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Chapter 3 - Node and Mesh Analysis - Part 1

This document discusses node analysis and mesh analysis techniques. It begins by introducing node analysis, which determines node voltages using Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) to write equations relating branch currents. Key steps include selecting a reference node, assigning voltages to other nodes, writing branch currents in terms of voltages using Ohm's Law, and applying KCL. The document then discusses handling independent voltage sources and supernodes, which require applying both KCL and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). Several examples are provided to illustrate applying node analysis to circuits with different configurations.

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103 views22 pages

Chapter 3 - Node and Mesh Analysis - Part 1

This document discusses node analysis and mesh analysis techniques. It begins by introducing node analysis, which determines node voltages using Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) to write equations relating branch currents. Key steps include selecting a reference node, assigning voltages to other nodes, writing branch currents in terms of voltages using Ohm's Law, and applying KCL. The document then discusses handling independent voltage sources and supernodes, which require applying both KCL and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). Several examples are provided to illustrate applying node analysis to circuits with different configurations.

Uploaded by

fay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Node and Mesh Analysis

Part 1
Chapter 03

Dr. Nour El I Boukortt


Outline

Node Analysis

Mesh Analysis
Introduction
- The nodal analysis determines the voltage at each node (NODAL VOLTAGES) with respect
to a reference node (normally called GROUND) and uses it to calculate the branch currents in
a circuit.

- Nodal analysis is based on balancing currents coming into and out of nodes in the circuits i.e
KCL.

- Uses a lesser number of equations to solve for branch currents than KCL. So Computational
complexity is reduced.
Reference Node

- The reference node is also called a GROUND node or datum node.


- The potential (voltage) of the node is assumed to be Zero.
- As a general rule, the reference node is usually chosen to be a node with the largest number
of elements connected to it.
- Symbolic representation:
Steps to determine Node Voltages
- Select a node as the reference node.
- Assign the voltages to the remaining nodes v1, v2, v3, .VN-1. These voltages are referenced
to the reference node or ground node.
- Express branch currents in terms of the node voltages using Ohms Law.
- Apply KCL to each N-1 references nodes.
- Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltage.
Steps to determine Node Voltages

Points to remember:
- Independent nodes have voltages with reference to the Ground node.
- No. of nodal equations is decided by the number of independent nodes present in the
network (besides the Ground node).
- Current always flows from higher potential to lower potential (recall PSC).
Node Voltages Example

An example illustrating how to write branch currents in terms of nodal voltages.


The voltages VS , Va, Vb and Vc are all measured w.r.t the node 5
Let :
Va = 3V

Vb = V

Vc = V
Writing KVL for leftmost loop we get : Vs + V1 + Va = 0
So V1 = Vs Va
Therefore, V3 = Va Vb and V5 = Vb Vc
Node Voltages Example
Then the currents in the resistors are:

I1

I3

I5
In addition,

I2

I4
Since the reference node 5 is at zero potential.
As a general rule, if we know the node voltages in a circuit, we can calculate the current through any resistive
element using Law as: I
Node Voltages Example
Question:
Write the node equations for the given circuit.

Solution
Node Voltages Example
Question:
In the given circuit, assume, iA=1mA, iB=4mA, R1=12K , R2=6K , R3=6K . Determine the node
voltages and individual branch currents.

Solution

At node 1, iA = i1 + i2 ;

At node 2, i2 = iB + i3 ;
Node Voltages Example
Question:
Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the Figure below. Solution
Here Vo is V3. Hence solve for V3.
Nodal Analysis with independent Voltage Sources

There are two different cases :


Case 1:
- If the voltage source is connected between the reference node and non-reference node, we simply set the
voltage at the non reference node equal to the voltage of the voltage source.

V1=12V V2=-6V
PR PD

PD: Potential Drop; PR: Potential Rise


Independent Voltage Sources Example
Question:
Use the Nodal analysis to find the current Io in the given network.

Solution

Question:
Find the Vo in the given network using nodal analysis.

Solution
Nodal Analysis with Supernodes
Case 2:
- If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between two non-
reference nodes, the two non-reference nodes form a generalized node or supernode; we
apply both KCL and KVL to determine the node voltages.
Nodal Analysis with Supernodes Example
SUPER NODE
Question
Use nodal analysis to find V1 and V2.

Solution

- Note that we have a voltage source between two non-reference nodes


- The dashed surface is called a supernode
- Nodal equations: V1 V2 (1)
- The second equation is written using KCL for the super node (ignoring the source)

6 10-3 = 4 10-3 (2)

So: V1 = 10 V, V2 = 4 V
Note on Supernode Analysis

- The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint equation needed to solve for
the node voltage.
- A supernode has no voltage of its own.
- A supernode requires the application of both KCL and KVL.
Nodal Analysis with Supernodes Example
Question
Use nodal analysis to find the current Io.

Solution
- Since there is a voltage source between two non-reference nodes, we will write the equations for the supernode
between V1 and V3.
- V1 V3

- KCL (at supernode):


Solving (1) and (2) yields:
V3

So: Io =
Nodal Analysis with Supernodes Example
Question
Find the node voltages in the given circuit.

Solution
- The supernode contains 2V source and 10 resistor.
- Apply KCL at supernode,
- Express i1 and i2 in terms of node voltage
Nodal Analysis with Supernodes Example
Solution
To get a relationship between v1 and v2, we apply KVL to the circuit in the above figure. Going around the loop, we
obtain
0

Solving the above equations,

-->

-5.333 V

Note that, the 10 resistor does not make any difference because its connected across the Supernode.
Nodal Analysis with Supernodes Example
Question
Use nodal analysis to find the current Io.

Solution
Io = 3.8 mA
Thank You
Dr. Nour El I Boukortt

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