3.

1 describe the purpose of technical drawings and specifications

Technical drawings and specifications: characteristics of a product, shape, size, material, features;
provide additional product information, materials, manufacturing or installation data, special
processes/equipment requirements.

 The purpose of a technical drawing is to clarify an idea and to translate that

idea into a common graphical language.

 The ideas may be characteristics of a product, shape, size, material, features

 Manufacturers of a product apply their literacy in this language to interpret a

technical drawing so they can build the particular structure represented and
defined by it.

 Through technical drawings, drafting professionals show manufacturers the

exact size, shape and location of each part of a structure.

 Technical drawings fulfil their purpose of idea translation through the application
of a variety of methods and visual conventions.

Measurements
 While a technical drawing communicates the shape of each part of a proposed
structure with a visual representation, the exact size and position of the
structure must come from measurements, which drafters call "dimensions."

 Among the dimensions you'll see on the front view of a house, for example, are
those that convey the front view's complete width. A drawing will show that
dimension as a line under or above the image of the house's front view. The
line extends from the left to the right side of the house. At the centre of the line
the drafter will enter the dimension for the house's width. The dimension will be
in feet, meters, or whatever unit the production crew needs to build the house.

Conveying Tolerances
 Tolerance is the range of dimensions that a structure and its components can
take.

 For example, a technical drawing may show that the entrance to a doghouse
has the following width dimension: "14 inches, +/- 1/4 inch." This dimension is
communicating that the doghouse's entrance can measure 14 inches across,
give or take a quarter of an inch.
  Production crews need drafters to specify tolerances for a number of reasons,
the foremost being that it's nearly always impossible to make a part to an exact
size or position. Most objects expand or contract from heat or other
environmental factors.

Projection Views
 Projection views are easiest to understand by example. The top projection view
of a house will show you the roof of the house, while the front projection view
will show you the front door and windows.

 A technical drawing can depict these views as orthographic or perspective. The

front perspective view of a railroad track will show the tracks' rails as
converging toward each other. By contrast, the front orthographic view of those
same tracks will show you something like a pair of two large "I"s, which
represent the cutaway view of the two rails of the track.

Expressing Form and Structure

 Technical drawings achieve their purpose of conveying a structure's shape
through graphical two-dimensional (2-D) images. An example of an image that
conveys a form is a circle, which can represent many real-world objects, such
as a sphere, or the top view of a drinking glass. A drafter will draw the side view
of a drinking glass as a simple rectangle with its top edge removed. Note that
an actual drinking glass would not look like the rectangle or circle, but these
graphics are conventions commonly understood to represent real-life forms.

Lettering
 Production crews require technical drawings to be as clear as possible. Drafters
thus undergo training to make the numbers and letters they write immediately
legible. This training includes exactly what strokes of a pencil are needed to
produce each letter of the alphabet, and each number. The characters that
result from these strokes are usually in a typeface called Gothic, which doesn't
have serifs (the small curves that Times New Roman, Courier and other fonts
place on "S" and other characters).
 3.2 interpret technical drawings using
current standards

Drawing projections should comply with relevant standards (such as British Standards) to

prevent misunderstanding and avoid errors in interpreting the drawing.

As object, have three dimensions like length, width and height/ thickness. The shapes
and sizes of three dimensional objects have to be represented on a sheet of drawing
paper, which has only two-dimensional planes.

For obtaining the image of an object, various points on the contour of an object, are
thrown forward on to a plane by means of straight lines or visual rays. The figure formed
by joining various points thus obtained on the plane, is the image of the object and is
called Projection.

Types of Projections in Engineering Drawing

1. Parallel Projection
a. Orthographic projection
i. Multi view projection
i. First Angle Projection
ii. Third Angle Projection
ii. Axonometric
i. Isometric
ii. Dimetric
iii. Trimetric
b. Oblique projection
i. Cabinet Projection
ii. Clinographic Projection
iii. Cavalier Projection
2. Perspective Projection
a. Aerial
i. One Point Perspective
ii. Two Point Perspective
iii. Three Point Perspective
b. Liner

Orthographic Projections
If the projections from the object are perpendicular to the projection plan, then such a
projection of the object is known as Orthographic Projection. A thorough knowledge of
 the principles of pictorial projection is required for converting pictorial views into
orthographic views.

Orthographic Projection General Procedure

1. Determine the overall dimensions of the given object for the required orthographic
views.
2. Draw rectangles for the views using suitable scale. It is also required to keep sufficient
space between the views and from border lines.
3. Draw centre lines for circles and arcs.
4. Draw circles and arcs of circles first, next draw straight lines for the main shapes of the
object.
5. And finally draw straight lines and small curves for the minor details of the object.

Points to be considered for converting a pictorial view in to orthographic views

 Dimensions which are parallel to the direction of viewing will not be seen. Edges which
are parallel to the direction of viewing are seen as points.
 Surfaces which are parallel to it are seen as lines.
 The visible edges and the intersection of the surfaces are shown by object lines. But the
hidden edges are shown by dotted lines.
 The centre linens of the symmetrical parts like whole cylinder etc. should be clearly
shown.

Orthographic projection is a type of 'parallel' projection in which the four

orthogonal views of an object are shown.

 Line of sight is always perpendicular to projection plane.

 Only see one side of object at a time.

Types of lines
Isometric Projection
 Rotate object so front face is not parallel to projection plane.
 Use for features on multiple sides.

The isometric plan view is slightly distorted, using a plan grid at 30º from the horizontal

in both directions. It can be used to show the nature of the design and
explain construction details more clearly than an orthographic projection. It is
sometimes used during concept design to help the client grasp the mass of
the proposal.

Isometric projection is a type of pictorial projection in which the three dimensions of

solid are not only shown in one view but their actual sizes can be measured directly
from it. In isometric projection, there are three principle axes such as height axis, length
axis and width axis. Three axis of the object are equally inclined 120 ° to each other and
the three dimensions length, height and width are equally fore-shortened by using an
isometric scale.

Important points for isometric drawings

In isometric view, the two sides are inclined at 30° to the height axis.
The length may be drawn on the right or left depending on the side view of the
orthographic projection of the object.

Hidden features are not to be shown in isometric views.

Vertical lines will be drawn vertical, while horizontal line will be drawn at a angle
30degrees to horizontal.

Oblique Projection
When primary information is drawn in elevation, the interpretation can be enhanced by
an oblique projection. This is a simple method of producing two-dimensional images
of three-dimensional objects. The differentiating characteristic of oblique projection is
that the drawn objects are not in perspective, and so do not correspond to any actual
obtainable view.

 Line of sight intersects projection plane at angle other than 90°.

 Front face is true-size, other faces are distorted.

 Use when most detail is on front face .

 Types of oblique projection

1. Cavalier projection.
2. Cabinet projection.

Axonometric projection
Axonometric projection creates a true plan set at 45º, which retains the original
orthogonal geometry of the plan. It is particularly suitable for representing interior
designs, such as kitchen layouts. Planning drawings can also be effective represented
as axonometric projections, showing the relationships
between buildings and topography.

Exploded-view drawing
An exploded view drawing is a diagram, picture, schematic or technical drawing of an
object, that shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts.
It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance, or suspended in
surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded diagram. An object is
represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the
middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated an equal distance away
from their original locations.
The exploded view drawing is used in parts catalogs, assembly and maintenance
manuals and other instructional material.
The projection of an exploded view is usually shown from above and slightly in diagonal
from the left or right side of the drawing. (See exploded view drawing of a gear pump to
the right: it is slightly from above and shown from the left side of the drawing in
diagonal.)

Assembly drawings

Assembly drawings can be used to represent items that consist of more than

one component. They show how the components fit together and may
include, orthogonal plans, sections and elevations, or three-dimensional views, showing
the assembled components, or an exploded view showing the relationship between
the components and how they fit together.

They may be used to show how to assemble parts of a kit such as furniture, how
to assemble a complex part of a building (an assembly), or to show the relationship
between a number of details.

The location of assemblies may be shown on general arrangement drawings, or

sometimes on detail drawings. The components that form the assembly may be
shown shop drawings that allow their fabrication.

Assembly drawings may include instructions, lists of the component parts, reference

numbers, references to detail drawings or shop drawings, and specification information.
However, they should not duplicate information provided elsewhere, as this can become
contradictory and may cause confusion. They may also include dimensions, notation
and symbols. It is important that these are consistent with industry standards so that
their precise meaning is clear and can be understood.
Assembly drawings may be referred to as:

 General assembly drawings, showing an overall assembly.

 Outline assembly drawings, showing the exterior shape.

 Diagrammatic assembly drawings, representing the assembly with the use

of symbols.

 Unit assembly or sub-assembly drawings, showing in more detail a part of the

overall assembly.

 Fitted assembly drawings, showing the completed assembly.

 Exploded assembly drawing, showing the relationship between the separated

parts.

The scale at which drawings are prepared should reflect the level of detail of

the information they are required to convey. Different line thicknesses can be used to
provide greater clarity for certain elements.

Assembly drawings may be drawn to scale by hand, or prepared using Computer Aided

Design(CAD) software.

Sketches
A sketch is usually quickly drawn by hand on paper, intended to show the approximate
shape or appearance of a part, machine or structure. It could show a view perpendicular
to the top, front or side, or a view from any angle. It might include some dimensions, but
it’s not intended to be precise.

Schematic
A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of
a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic
usually omits all details that are not relevant to the key information the schematic is
intended to convey, and may include oversimplified elements in order to make this
essential meaning easier to grasp.

For example, a shopping mall map intended for shoppers may represent a shop with a
dot. The dot is not intended to resemble the actual shop at all but aims to give the
viewer information without unnecessary visual clutter.
A schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols in place of detailed
representations of the vessels, piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment that
compose the system, thus emphasizing the functions of the individual elements and the
interconnections among them and suppresses their particular physical details. In an
electronic circuit diagram, the layout of the symbols may not look anything like the
circuit as it appears in the physical world: instead of representing the way the
circuit looks, the schematic aims to capture, on a more general level, the way it works.

3.3 interpret the essential information found on drawings

Essential information: projection, scale, dimensions, issue number, author, tolerances, symbols, notes,
materials, batch requirements, parts list.

3.4 describe the purpose of standards in engineering

Standards: communicates technical information/data, produced in universal language for all

stakeholders, provides the basis for quality assurance.

3.5 describe the use of specifications and quality systems

Specifications and quality systems:
• Quality: assurance, quality control, inspection, quality circles
• Conformance/fitness for purpose: specifications: customer requirements, reference of standards, safety
requirements, quality records, traceability
• Corrective action procedures.

3.6 interpret standard conventions used on technical drawings

Conventions: lines, hatching, symbols, views, layout.

3.7 interpret and apply other features associated with technical information.

Features: detailed drawings, manufacturing process(es), product make up (number of components),

sequence of operations (operations sheet), quality control requirements, storage and dispatch
requirements, use of graphs, tables and charts.