CHAPTER 18 : ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT

RC in series circuit RL in series circuit RCL in series circuit

Definition A circuit with combination of resistor and A circuit with combination of resistor and A circuit with combination of resistor,
capacitor effect in series. inductor effect in series. capacitor and inductor effect in series.
Circuit

Source The alternating current across the resistor The alternating current across the resistor The alternating current across the resistor,
current, Irms and capacitor is the same because they are and inductor is the same because they are inductor and capacitor is the same because
connected in series. connected in series. they are connected in series.
I C = I R = I rms = I 0 sin t I L = I R = I rms = I 0 sin t I C = I R = I L = I rms = I 0 sin t
 I rms = I 0 sin t  I rms = I 0 sin t  I rms = I 0 sin t
Voltage across Voltage across the resistor, VR Voltage across the resistor, VR Voltage across the resistor, VR
VR = V0 sin t ( I and VR are in phase) VR = V0 sin t ( I and VR are in phase) VR = V0 sin t ( I and VR are in phase)
(resistor and Voltage across capacitor, VC Voltage across inductor, VL Voltage across capacitor, VC
capacitor)-RC
  
VC = V0 sin(t − ) VL = V0 sin(t + ) VC = V0 sin(t − )
(resistor and 2 2 2
inductor)-RL   
(VC lags I by rad.) (VL leads I by rad.) (VC lags I by rad.)
2 2 2
(resistor, Voltage across inductor, VL
capacitor and

inductor)-RCL VL = V0 sin(t + )
2

(VL leads I by rad.)
2

1
Prepared by
PN NOURUL SARAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN
 CHAPTER 18 : ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT
RC in series circuit RL in series circuit RCL in series circuit
Phase angle, From the phasor diagram, From the phasor diagram, From the phasor diagram,
 VC VL VL − VC
tan  = tan  = tan  =
VR VR VR
IX C IX L IX L − IX C
tan  = tan  = tan  =
IR IR IR
X X X − XC
tan  = C tan  = L tan  = L
R R R
X X X − XC
 = tan −1 C  = tan −1 L  = tan −1 L
R R R
I rms leads Vrms by  rad. Vrms leads I rms by  rad. Vrms leads I rms by  rad.
Phasor
diagram

Source Voltage across resistor, VR = IR . Voltage across resistor, VR = IR . Voltage across resistor, VR = IR .
voltage,
Voltage across capacitor, VC = IX C . Voltage across capacitor, VL = IX L . Voltage across capacitor, VC = IX C .
Vrms = I rms Z
From the phasor diagram above, Vrms is the From the phasor diagram above, Vrms is the Voltage across inductor, VL = IX L .
resultant between VR and VC . resultant between VR and VL . From the phasor diagram above, VL and VC is
Vrms = VR 2 + VC 2 Vrms = VR 2 + VL 2 VL − VC which is directed upwards since the
magnitude of VL is larger than VC . If VC is
Vrms = ( IR ) + ( IX C ) Vrms = ( IR ) + ( IX L )
2 2 2 2

larger than VL , then VL − VC will give

Vrms = I rms R + X C2 2
Vrms = I rms R + X L
2 2
negative value which is directed downwards.
Vrms is the resultant between VR and VL − VC .
Vrms = VR 2 + (VL − VC )
2

Vrms = ( IR ) + ( IX L − IX C )
2 2

Vrms = I rms R 2 + ( X L − X C )
2

2
Prepared by
PN NOURUL SARAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN
 CHAPTER 18 : ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT
RC in series circuit RL in series circuit RCL in series circuit
Impedance, Z By substituting Vrms = I rms R 2 + X C 2 By substituting Vrms = I rms R 2 + X L 2 By substituting Vrms = I rms R 2 + ( X L − X C )
2
V V
Z = rms = 0 Vrms Vrms Into
I rms I 0 Z= Z=
I rms I rms Vrms
Z=
I rms R 2 + X C 2 I rms R 2 + X L 2
I rms
Into Z = = R2 + X C 2 Into Z = = R2 + X L2
I rms R 2 + ( X L − X C )
2
I rms I rms
Z= = R2 + ( X L − X C )
2

Z = R + XC 2 2
Z = R + XL 2 2 I rms

 Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )
2

3
Prepared by
PN NOURUL SARAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN