ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ECM
D.ANUDEEP NAIDU
20311A1982

Abstract

Android is a mobile operating system Android's development and release. The

used for Mobile Devices Android is based Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is
upon a modified version of the Linux
kernel . The Android corporation which
Initiated the Development of android had
been purchased by Google company on tasked with the maintenance and further
development of Android. Android has a
2005 .Google decided to extend its large community of developers writing
features then it tied up with open alliance application programs ("apps") that extend
handset , a consortium of 79 hardware, the functionality of the devices. There are
software, and telecom companies devoted currently over 200,000 apps available for
to advancing open standards for mobile Android. Android Market is the online app
devices. Google has made most of the store run by Google, though apps can be
downloaded from third-party sites (AT&T
Android platform available under the
permits third-party apps only on their Aria
Apache free-software and open source phone). Developers write primarily in the
license. The android SDK can be Java language, controlling the device via
downloaded from its official website Google-developed Java libraries. Python,
which includes virtual mobile Device, Ruby and other languages are also available
Google libraries and Tutorials . for Android development via the Android
Scripting Environment.
Introduction
Chronicle of Android
Android is a mobile operating system
initially developed by Android Inc. Android Google acquired the startup company
was bought by Google in 2005. Android is Android Inc. in 2005 to start the
based upon a modified version of the Linux development of the Android Platform The
kernel. Google and other members of the key players at Android Inc. included Andy
Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris
White.In late 2007, a group of industry
leaders came together around the Android  On 9 February 2009, Android 1.1
Platform to form the Open Handset Alliance update for Android was released for
,alliance’s goal is to innovate rapidly and T-Mobile G1 Only. Multiple
respond better to consumer needs, and its resolved issues API changes ,Maps
first key outcome was the Android Platform. adds details and reviews,Screen
Android was designed to serve the needs of timeout longer when using
mobile operators, handset manufacturers, speakerphone,"Show" & "Hide"
and application developers. The members Dialpad included in-call
have committed to release significant menu,Support for saving attachments
intellectual property through the open source frm MMS,Support for marquee in
Apache License, Version 2.0. The Android layouts
SDK was first issued as an “early look”  On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5
release in November 2007. In September (Cupcake) update for Android was
2008, T-Mobile announced the availability released. There were several new
of T-Mobile G1, the first smartphone based features and UI updates
on the Android platform. A few days after includes ,Ability to record and watch
that, Google announced the availability of videos through camcorder
Android SDK Release Candidate 1.0. In modeUploading videos to YouTube
October 2008, Google made the source code and pictures to Picasa directly from
of the Android platform available under the phone,A new soft-keyboard with
Apache’s open source license. text-prediction,Bluetooth A2DP and
AVRCP support,Ability to
Core of Android automatically connect to a Bluetooth
headset within a certain
The Android operating system software distance,New widgets and folders
stack consists of Java applications running that can populate the Home
on a Java-based, object-oriented application screens,Animated screen transitions
framework on top of Java core libraries  On 15 September 2009, the 1.6
running on a Dalvik virtual machine (Donut) SDK was released. Included
featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in the update were: An improved
in C include the surface manager, OpenCore Android Market experience,An
media framework, SQLite relational integrated camera, camcorder, and
database management system, OpenGL ES gallery interface,Gallery now enables
2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, users to select multiple photos for
SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. deletion,Updated Voice Search, with
The Android operating system consists of 12 faster response and deeper
million lines of code including 3 million integration with native applications,
lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 including the ability to dial
million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines contacts,Updated search experience
of C++. to allow searching bookmarks,
history, contacts, and the web from
Versions of Android the home screen,Updated technology
support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x,
 Android 1.0 Released 23 VPNs, and a text-to-speech
September 2008 engine,Support for WVGA screen
resolutions,Speed improvements in
 searching and camera dictionaries,Voice dialing and
applications,Gesture framework and contact sharing over
GestureBuilder development Bluetooth,Support for numeric and
tool,Google free turn-by-turn alphanumeric passwords,Support for
navigation file upload fields in the Browser
 On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 application,Support for installing
(Eclair) SDK was released. Changes applications to the expandable
include: ,Optimized hardware memory,Adobe Flash 10.1
speed,Support for more screen sizes support,Support for extra high DPI
and resolutions,Revamped UI,New screens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720
Browser UI and HTML5  On 6 December 2010, the 2.3
support,New contact lists,Better (Gingerbread) SDK was released.
contrast ratio for Changes included:Updated user
backgrounds,Improved Google Maps interface design,Support for extra-
3.1.2,Microsoft Exchange Server by large screen sizes and resolutions
Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 (WXGA and higher),]Native support
support,Built in flash support for for SIP VoIP telephony,Support for
Camera,Digital Zoom,MotionEvent WebM/VP8 video playback, and
class enhanced to track multi-touch AAC audio encoding,New audio
events,Improved virtual effects such as reverb, equalization,
keyboard,Bluetooth 2.1,Live headphone virtualization, and bass
Wallpapers boost,Support for Near Field
Communication,System-wide copy–
 On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) paste functionalities,Redesigned
SDK was released. Changes multi-touch software
included:General Android OS speed, keyboard,Enhanced support for
memory, and performance native code development,Audio,
optimizations,Additional application graphical, and input enhancements
speed improvements courtesy of JIT for game developers,Concurrent
implementation,Integration of garbage collection for increased
Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into performance,Native support for more
the Browser application,Increased sensors (such as gyroscopes and
Microsoft Exchange support barometers),A download manager
(security policies, auto-discovery, for long-running
GAL look-up, calendar downloads,Improved power
synchronization, remote management and application
wipe),Improved application launcher control,Native support for multiple
with shortcuts to Phone and Browser cameras,Switched from YAFFS to
applications,USB tethering and Wi- the ext4 filesystem
Fi hotspot functionality,Added an
option to disable data access over  On 26 January 2011, a preview of
mobile network,Updated Market the 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK was
application with batch and automatic released. Changes include:Optimized
update features[52],Quick switching tablet support with a new user
between multiple keyboard interface,Three dimensional desktop
languages and their with redesigned widgets,Refined
 multi-tasking,Browser enhancements and CPU. J2ME support can be
including tabbed web pages, form provided via third-party-applications.
auto-fill, bookmark syncing with
Features of Android  Android supports the following
audio/video/still media formats:
 The platform is adaptable to larger, WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or
VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP,
graphics library based on OpenGL AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP
ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional container), AAC, HE-AAC (in
smartphone layouts. MP4 or 3GP container), MP3,
MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG,
 SQLite, a lightweight relational PNG, GIF, BMP.
database, is used for data storage
purposes  RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS,
ISMA), HTML progressive
 Android supports connectivity download (HTML5 <video> tag).
technologies including GSM/EDGE, Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and
IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, HTTP Dynamic Streaming are
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, and supported by the Flash 10.1 plugin.
WiMAX. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is
supported by RealPlayer for Mobile
 SMS and MMS are available and planned to be supported by the
forms of messaging, including operating system in Android 3.0
threaded text messaging and now (Honeycomb). Microsoft Smooth
Android Cloud to Device Messaging Streaming is planned to be supported
Framework (C2DM) is also a part of through the awaited port of
Android Push Messaging service. Silverlight plugin to Android.

 The web browser available in  Android can use video/still cameras,

Android is based on the open-source touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers,
WebKit layout engine, coupled gyroscopes, magnetometers,
with Chrome's V8 JavaScript proximity and pressure sensors,
engine. The browser scores a thermometers, accelerated 2D bit
93/100 on the Acid3 Test. blits (with hardware orientation,
scaling, pixel format conversion) and
 While most Android applications are accelerated 3D graphics.
written in Java, there is no Java
Virtual Machine in the platform and  Includes a device emulator, tools for
Java byte code is not executed. Java debugging, memory and
classes are compiled into Dalvik performance profiling. The
executables and run on the Dalvik integrated development
virtual machine. Dalvik is a environment (IDE) is Eclipse
specialized virtual machine designed (currently 3.4 or greater) using the
specifically for Android and Android Development Tools (ADT)
optimized for battery-powered Plugin. The programming languages
mobile devices with limited memory are Java and C/C++.
  The Android Market is a catalog of  The mainstream Android version
applications that can be downloaded does not support video calling, but
and installed to Android devices some handsets have a customized
over-the-air, without the use of a PC. version of the operating system
which supports it, either via UMTS
 Android has native support for network (like the Samsung Galaxy
multi-touch which was initially S) or over IP. Video calling through
made available in handsets such as Google Talk is planned for Android
the HTC Hero. The feature was 3.0 (Honeycomb).
originally disabled at the kernel level
(possibly to avoid infringing Apple's  Android supports tethering, which
patents on touch-screen technology). allows a phone to be used as a
Google has since released an update wireless/wired hotspot. Prior to
for the Nexus One and the Motorola Android 2.2 this was supported by
Droid which enables multi-touch third-party applications or
natively. manufacturer customizations.

 Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending  Google search through Voice has

files (OPP), accessing the phone been available since initial release.
book (PBAP), voice dialing and Voice actions for calling, texting,
sending contacts between phones. navigation etc. are supported on
Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) Android 2.2 onwards
support is available through
manufacturer customizations and  Multitasking of applications is
third-party applications. Full HID available
support is planned for Android 3.0
(Honeycomb).

Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may

use any text editor to edit Java and XML
files then use command line tools (Java
Development Kit and Apache Ant are
Android SDK required) to create, build and debug Android
applications as well as control attached
The Android software development Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot,
kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of installing software package(s)
development tools. These include a remotely)Enhancements to Android's SDK
debugger, libraries, a handset emulator go hand in hand with the overall Android
(based on QEMU), documentation, sample platform development. The SDK also
code, and tutorials. Currently supported supports older versions of the Android
development platforms include computers platform in case developers wish to target
running Linux (any modern desktop Linux their applications at older devices.
distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Development tools are downloadable
Windows XP or later. The officially components, so after one has downloaded
supported integrated development the latest version and platform, older
environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.4,
platforms and tools can also be downloaded Archived from the original on 2011-
for compatibility testing. 02-23.
http://www.webcitation.org/5wiw1J
Android applications are packaged in .apk Xa2. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
format and stored under /data/app folder on 6. ^ "Philosophy and Goals".
the Android OS (the folder is accessible to source.android.com. Google Inc.
root user only for security reasons). APK 2011. Archived from the original on
package contains .dex files (compiled byte 2011-02-23.
code files called Dalvik executable), http://www.webcitation.org/5wiy036
resource files, etc. ap. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
7. ^ "Google Buys Android for Its
Conclusion Mobile Arsenal".
Businessweek.com. 2005-08-17.
Android is open to all industry http://www.businessweek.com/techn
developers and users and participating in ology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_
many of the open source projects. Aim is to 0949_tc024.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-
be as build for as the web. Google android is 29.
next stepping level of mobile internet. if you 8. ^ a b c d Open Handset Alliance
are appearing for a hard-line phone (2007-11-05). "Industry Leaders
palletized with features and enthusiastic web Announce Open Platform for Mobile
cropping then this could be the phone for Devices". Press release.
you earlier reports from analysts at Gartner http://www.openhandsetalliance.com
who forecasted that Android would become /press_110507.html. Retrieved 2007-
the number one operating system in the U.S. 11-05.
by the end of 2010 and could steal the 9. ^ Open Handset Alliance. "Open
number one spot from Symbian in global Handset Alliance - FAQ". Press
market share by 2014. release.
http://www.openhandsetalliance.com
/oha_faq.html. Retrieved 2010-11-
References 15.
10. ^ "About the Android Open Source
1. ^ Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). Project".
"The Programming Languages http://source.android.com/about/inde
Beacon, v10.0". x.html. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/imp 11. ^ a b Tarmo Virki and Sinead Carew.
lementations.html. Retrieved 2010- "Google topples Symbian from
01-05. smartphones top spot". Reuters.
2. ^ a b Asad, Taimur (24 February http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/
2011). "Google Releases Android 31/oukin-uk-google-nokia-
3.0". Tom's Guide. idUKTRE70U1YT20110131.
3. ^ http://www.android-x86.org/ Retrieved 1 February 2011.
4. ^ "Licenses". Android Open Source 12. ^ "Google's Android becomes the
Project. Open Handset Alliance. world's leading smart phone platform
http://source.android.com/source/lice (Canalys research release:
nses.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10. r2011013)". Canalys. 31 January
5. ^ "Google Projects for Android". 2011.
code.google.com. Google Inc. 2011.
 http://www.canalys.com/pr/2011/r20
11013.html. Retrieved 1 February
2011.
13. ^ Lynnette Luna (9 March 2011).
"Android now dominates mobile OS
market and it may lean in malware
too". fiercemobileit.com.
http://www.fiercemobileit.com/story/
android-now-dominates-mobile-os-
market-and-it-may-lead-malware-
too/2011-03-09. Retrieved 9 March
2011.
14. ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile
Device Sales to End Users Reached
1.6 Billion Units in 2010;
Smartphone Sales Grew 72 Percent
in 2010". Gartner. 9 Feb 2011.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?
id=1543014. Retrieved 15 Feb 2011.
15. ^ Andrew Kameka (15 February
2011). "Android has 150k apps, 350k
daily activations, and more notes
from Eric Schmidt’s MWC keynote".
Androinica.com.
http://androinica.com/2011/02/15/an
droid-has-150k-apps-350k-daily-
activations-and-more-notes-from-
eric-schmidts-mwc-keynote/.
Retrieved 4 March 2011.
16. ^ "Android Stats". 3 Mar 2011.
http://www.androlib.com/appstats.as
px. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
17. ^ Shankland, Stephen (12 November
2007). "Google's Android parts ways
with Java industry group". CNET
News. http://www.news.com/8301-
13580_3-9815495-39.html.
18. ^ "Open Handset Alliance". Open
Handset Alliance.