Founded in 1915 Volume 161 Number 6 June 2022

Copyright Ó 2022 by the American Association of Orthodontists

CONTENTS
COVER
On the cover: When choosing a 3-dimensional printer for dental models, the cost-benefit
ratio should be evaluated. In this issue, a study by Pereira and colleagues from the
Department of Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
evaluated the accuracy, precision, cost, and time taken to prepare and print using
different low-cost techniques: 2 digital light processing (DLP) and 1 fused filament
fabrication (FFF) printer, compared with the clinically accepted technique, PolyJet.
Polyjet printing was found to be the fastest method but with the highest cost, and FFF
printing had the lowest printing and input cost, but was considerably more time-
consuming. There was a balance in both DLP printers, and they were considered the
best cost-benefit ratio for small independent dental offices.
The smiling patient on the cover is Zeinab Atiah. She was treated orthodontically by
Dr. Ghaddy AlSaty, Morgantown, WV.

EDITORIAL
The retirement of Christine Burke 755
Rolf G. Behrents and David L. Turpin, Overland Park, Kans, and Federal Way, Wash

GUEST EDITORIAL
In-office 3-dimensional-printing: Does the hype obscure the hazards for the operator? 757
Nearchos Panayi and Theodore Eliades, Nicosia, Cyprus, and Zurich, Switzerland

READERS' FORUM
Invisalign treatment achieved and predicted results 760
Sarah Anvery and Pramod Philip, Buffalo, NY

Authors’ response 760

Fan-Fan Dai and Guang Shu, Beijing, China

Maxillary molar distalization using Invisalign 764

Navneet Singh, Tulika Tripathi, Saumya Kakkar, and Veena GV, New Delhi, India

Authors’ response 765

Yu-cheng Guo, Badr Sultan Saif, Wenqing Bu, and Jiamin Zhao, Xi'an, China

Assessment of rate of tooth movement and duration of canine retraction using 766
piezocision
Hafsa Qabool and Rashna Hoshang Sukhia, Karachi, Pakistan

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The American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (ISSN 0889-5406) is published monthly by Elsevier Inc., 230 Park
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American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/June 2022

 CONTENTS continued

Authors’ response 766

Vanessa Margaret Hawkins, Alexandra K. Papadopoulou, Matthew Wong, Nikolaos Pandis,
Oyku Dalci, and Mehmet Ali Darendeliler, Sydney, Australia, and Bern, Switzerland

ETHICS IN ORTHODONTICS
Civility the extinct 768
Peter M. Greco, Philadelphia, Pa

SPECIAL ARTICLE
Temporomandibular disorders and orthodontics: What have we learned from 769
C 1992-2022?
E Sanjivan Kandasamy, Donald J. Rinchuse, Charles S. Greene, and Lysle E. Johnston, Jr, St Louis,
Mo, Midland, Western Australia, Australia, Greensburg, Penn, Chicago, Ill, and Ann Arbor, Mich

ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Biomechanical analysis of the maxillary molar intrusion: A finite element study 775
Jun Kawamura, Jae Hyun Park, Naohiko Tamaya, Jin-Hyoung Oh, and Jong-Moon Chae, Fukui and
Gifu, Japan, Mesa, Ariz, and Iksan and Seoul, South Korea

Success of infrazygomatic crest bone screws: patient age, insertion angle, sinus 783
C penetration, and terminal insertion torque
E Chris H. Chang, Jia-Hong Lin, and W. Eugene Roberts, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Indianapolis, Ind,
Loma Linda, Calif, and St Louis, Mo

Airway changes after fixed functional appliance treatment in children with and without 791
morphologic deviations of the upper spine: A 3-dimensional CBCT study
Yousef Abdalla, Stavros Kiliaridis, and Liselotte Sonnesen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Cairns,
Australia, and Bern and Geneva, Switzerland

A cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of posterior available space in both 798

C arches relative to various skeletal patterns
E Ki-Jun Kim, Jae Hyun Park, Na-Young Chang, Hye Young Seo, and Jong-Moon Chae, Iksan and
Seoul, South Korea, and Mesa, Ariz

Age dependence of the maturation of the midpalatal suture in the stability of 809
orthodontic anchoring screws
Haruna Naya-Imai, Yasuki Uchida, Mizuki Inaba, Yasuhiro Namura, Ayaka Osada,
Tasku Charleston-Coad, Yoshiki Nakamura, and Mitsuru Motoyoshi, Tokyo, Japan

Factors contributing to delay or absence of alveolar bone grafting 820

Kristin D. Pfeifauf, Danielle C. Cooper, Ella Gibson, Gary B. Skolnick, Sybill D. Naidoo,
Alison K. Snyder-Warwick, and Kamlesh B. Patel, St Louis, Mo

Factors influencing the orthodontic treatment plan in Class II malocclusion 829

C Doaa H. Alsaggaf, Ahmed R. Afify, Khalid H. Zawawi, and Fahad F. Alsulaimani, Jeddah,
E Saudi Arabia, and Mansoura, Egypt

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/June 2022

CONTENTS continued

Maxillary anterior gingiva and dentoalveolar changes after en-masse retraction 838
between thick and thin gingival biotypes
Pannapat Chanmanee and Chairat Charoemratrote, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand

Assessment of the bone thickness of the palate on cone-beam computed tomography 849
for placement of miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion appliances
Silvia Negrisoli, Fernanda Angelieri, Jo~
ao Roberto Gonçalves, Helio Doyle Pereira da Silva,

Liliana Avila Maltagliati, and Ana Carla Raphaelli Nah as-Scocate, Guarulhos and Araraquara,
S~ao Paulo and Porto Feliz, Brazil, Brazil, and Ann Arbor, Mich

Applicability of neutral electrolyzed water for cleaning contaminated fixed orthodontic e507
appliances
Yasuhiko Akama, Yuki Nagamatsu, Hiroshi Ikeda, Kayoko Nakao-Kuroishi,
Kaori Kometani-Gunjigake, Tatsuo Kawamoto, and Hiroshi Shimizu, Kitakyushu, Japan

Vertical bony step between proximal and distal segments after mandibular setback is e524
related with relapse: A cone-beam computed tomographic study
Myagmarsuren Batbold, Sung-Hoon Lim, Seo-Rin Jeong, Ji-Su Oh, Su-Jung Kim, Yoon-Ji Kim,
Jin-Hyoung Cho, Kyung-Hwa Kang, Minji Kim, Mihee Hong, Sang-Jin Sung, Young Ho Kim,
Jae Hyun Park, and Seung-Hak Baek, Gwangju, Seoul, Iksan, Daegu, and Suwon, South Korea, and
Mesa, Ariz

Evaluation of online game-based and traditional teaching methods in cephalometric e534

landmarks identifications
Zihan Zhang, Wen Liao, Xin Xiong, Rui Zhu, and Jun Wang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

The lower bow-shaped curve as a novel reference frame to determine the lateral limit of e544
the maxillary anterior arch for smile esthetics
Ye Tian, Gao Huang, Xiang Xiang, Ning Wang, Wenyu Dai, Jiajun Chen, Rui Shu, Ding Bai, and
Hui Xu, Chengdu, Beijing, and Wuhan, China

Assessment of soft-tissue vs hard-tissue changes after isolated functional genioplasty e554

Sylvain Chamberland and Noe Nataf, Quebec City and Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Effect of dimensions on function: A 2-dimensional sonographic assessment to e571

correlate facial muscle and smile type
Shreya V. Mishra, Ragni Tandon, Kamlesh Singh, and Pratik Chandra, Lucknow, India

Evaluation of WALA ridge in different facial patterns: A cone-beam computed e580

tomography study
Fernanda Guzzo Tonial, Marcos Cezar Ferreira, Janine Araki, Vinıcius de Mello Ferreira,
Marcelo da Luz Silva Lima, and Carlos Henrique Guimar~aes, Jr, Brasılia, Federal District,
Rio de Janeiro, and Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil

Perception and analysis of lip-line canting by different populations e588

Jing Lu, Di Wu, and Shengguo Wang, Chongqing, China

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/June 2022

 CONTENTS continued

DIGITAL ORTHODONTICS
Do low-cost 3-dimensional printers produce suitable dental models? 858
Ana Beatriz N. Pereira, Rhita C. Almeida, Carlo Marassi, C
atia C. Abdo Quint~
ao, and
Felipe de Assis R. Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

CASE REPORT
Orthodontic treatment of mandibular incisor agenesis with Herbst appliance in 866
a patient with Hanhart syndrome: A 12-year follow-up
Tiago Turri de Castro Ribeiro, Helena Doneux Van der Laan, Camila Massaro,
Rita de Cassia Moura Carvalho Lauris, Nancy Mizue Kokitsu-Nakata, and Adriano Porto Peixoto,
Bauru, S~ao Paulo, Brazil

CLINICIAN'S CORNER
A surgeon’s perspective on the uncorrected skeletal deformity. Part II: The role of 878
esthetic surgery for orthognathic camouflage
Saul M. Burk, Karina Charipova, Susan Orra, Patrick W. Harbour, Mark D. Mishu, and
Stephen B. Baker, Baltimore, Olney, and Rockville, Md, Washington, DC, and Columbus, Ohio

LITIGATION AND LEGISLATION

Everybody must get stoned 886
Laurance Jerrold, Woodbury, NY

STATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN

Missing data, part 1. Why missing data are a problem 888
Tra My Pham, Nikolaos Pandis, and Ian R. White, London, United Kingdom, and Bern, Switzerland

CONTINUING EDUCATION
Instructions 890

DIRECTORY: AAO OFFICERS AND ORGANIZATIONS 891

READER'S SERVICE
Information for authors—on the Internet, go to www.ajodo.org, For Authors, Author
Information

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/June 2022