1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Time is gold and priceless it won’t be back when it was pass by, living

with a time management is help to finish the work, school activities and other

valuable thing to do in daily life. Some of students failed to do their tasks in

everyday of their living because they don’t know how to manage their time.

The high performance required by competitive conditions forces

organizations and directors to use to use time effectively as early as to start from

their elementary education. The term “time management” familiar in the 1960’s

as referring a tool to help managers make better use of available time. Frederick

Winslow Taylor gave the concept to use time management for analyzing time

and motion studies of employees with aim to decrease time wasting and

unproductive work (Savino, 2016). In this competitive era, for high

performance, the organizations and directors emphasize on searching time

management tools (Kumar & Aithal, 2019). It has also been advised to start

practicing time management from the early student’s life (Valle et al. 2016).

Time management has also been defined as form of self – management with a

clear emphasis on time in understanding what activities to do; in what time

should be done and when is the correct time to the particular activity (Savino,

2016). It has also been associated with low anxiety and greater academic

achievement in students (Jenaabadi et al., 2016). The time management

behavior has three basic surfaces that are: time attitudes, long – range planning

and short – range planning (Aeon & Aguinis, 2017). Time attitude is the
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positive or negative perspective toward the present, future and past time which

has been directly linked to academic achievement, specially in scientific

subjects (Nieuwoudt, & Brickhill, 2017). The concept of handling everyday jobs

for longer period of time and keeping up with the objectives set for significant

dates is called the competence in long – range planning. Whereas, planning in

the short run for the day to a day activity planning for task within a day or week

is short - range planning. For students to better manage their time curriculum

and achieve learning objectives, these time management behaviors or skills are

argued to improve the positive academic output (Razal et al., 2018). There have

been many studies that found associated between greater academic achievement

and effective time management as students acquire strategies that helps them in

meeting competing demands (Nadinloyi et al., 2013; Kharadze, Gulua, &

David, 2017). The curriculums in higher education institutes are designed in a

way that gets to peak and troughs in the workload of student requiring them to

manage between their work – life balance, often without the support of

institution. The non – cognitive personal behavior i.e., perspective of students

regarding time management is also effective predictor of educational

achievement as with poor time management skills it gets difficult for students to

plan their studies and which causes them anxiety and igitation at the assessment

time which usually takes place at the end of the course (Scherer, Talley, & Fife,

2017). Students have previous linked negative educational results with poor

time management which could be partially self-serving bias, however, there has

been ample studies that establish this association (Nadinloyi et al.,2013;

Kharadze, Gulua, & David, 2017). There have been studies conducted on time

management and educational achievement in business students Sayari et al.

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(2017), nursing students (Nayak, 2019), management students (Gupta &

Chikara, 2018), and engineering students (Adam & Blair, 2019). However, none

have been done on radiology students.

This study aims to know the impact of time management on academic

performance of Grade 11 learners in Wigan Integrated School.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aims to determine the Impact of Time Management on Academic

Performance of Grade 11 learners at Wigan Integrated School of the Academic

Year 2021-2022

Specifically, it seeks to answers to the following questions:

1.What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age:

1.2. Sex:

1.3. First Semester Average:

2.What is the level of Time Management Skills of the respondents?

3.What are the challenges of the students towards time management?

4.Is there a relationship of student’s perception regarding time

management approach to their academic performance?

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study conducts determine the Impact of Time Management on

academic performance of Grade 11 Learners of the Academic Year 2021-2022.

Specifically, this study aimed to:

1.Determine the profile of the student in term of:

1.1. Age:

1.2 Sex:

1.3 First semester average

2. Determine the level of time management skills of the respondents.

3. Identify the challenges of the students toward time management.

4. Determine the relationship of the student’s perception regarding time

management approach to their academic performance.

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Significance of the Study

This research will conduct in Wigan Integrated School. To know the impact of

time management on academic performance of Grade 11 students. It will benefit

the following:

Students: They will improve their time management on academic performance

and enhanced their study skill.

Parents. It is also significant to the parents because it will inform them on how

do their children manage their time and what are the things that they are doing.

Teachers: This study helps the teachers know their students better so that they

may be able to provide guidance to their students.

Future Researchers: They will have on overview about this topic and to have

basis and will encourage them to conduct similar studies.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on the impact of time management of the Senior High

School learners in Wigan Integrated School 2021-2022 at Wigan, Cordon,

Isabela. It expects to gather data from the Senior High School learners of

Wigan, Integrated, School. The respondents are assigned to Grade 11. A survey

will be conduct through questionnaires that will be distribute to the respondents.

The main parameter of this study will be the impact of the time management on

academic performance: A student’s preference of the Senior High School

students.
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Definition of Terms

Time Management. The term time management familiar in 1960’s as referring

a tool to help managers make better use of available time.

Short-Range Planning. The term short-short planning is appears to encompass

a variety of items that require planning in the short range either within the day

or within the week.

Time Attitudes. The term time attitude is the positive and negative perspective

towards the present, future and past time had been directly linked to academic

achievement.

Long-Range Planning. The term long range planning is to handle everyday

jobs over a longer time perspective by keeping follow of significant dates and

setting objectives by putting adjournment.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

For this research, the IPO was used.

Input Process Output

Impact of Time Floating questionnaire, Determine the

Management on distribution of level of Time

Academic questionnaire to grade Management

Performance of 11 students of Wigan, Skills of the

Grade 11 earners. Integrated, School students.

Interviewing Variables

Profile of the students:

-Sex

-Age

-1st Semester Average

Table 1. Research Paradigm

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Hypothesis

There is no significant difference on the Impact of Time Management of the

respondents when they are group by their profile.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Related Literature

In this section of the study the international related studies will

review by the researchers to effectively prove the Impact of Time

Management in academic performance of the students. Hence, each of the

studies mentioned here include; the purpose of the study, respondents, the

mention use the result of the study.

The study by Adebayo (2015) examined the impact of time

management on students’ academic performance in higher institution in

Nigeria. Procrastination, prioritization, and planning were found to be major

indices in this paper that influenced students’ academic success in terms of

time management. The researchers used the survey method to collect data

with 200 respondents from the students of Ekiti State University and Federal

polytechnic, which were conducted using a structured questionnaire on Time

Management and Students Academic Performance (TMSAP). The study

revealed that there was significant relationship between time management

and students’ academic performance. Its make the evident that students must

make good use of their time in order to be successful in their various

assignments. All the activities being performed by students are done within

the give time frame. As a result, time management and academic

achievement are inextricably Linked.

Cyril (2015) investigated the relationship between time management

and academic achievement in higher secondary students in Natham Tuluk.

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The population for this study is 180 students, comprising a sample of 63

students from Daniel Higher Secondary School in Natham. Dindigul

District. According to the findings of the study there is a correlation between

time management and academic achievement among higher secondary

students, base on the results of the correlation analysis.

AI-Zoobi (2016) studied the impact of time management art on

academic achievement among high school students in the Hashemite

Kingdom of Jordan. The researcher gathered 200 high school students who

were surveyed using the time structure Questionnaire (TSQ). The findings of

the study concluded that there was a medium degree of static and medium

degree of dynamic significance at the level of time management according to

the high school students in Lubid City. The presence of a statistically

significant relationship between time management ability and academic

achievement among high school students revealed that there was a statistical

significance at the level (0.05) of this relationship regarding the gender

variable running on behalf of female, with no differences according to

studying hours.

In Kenya, et. al. (2016). Investigated the linked between time

management and academic achievement among the orphaned secondary

school students. The study’s sample included 300 orphans in secondary

school and seven principles. Students’ questionnaires, document analysis,

and an interview guide for head teachers were used as the research

instruments for this study. The Person Product-Moment correlation

coefficient (r=906) calculated revealed as strong positive relationship.

Between time management and academic achievement among orphaned

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secondary school students. Orphans and the Ministry of Education is general

should understand orphan’s plight and provided them with improve service,

such as trained counselors who can provide orphaned children with

appropriate counseling services.

Khanam, et. al. (2017). Studied time management skills and perceived

achievements among university students. The respondents were 79 second –

year medical students who were surveyed using the time management

Questionnaire (TMQ). According to the findings of this study, 51.90% of the

participants had moderate to low time managements skills. Participants who

received higher percent of marks (70-80%) also had a high mean score on

time management in general 24.190 of participants who received higher

percentage of marks

(70-80%) also had a high mean score on time management general .24.1%

of participants never construct a list of objectives for themselves, and 25.1%

occasionally make a schedule of the activities they have to do on work days,

and 37.9% sometimes make productive use of their time.

Adams and Blair (2019) carried out research about the impact of time

management behaviors on undergraduate engineering student’s performance.

The respondents of this study are 289 undergraduate students who were

surveyed using the Time Management Behavior Scale (TMB). The study

conducted that students perceived control of time was the factor that

correlated significantly with their cumulative grade point average. Time

management practices were shown to be non-significantly different across

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gender, age, initial qualification, and time already spend in the program on

average.

Khan, et. al. (2020) studied the effects on student’s time management on

their academic achievement in the higher education institutions of Islamabad.

The respondents of the study comprised 171 university students who were

surveyed. The findings of this study revealed that the relationship between

daily planning and academic performance is positive, but other study-related

activities have a negative influence on academic performance. This

demonstrate that spending time on other activities has a lower academic

score.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Marpa (2014) carried out research about the correlation among the

time management, study habits and academic performance of the math major

students. The respondents of this study were 52 mathematics major students

of Philippine normal university negros occidental branch, were surveyed

using the “How well do you manage your time?” developed by Markenzie

et.al. This study concluded that the level of time management of the math

major students was averaged and likewise their academic achievement was

also averaged but they establish a good habit. Result also show that there a

significant correlation between math major students time management and

study habits likewise with study habits and academic achievements in

mathematics. This result infers that time management is related to study

habits are related to academic achievement in mathematics.

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The learning styles, study habits, and academic accomplishment of

students enrolled in applied science courses at one campus of a public higher

education the Philippines were investigated in the study of Magulod (2019).

A total of 75 respondents were purposively sampled for the study, which use

a descriptive correlation research design. The research used Reid’s

Perceptual Leaning Style Preference Questionnaire, Gilbert Wrenna of

Stanford University Press as their time management.

Lorenzo, et. al. (2014) studied time management skills of Level-IV

Letran Nursing students. In light of the findings, the researchers therefore

concluded that the respondents had a time-attitudes time management skill.

The researchers also learned that the head nursing clinical performance of the

respondents was 84.70%. On the other hand, there was no significant

relationship    between the time management skill and clinical performance

of the respondents. But there was a significant relationship between the

number 3 and 5 questions of the long-term time management skill as to the

clinical performance of the respondents. Future researchers could extend

studies on adapting different time management skills and determining factors

related to the clinical performance of the students, such as academic

performance and co-curricular activities.

Academic Performance is an important component of the complex of

elements that determine success of students’ achievement. It also plays an

important part in education primarily as a tangible instrument for teaching.

Observe and evaluate the students learning process. The primary goal of this

research of Tus (2020) was to find out about the students’ study attitudes,

habits, and academic achievement. The research Senior High School

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Students’ from a Catholic school in Bulacan, Philippines, were rolled and

conducted a survey. There are a total of 130 people in the sample and SSHA

questionnaire as their measurement in time management.

In addition, Laguardor et. al (2013) conducted a research study on time

management and teaching performance among maritime and engineering

faculty members. The sample of this study is limited only to the maritime

and engineering faculty members of the Lyceum of the Philippine

University. The researchers of this study conducted a survey questionnaire as

an instrument to determine the time management practices of the maritime

and engineering faculty members in Lyceum. The result of the study showed

that the faculty members managed their time inside and outside the

classroom very satisfactorily and they always performed. The classroom

management practices during class periods with a high level of

responsibilities. Engineering and maritime faculty members managed their

time very satisfactorily inside the classroom as perceived by department

heads, and according to their personal schedule related to work as perceived

by themselves. Engineering faculty members managed their personal

schedule outside of works “really well”, whereas maritime faculty members

managed their personal schedules outside of work “satisfactorily”.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Nasrullah and khan (2015) investigated the relationship between the

time management skills and academic achievement of the students. Time

management is very important and it may actually affect individual's overall

performance and achievements. However, all of these are related by how

individuals manage their time to suit their daily living or to make it flow
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steadily with their routines. Conducive settings and environment will surely

promote positive outcomes to the students, besides having good lectures

given by their teachers. Nevertheless, students' time management can be

considered as one of the aspects that can move a student to be a good student.

A good time management is vital for students to shine. However, some of the

students do not have a good time management skill that has negatively effect

on their life and their academics. The usage of time by students in higher

education institutions are related to their daily routines and activities.

Students' time management can also affect stress level of students as they

need to cope with their tasks and their personal achievements. In this regard,

the data was collected from the students of Qurtuba University of Science

and Technology to analyze that how effectively they are managing their time

for achieving their academic standards.

Nwikina and Nwile (2015) carried out research about the Enhancing

Teachers’ Personal and Professional Time Management Effectiveness in

Nigerian School System. Inability to manage time appears to contribute to

the eventual teacher burnt and inefficiency. If they could manage their

personal and professional time in more productive manner, they would likely

be more effective, less hassled, frenetic and more content in how they solve

their problems. This paper offers some suggestions, tips and strategies in the

hope that teachers may be helped to manage their personal and professional

time. They should analyze their problems; establish priorities, identify

specific time-wasters; build reward into their schedules, develop mastery in

classroom management skills and learn to delegate responsibilities. It further

recommends that teachers should learn to manage time by starting to learning

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personal self and space organization, at their homes, offices – Effective

Management of time is effective management of life.

Saeedi, et. at. (2014) investigated the relationship between time

management and organizational effectiveness and the stress coping styles

employed by employees of sport and youth directorate of Alborz province.

This is a descriptive correlational study done through field study. The sample

includes all employees of sport and youth directorate of Alborz province, 140

employees completed the questionnaires. The measuring instruments of this

study include Macan time management scale, Hsu organizational

effectiveness scale and Endler and Parker stress coping styles. The results of

Pearson correlation coefficient tests and multiple regression showed that

there is meaningful relation between stress coping styles and time

management among male employees, however, there is no meaningful

relation between the stress coping styles and organizational effectiveness.

Furthermore, the best predictor of stress coping styles is time management.

Among female employees, there is no meaningful relation between stress

coping styles, time management and organizational effectiveness. Moreover,

time management and organizational effectiveness does not predict the stress

coping styles. Within the employees, from time management and

organizational effectiveness, targeting is meaningfully able to predict stress

coping styles.

Zhi and Mustafa (2018) conducted a research study on the nature of

time management, procrastination and prioritization that might influence

students’ academic performance in higher education institutions and

proposes a conceptual framework for service-based learning module towards

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excellent academic performance. This study identifies the constraints of time

management among students and describes the best options for their time

management. This paper is based on secondary data from several reading and

analysis of previous researches and literatures on student time management,

procrastination and prioritization. It is found that time management is highly

important to academic performance of students. Time management,

procrastination and prioritization are related to the academic performance of

students. They are strong indicators, which affect academic performance, this

study may plug in new contribution to knowledge that the theoretical

implication will contribute to fill in the lack or an insufficiency of previous

literatures about time management, procrastination and prioritization towards

academic performance at Malaysian higher educational institutions. This

practical implication of study would help the higher educational institution to

strengthen the teaching and learning process through a better time

management strategy.

Abdul Kader and Eissa (2015) investigated the effect of using time

management strategies instruction on improving first year learning disabled

students' academic time management and academic self-efficacy. A total of

60 students identified with LD participated. The sample was divided into two

groups; experimental (n= 30 boys) and control (n= 30boys). ANCOVA and T .test

were employed for data analysis. Findings from this study indicated the

effectiveness of time management strategies instruction on

improving first year learning disabled students' academic

time management and academic self-efficacy. On the basis of the findings,

the study advocated for the effectiveness of time management strategies

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instruction on improving first year learning disabled students' academic time

management and academic self-efficacy.

LOCAL STUDIES

Baniqued and Ariston (2019) conducted a research study about the

effectiveness of the pomodoro to grade 10 science students’ tine

management. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of the

Pomodoro technique in reshaping the Grade 10 science students’ time

management. This study employed an adopted questionnaire centered on

factors associated with time management and can be classified as Time

Planning, Time Attitudes, and Time Wasting. Further, utilizing the one-

group pretest-posttest research design, it was found out that POMODORO

had a significant effect on the respondents’ time planning, an enormous

impact on their time attitude, and a substantial impact on their time-wasting.

It is concluded that the POMODORO technique is a potential mechanism in

improving an observable mood that uses productivity and time management.

Madridan, et. al. (2019) examined the impact of time management in

the academic performance of the performing arts senior high school student.

The researchers used descriptive research design and the survey

questionnaire was administered to fifty (50) respondents chosen purposively.

A questionnaire was constructed to determine how time management in

academic performance affects the students. Many respondents agreed that

there are impacts of time management in their academic performance.

Students stated that being unable to pass the tasks on time was the most

important factor that affects them in terms of projects/assignments while in

extra-curricular activities, students emphasized that being tired after

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rehearsal/training made them lazy to finish their projects/assignments, and,

lastly, they cited that being not able to answer some questions on the exam

because of lack of concentration was one of the factors affecting them in

terms of examinations. The researchers gave the following conclusions and

recommendations: know how you spend your time; analyze where most of

your time is consumed; identify your most time-consuming tasks; determine

whether you are investing your time in the most important academic

activities to help you to determine a course action; set priorities. Managing

your time effectively requires a distinction between what is important and

what is urgent. While activities are both urgent, better choose the most

important task whether if it is on project/assignments extracurricular, or

examinations. Use a planning tool to improve your productivity. Examples of

personal planning tools include electronic planners, pocket diaries, calendars,

computer programs, wall charts, index cards, and notebooks for writing

down.

Olivo (2021) investigated the relationship between time management

of teachers and

its relationship to teaching performance. There were 103 elementary teachers

in a district as

respondents of the study. Since all teachers in the district were included as

respondents of the study, the complete enumeration technique was employed

as sampling technique. A time management questionnaire was developed by

the researcher based on the activities that teachers need to accomplish and

distributed with the help of the principals. The teachers indicated how many

hours they spent on a particular task on a 24-hour basis. Weighted mean was
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used in analyzing the data on time management and Pearson R for the

relationship of the time management of teachers and their teaching

performance. Findings revealed that teachers were mostly very satisfactory in

rendering their work, classroom teaching got the greatest number of time

allotment among the teachers, teachers’ time management strategies ranged

from using the internet for their needs in teaching to listing important tasks

for the day to planning before classes start and working overtime at home to

do tasks, work delegation was observed to be the least in their strategies to

manage time. Furthermore, findings in this study showed that the teaching

performance ratings of the teachers were not influenced by their time

management strategies. It could be the tendency because most teachers had

very satisfactory ratings. No one got satisfactory rating and only 12 were

outstanding. If time management was not a factor, as the relationship test

showed acceptance of null hypothesis, then the factor that determined or

predicted teaching performance should be explored. The research then

recommend that teachers should keep up with their positive teaching

performance by giving the same passion and commitment towards work,

they must continue giving most of their time in school to classroom

instruction in order to produce pupils who are imbued with right values and

knowledge and skills competence and they must embrace the challenge of

the work responsibilities inherent to being a teacher. Teachers had practiced

good time management because they allotted more time to classroom

teaching and preparations to their core tasks as teachers. An action plan was

developed to strengthen and sustain the time management strategies of

teachers.
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Peteros, et. al. (2016) studied effect of time management and self-

efficacy on math performance among high school working part-time in Cebu.

Thirty-one public high school students working part-time were studied to

find answers if there was a link between time management, self-efficacy, and

academic performance, specifically, assessing the respondents' math

performance, using the adopted survey questionnaire. The results revealed

that they performed satisfactorily in math while practicing moderate time

management and having moderate self-efficacy in the subject. There was no

significant relationship between time management and math performance;

however, self-efficacy and math performance had a significant weak positive

correlation. As a result, teachers are encouraged to create programs that

boost students' self-efficacy and time management abilities. It is strongly

suggested that time management skills are integrated into the subjects to

form and promote students' positive reactions. From the theoretical point of

view, once the competencies have been learned and practiced, students are

expected to manage, strive for, and fulfill their life objectives more

effectively.

Cuadra, et. al. (2020) carried out research about on how the students

manage their time usage to the academic performance of senior high school

students St. Gregory Collage of Valenzuela with the respondent of Grade 12

students, 10 students per section. This study applied the quantitative methods

that focus on gathering numerical data using computational and

generalization. It is across groups of people as explain a particular

phenomenon data gathering. Base on the major findings the most common

ways of students in time management is doing things in order of priority

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while the lastly time management is the reason why some student accomplish

their task on time. That’s why there’s positive relation between time

management factors such as prioritization, procrastination, socialization, and

the student’s academic performance upon the results of the data gathered by

the researchers. It was seen that most common way of students in managing

time is doings things in order of priority base on the participants. In

conclusion on the researcher found that there has been inter connection of

previous studies being conducted with present study.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will employ quantitative research design and descriptive

method in this study. This design is suitable since its aims to identify what

are the impact of academic performance on Grade 11 students in Wigan

Integrated School Year 2021- 2022. Descriptive research is a purposive

process of gathering, analyzing, classifying and tabulating data about

prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, process, tends and cause and effect

relationship and the adequate and accurate interpretation about such data or

without aid statistical treatment.

Respondents of the study

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The target respondent of this study are Grade 11 learners of Wigan

Integrated School for all School Year 2021-2022. With the total number of

69 students the 87% of 69 students that has characteristics in common that

are interest to the researchers will be the respondents of the study that means

the over all total of 60 respondents.

Simple random sampling will be used by the researchers to extract

sample from a large population. It will be randomly selected by the

researchers to represent an entire group as a whole. The table 1 shown will

explain how the respondents will explain how the researchers get their

respondents.

Grade Level/Section Total no. of students Total no. of respondents

11- Einstein 34 30

11- Newton 35 30

69 60

Table 1: Shows the total number of respondents of the study.

Data Gathering Instruments

To determine what are the impact on Grade 11 students, to their

academic performance, a checklist will be used.

The questionnaire is composed a checklist to determine the impact of

time management on the academic performance of the students.

The answer of respondents will be determined by using a five – points

Likert scale.
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Range Domain Indicator Prescription

4.01-5.00 5 Always The respondents most preferred

response.

3.01-4.00 4 Often The respondents frequently preferred

response.

2.01-3.00 3 Sometimes The respondents occasionally

preferred response.

1.01-2.00 2 Rarely The respondents less preferred

response.

0.00-1.00 1 Never The respondents least preferred

response.

Data Gathering Procedures

In gathering the needed data, the researchers followed certain steps.

After brainstorming of ideas and coming up with a research title, the

researcher looked for different literature and studies that are related to this

research. Then the researchers seek for available questionnaires that will

answer the objectives and the problem statement of this study. In order to

answer the given hypothesis floating of questionnaire will be done. It will be

followed by its retrieval, data analysis, and interpretation of data gathered.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

Data will be collected will be computed to percentage and will be

presented in tabular and graphical forms for simpler interpretation.

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1. Determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, and average,

percentage computation will be used.

2. Determine the level of time management skills of the respondents.

3. Identify the challenges of the students toward in time management.

4. Determine the relationship of student’s perception regarding time

management approach to their academic performance.