverb, adjective or verb and it may be either positive (e.g. helpful) or negative (e.g. unhelpful).

1. Many people often make a __________________ between London and New York. COMPARE
2. This book ________ as a series of lectures about shipwrecks, which were given two decades ago. ORIGIN
3. There are power stations across Europe that use the ___________ rise and fall of the ocean tides. DAY
4. If you weren't so _____________ of Ben, he'd be happier to spend time with you. CRITIC
5. Don't you find it ______________ how Jeremy always comes to work looking so untidy? INTRIGUE
6. Doctors say a glass of warm milk before bedtime can result in a more ____________ night's sleep. REST
7. Tim-Berners Lee has received many awards as the _______________ of the world wide web.
INVENT
8. On the final day, we visited the _______________ Victoria Falls and then flew home.
MAJESTY

SONG
Listen to this song from Gloria Gaynor, called I Will Survive. Notice the use of modals (they are underlined).
What message do these modals transmit? Can you explain the song’s background?

At first I was afraid Because you're not welcome anymore

I was petrified Weren't you the one
Kept thinking I could never live Who tried to crush me with goodbye?
Without you by my side Did you think I'd crumble?
But then I spent so many nights Did you think I'd lay down and die?
Thinking how you did me wrong
And I grew strong Oh no, not I
And I learned how to get along I will survive
And so you're back from outer space Oh, as long as I know how to love
I just walked in to find you here I know I'll stay alive
With that sad look upon your face I've got all my life to live
I should have changed that stupid lock And I've got all my love to give
I should have made you leave your key And I'll survive, I will survive
If I had known for just one second
You'd be back to bother me Go on now go, walk out the door
Just turn around now
Go on now go, walk out the door you're not welcome anymore
Just turn around now Weren't you the one
Because you're not welcome anymore Who tried to crush me with goodbye?
Weren't you the one Did you think I'd crumble?
Who tried to hurt me with goodbye? Did you think I'd lay down and die?
Did you think I'd crumble?
Did you think I'd lay down and die? Oh no, not I
I will survive
Oh no, not I Oh, as long as I know how to love
I will survive I know I'll stay alive
Oh, as long as I know how to love I've got all my life to live
I know I'll stay alive And I've got all my love to give
I've got all my life to live And I will survive, I will survive
And I've got all my love to give
And I'll survive, I will survive Go on now go, walk out the door
Just turn around now
Oh, leave the Lord to give me strength not to fall apart you're not welcome anymore
Kept trying hard to mend the pieces of my broken Weren't you the one
heart Who tried to crush me with goodbye?
And I spent oh so many nights Did you think I'd crumble?
Just feeling sorry for myself Did you think I'd lay down and die?
I used to cry but now I hold my head up high
Oh no, not I
And you see me, somebody new I will survive
I'm not that chained up little person Oh, as long as I know how to love
Still in love with you I know I'll stay alive
And so you felt like dropping in I've got all my life to live
And just expect me to be free And I've got all my love to give
Now I'm saving all my loving And I will survive, I will survive
For someone who's loving me

Go on now go, walk out the door

Just turn around now
LEXICON
Verbs followed by a gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning:
I forgot to meet him.
(I didn’t meet him because I forgot to do it.)

forget
I forgot meeting him.
(I don’t have the memory of meeting him before.)

He went on to learn English and French.

(He ended one period of time before this.)
go on
He went on learning English and French.
(He continued learning the languages.)

She quit to work here.

(She quit another job in order to work here.)

quit
She quit working here.
(She quit her job here. She doesn’t work here anymore.)

I regret promising to help you.

(I’m sorry that I made the promise.)
regret
I regret to tell you that we can't hire you.
(I’m telling you now, and I’m sorry.)

She remembered to visit her grandmother.

(She didn’t forget to visit.)
remember
She remembered visiting her grandmother.
(She had memories of this time.)

I stopped to call you.

(I interrupted another action in order to call you.)
stop
I stopped calling you.
(I stopped this activity. Maybe we had a fight.)

I tried to open the window.

(I attempted this action but didn’t succeed.)

try
I tried opening the window.
(This was one option I sampled. Maybe the room was hot.)
 DESTINATIONS 4
REAL ENGLISH NOW!
1 Choose the correct form (infinitive or the base form).
1) I can _________ English.
(a) understand (b) to understand
2) We have __________ our homework.
(a) do (b) to do
3) You must ____________ at home.
(a) stay (b) to stay
4) I will ___________ you.
(a) help (b) to help
5) He cannot ___________ us.
(a) see (b) to see
6) My little sister is learning ______________.
(a) speak (b) to speak
7) They want _________________ to the cinema.
(a) go (b) to go
8) You should _______________ your parents.
(a) visit (b) to visit
9) I'd like ______________ a dog.
(a) have (b) to have
10) May we _________________ in?

(a) come (b) to come

2 Check the pictures, and tell the class how you feel
when you see them.

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307518
HOMEWORK

1 Use the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.

1. dancing (to dance).
She is good at ____________

2. singing (to sing).

He is crazy about ____________

3. playing (to play) cards.

I don't like _______________

4. swimming (to swim) in the sea.

They are afraid of _______________

5. smoking
You should give up ____________________ (to smoke).

6. being
Sam dreams of ___________________ (to be) a popstar.

7. making (to make) friends.

He is interested in _______________

8. flying (to fly) by plane.

My uncle is afraid of ______________

9. cooking
We insist on _________________ (to cook) the dinner.

Skiing
10. (to ski) ________________ can be dangerous.

Shopping we went to the cinema.

11. After (to shop) _________________,

Smoking is unhealthy.
12. (to smoke)_______________

Swimmingis my favourite activity.

13. (to swim) _____________

surfing
14. Do you like _____________________ (to surf) on the net?

wearing
15. Does she enjoy ________________(to wear) jewels?

beginning (begin) of the year, we moved south.

16. At the ______________

going
17. Before _________________ (to go) to bed, I usually have a shower.

spelling (to spell) words.

18. Be careful when ___________

calling
19. The neighbours thanked me for _______________(to call) the fire department.

crying (to cry) like a baby, you won’t get anywhere in life.
20. By ____________

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Circle the right answers to complete the following sentences in English.

1 I ______ to play tennis with my uncle. 6 Bob ______ to buy a house.

A should like A has decided
B missed B had better
C assumed C has objected
D confessed D has been let
2 She _______ to speak to Joan. 7 The rich gentleman ______ to buy a public library.
A happened A misses
B avoided B means
C lets me C suggests
D apologized D insists
3 I often ______ meeting my ex-boyfriend. 8 I always ______ losing money.
A manage A dream
B refuse B dread
C request C pretend
D recall D think
4 Does he _______ to go abroad alone? 9 He _______ to marry Susan.
A regret A would rather
B insist B thinks
C mind C is
D dare D had better
5 She ______ that her guests won't eat much. 10 Bob ______ to sell me his car.
A prefers A got used
B asks B persisted
C thinks C abstained
D would rather D promised

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 Choose the correct modal to complete the sentence.
1 George ordered a large hamburger with
everything on it except mustard. He _______________ 6 Bob usually drives his car to work, but today he
like mustard. got on the bus. Something _______________ wrong
A does not with his car.
B may not A must be
C isn't B is
D mightn't C might be
D couldn't be
2 You just ate five large slices of pizza, two pieces
of chocolate cake and some ice cream. You 7 Alex wanted to get the promotion very much,
______________ still be hungry. but he didn't. He _____________________ disappointed.
A couldn't A maybe
B can't B must be
C must C could be
D mustn't D might be

3 Glen's wife is Japanese. There is a picture of a 8 I wonder why Mary and Fred are late. They
Japanese woman on his desk. That ____________ his ___________ know how to get here.
wife. A might not
A could be B aren't
B must be C don't
C is D maybe not
D might be
9 You went to bed at 9:30 last night and got up at
4 Tom is wearing a Vancouver Canucks T-shirt. 11:00 this morning. You _________________ still be
He ______________ a Canucks fan. tired.
A can't be A must
B is B can't
C maybe C couldn't be
D must be D might

5 Sam is usually very friendly, but he hasn't 10 I don't know why Stephanie isn't eating with
smiled at all today. He ______________ worried about us. She _____________ hungry.
something. A couldn't be
A must be B might be
B is C isn't
C might be D might not be
D might have been

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1 Choose one of the following to complete the sentences:
Must have - Might have - Should have - Can't have

1. John _______________ gone on holiday. I saw him this morning downtown.

2. Nobody answered the phone at the clinic. It ___________ closed early.
3. I _____________ revised more for my exams. I think I'll fail!
4. Sarah looks really pleased with herself. She ___________ passed her driving test this morning.
5. I didn't know you were going to Phil's party yesterday. You ___________ told me!
6. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He ____________ caught the wrong train.
7. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He ________________ caught the correct train.
8. Don't lie to me that you were ill yesterday. You _______________ been ill - Don said you were at the ice hockey
match last night.
9. I don't know where they went on holiday but they bought Euros before they left so they ___________ gone to
France or Germany.
10. His number was busy all night - he _____________ been on the phone continuously for hours.

2 Past or Present? Put in 'must + base form' (for something that is likely about the present) or 'must + have + past
participle' (for something that is likely about the past):

1) Keiko always does really well on exams. She ____________ (study) a lot.
2) That woman drives a very expensive car. She ___________ (have) a lot of money.
3) You _______________ (practise) a lot before you gave your speech. It was really good.
4) When Lizzie got home yesterday there were flowers on the table. Her husband ___________(buy) them.
5) Where is my purse? I saw it earlier, so it _________________ (be) in this room.
6) Sarah couldn't find her glasses. She thought she _______________(leave) them at her office.
7) It __________________(be) cold outside. That man in the street is wearing a coat.
8) All my plants ______________(be) dead! I forgot to water them before I went on holiday.
9) Susie is so late! She ___________________(miss) the train!.
10) There's rubbish all over my garden! A fox _____________ (be) in the bin.

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Put in ‘can’ / ‘can’t’ / ‘could’ / ‘couldn’t’. If none is possible, use ‘be able to’ in the correct tense:

1. _________________ you swim when you were 10?

2. We _________________ get to the meeting on time yesterday because the
train was delayed by one hour.
3. He _________________ arrive at the party on time, even after missing the
train, so he was very pleased.
4. He’s amazing, he _________________ speak 5 languages including Chinese.
5. I _________________ drive a car until I was 34, then I moved to the
countryside so I had to learn.
6. I looked everywhere for my glasses but I _________________ find them
anywhere.
7. I searched for your house for ages, luckily I _________________ find it in the
end.
8. She’s 7 years old but she _________________ read yet – her parents are
getting her extra lessons.
9. I read the book three times but I _________________ understand it.
10. James _________________ speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he’s
forgotten most of it now.

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Choose the best option to complete the blanks.

1. It's not obligatory to take a tie. You 6. You _________ do your homework on
_______ wear one. Saturday morning. That way you
a) have to have the rest of the week-end free.
b) don't have to a) shouldn't
c) mustn't b) ought to
d) shouldn't c) must
d) might
2. Slow down or we're going to have an
accident. You ______ drive so fast. 7. You ______ be horrible to your sister.
a) ought to It makes her very sad.
b) should a) mustn't
c) oughtn't to b) must
d) shouldn't c) have to
d) shouldn't
3. Billy: Are you going to the party?
Sally: I'm not sure. I _______ go. 8. Tomorrow's a holiday. We ________ get
a) mustn't up early.
b) might a) should
c) don't have to b) have to
d) have to c) mustn't
d) don't have to
4. Where's the toilet? I _______ go.
a) have to 9. You should take an umbrella. It
b) mustn't ________ rain.
c) should a) has to
d) might b) must
c) might
5. _______ I use your phone? d) shouldn't
a) Have to
b) May 10. If you go sailing, you _______ wear a
c) Should life jacket. The sea is very dangerous.
d) Must a) might
b) must
c) should
d) mustn't

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1 Find the right option A or B. Which is correct?

1. 6.
a) You may not use a calculator. a) You may not smoke in here.
b) You may no use a calculator. b) You may not smoking in here.

2. 7.
a) You can not park here. a) You can no to leave your jacket here.
b) You can no park here. b) You can not leave your jacket here.

3. 8.
a) You may not to wear shorts. a) You may not play music now.
b) You may not wear shorts. b) You may no to play music now.

4. 9.
a) You can't eat that. a) You may play not soccer on this field.
b) You can't to eat that. b) You may not play soccer on this field.

5. 10.
a) She can't has my book. a) You can't to have more candy.
b) She can't have my book. b) You can't have more candy.

2 Choose the right option A, B or C.

1) If you want to lose weight, you __________________
eat so much chocolate, so many candies or drink 7) Silvia __________________ her grandmother yesterday. She
beer every night. is old and sick.
a) [ ]should a) [ ]should has visited
b) [ ]have to b) [ ]should have visit
c) [ ]shouldn't c) [ ]should have visited

2) Tomorrow is a holiday. My children 8) You __________________ stop when the traffic lights turn
__________________ get up early. red.
a) [ ]should a) [ ]mustn't
b) [ ]don't have to b) [ ]must
c) [ ]has to c) [ ]may

3) When I was a child I __________________ go to 9) People __________________ drink and drive cars. It is
school on Saturdays. prohibited.
a) [ ]can't a) [ ]mustn't
b) [ ]don't have to b) [ ]must
c) [ ]didn't have to c) [ ]have to

4) I __________________ study tonight. My exams are 10) He __________________ wear a tie and a uniform at work.
tomorrow. a) [ ]have to
a) [ ]must b) [ ]has to
b) [ ]can't c) [ ]don't have
c) [ ]has to

5) __________________ I see the daily report? ...Thank

you very much.
a) [ ]Must
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c) [ ]Can't lidemperu-destinations-4-workbook/exam-307518

6) May I smoke here? ...No, you __________________. I

am sorry.
a) [ ]can
b) [ ]can't
c) [ ]may
1 Which option is correct: A or B?
1. 6.
a) May I go to the mall? a) Yes, she cans.
b) May I went to the mall? b) Yes, she can.

2. 7.
a) Can she try again? a) Could I speak with Fred please?
b) Can she tries again? b) Could I to speak with Fred please?

3. 8.
a) She can has another glass. a) May the children plays in the garden?
b) She can have another glass. b) May the children play in the garden?

4. 9.
a) Can drive they the car? a) You may stay here.
b) Can they drive the car? b) You may stay here?

5. 10.
a) May I borrow your bike? a) May I say something?
b) May I borrowing your bike? b) May I say something.

2 Complete the blanks with a suitable option.

1. "I'm sorry, you are not ____ go backstage

without a pass." 6. Waiter, ____ I trouble you for a glass of
water please?
2. "Mom ____ I go with Jill to the school play?
7. "How long must we wait for our food?" "It
____ be long, sir."
3. _____ you lend me your pencil please? I left
mine at home. 8. Are we ____ smoke in here?

4. Hello, ____ I speak with Mr. Smith please? 9. You ____ go to the beach dressed like that
young lady!

5. He ____ go to school tomorrow. He has a 10. _____ you give me hand with this zipper? I
fever. can't quite get it.

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