Department of Chemical Engineering

Heat Transfer Lab

ChE-322 Manual

Instructor:
Eng. Najem Alarwan

STUDENT NAME:

STUDENT NUMBER:

SEMESTER / YEAR:
 Table of Contents
Safety Rules and Regulations ...................................................................................................................3
Grading Criteria .............................................................................................................................................4

Instructions for students ...........................................................................................................................4

EXPERIMENT #01: STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION ............................... 5

EXPERIMENT #02: DETERMINATION OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS.......................................................................... 12

EXPERIMENT #03 & #04:FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION ON FIN /TUBE BUNDLE
HEATER ......................................................................................................................................................... 18

EXPERIMENT #05:COMBINED NATURAL CONVECTION AND RADIATION HEAT

TRANSFER .................................................................................................................................................... 23

EXPERIMENT #06:COMBINED FORCED CONVECTION AND RADIATION HEAT

TRANSFER .................................................................................................................................................... 29

EXPERIMENT #07:STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGER (1) ............ 35

EXPERIMENT #08:STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGER (2) ............ 41

EXPERIMENT #09:STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGER (3) ............ 44

EXPERIMENT #10:FILM AND DROP WISE CONDENSATION ................................................... 47

EXPERIMENT #11:NUCLEATE BOILING .......................................................................................... 51

1
Safety Rules and Regulations

 Safety is for your health. Good lab techniques coupled with safety is not a mark of
professional pride but also enables you to avoid accidents.
 Laboratory safety is the top priority and applicable to all personnel working
including lab staff and, ensure to be observing safe practices at all times.
 Make sure you understand how the experimental apparatus works and do all of the
adjustments before you attempt to operate it
 The written approval of the instructor is required for anyone to be in the laboratory
after hours, or on non-scheduled laboratory days.
 Only the equipment pertaining to the assigned experiment is to be operated.
 Horseplay of any sort is absolutely prohibited in the laboratory.
 Smoking and open flames are prohibited in the laboratory.
 No operating equipment will be left unattended. At least two members of the group
must be present while the equipment is operating.
 Food and drink are forbidden in laboratories.
 Avoid unnecessary fluid leakage, waste of water, or waste of energy
 Avoid inhalation of gases and vapors of any kind
 Care must be used in the handling of chemicals to avoid spills and to avoid contact
with the skin.
 Practice housekeeping; remove any trash, waste, spillage of water.
 Before leaving the lab, ensure the chemical are returned to proper cabinet,
glassware being washed and equipment properly shut-down.

2
Grading Criteria

Quizzes ........................................... 20 % marks

Report + Presentation..................... 40% marks

Oral Examination ............................ 40 %marks

Instructions for students

Students are required to complete practical from the list provided.

Ensure that you read through each experiment prior to commencement and discuss with the
laboratory supervisor.

Laboratory reports must be written following the completion of each experiment and handed to the
laboratory supervisor next week after the experiment performed.

3
 EXPERIMENT #01 (HT-01)
STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
OBJECTIVE:

1. To measure the temperature distribution for steady state heat transfer by conduction
through a uniform plane wall and demonstrate the effect of a change in heat flow.
2. To understand the use of the Fourier rate equation in determining rate of heat flow
for one-dimensional steady flow of heat.
3. To demonstrate the effect of contact resistance on thermal conduction between
adjacent materials.
4. To demonstrate that temperature gradient is inversely proportional to the cross-
sectional area for one-dimensional flow of heat in a solid material of constant thermal
conductivity.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by microscopic diffusion and collisions of particles
or quasi-particles within a body due to a temperature gradient. The process of heat transfer
by conduction can be described by the Fourier’s law. If a plane wall of thickness X and area
of A supports a temperature difference T then the heat transfer rate per unit time (Q) by
conduction through the wall is found to be
∆T ∆T
Qtot ∝ A = −kA …(1)

∆X ∆X

The cross-sectional area of cylinder is formulated as follows

GD2
A= …(2)
4

While heat transfer per unit time can also be expressed as

Qtot = VI …(3)

When two surfaces are not metallurgically bonded together, they will create a resistance to
heat flow. The reason for this resistance is related to the face that due to surface roughness,
contact takes place at a limited number of spots. The voids are filled with air or the
surrounding fluid, which obviously has conductivity smaller by orders of magnitude.

4
DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Linear Conduction Heat Transfer Unit

The linear conduction unit has two main units HT10XC which is basically heat transfer service
unit and HT11C which is compatible Linear Head Conduction Accessory. The heat transfer
service unit HT10XC has main switch (14) to turn on or off the system. The heat load is
controlled using voltage potentiometer (15). The cooling water flow rate can be adjusted
using auxiliary control knob (3). All measurements including voltage, current, cooling water
flowrate, etc can be read manually trough two digital panels (16) using two selector knobs (1
and 2) accordingly.

Meanwhile, HT11C has metal specimens covered with insulator. The hot portion (9) is at the
top next to the heater, while the cold portion (8) is placed at the bottom next to cooling water
circulation. Both portions are clamped (5) to have a better contact. Cooling water is

5
introduced and pumped (11) through inlet tube (12) and leaves the system through outlet
tube (13). The intermediate portion (7) can be changed with different type of metals such as
stainless steel and aluminium (4) for example. The thermocouples (8) are installed at certain
distance starting from the top portion to the bottom one.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Experiment 1: Temperature Distribution for Steady State Heat Transfer by Conduction.

1. Clamp the heated and cooled section of the HT11C together with having brass in the
middle section.
2. Switch on the front mains switch and check that the panel displays on the service unit
must be illuminated.
3. Turn on the cooling water and adjust the flow control valve to give approximately 1.5
L/min. (If using computer the flow rate can be controlled using the control box the
software diagram window).
4. Set the heater voltage at 9 V (if using the computer, enter the voltage in the display box
for the heater).
5. Allow the HT14C to stabilize and monitor the temperature of the cylinder using the
software display or using the lower selector switch.
6. Take all measurement for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, V, I and Tw.
7. Do the same procedure for 12 V, 17 V and 21 V. (for 12 V and 17 V, do also experiment 2)

Experiment 2: Effect of Contact Resistance on Thermal Conduction

1. After doing the above experiment for the voltage of 12 V, unclamp the heated,
intermediate and cooled section.
2. Allow the HT14C to stabilize and monitor the temperature of the cylinder using the
software display or using the lower selector switch
3. Take all measurement for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, V, I and Tw
4. Repeat this experiment for voltage of 17 V.

Experiment 3: Effect of Cross-Sectional Area on Thermal Conduction

1. Turn off the main switch and cooling water

2. Replace the intermediate brass section with other intermediate brass section but with
smaller diameter.
3. Turn on the cooling water and adjust the flow control valve to give approximately 1.5
L/min. (If using computer the flow rate can be controlled using the control box the
software diagram window).
4. Set the heater voltage at 12 V (if using the computer, enter the voltage in the display box
for the heater).
5. Allow the HT14C to stabilize and monitor the temperature of the cylinder using the
software display or using the lower selector switch.
6. Take all measurement for T1, T2, T3, T6, T7, T8, V, I and Tw.
7. Do the same procedure for 17 V.

REFERENCES

Computer Compatible Linear Heat Conduction, 2011, Experiment Instructions, ARMFIELD

6
NOTATION

A : Cross Sectional Area, m2

D : Outside diameter, m
V : Voltage to heating element, V
I : Current to heating element, A
X : Wall thickness, m
Q : Electrical power to heating element, W
Thotface : Temperature at hot interface, oC
Tcoldface : Temperature at cold interface, oC
T1 : Measured Temperature, oC
T : Temperature difference, oC
Fw : Flow of cooling water, l/min
U : Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.oC
R : Resistance to heat flow, m2.oC/W
k : Thermal conductivity, W/m. oC
Grad : Temperature gradient, W/m.oC
t : Time, secs
FW : Volumetric Flowrate of cooling water, L/min

7
 WORK SHEETS

Experiment 1:
FW = 1.5 L/min

V (volt) I (A) T1 (oC) T2 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T5 (oC) T6 (oC) T7 (oC) T8 (oC)
9
12
17
21

The following constants are applicable for experiment 1 and 2:

Distance between each thermocouple, m 0.015

Distance between T3, T4, T5, or T6 to the end face, m 0.015
Diameter of bar, m 0.25

After filling out the above table, do the following analysis

Cross sectional area, m2

Distance of T1 – T3 (X13) , m
Distance of T4 – T5 (X45) , m
Distance of T6 – T8 (X68) , m

Voltage, V 9 12 17 21
Heat flow (power to heater), W Q = VI
Temperature difference in heated ∆Thot = T1 − T3
section, oC
Conductivity in heated section, W/m oC X13Q
khot =
∆ThotA
Temperature difference in intermediate ∆Tint = T4 − T5
section, oC
Conductivity in intermediate section, X45Q
kint =
W/m oC ∆TintA
Temperature difference in cooled ∆TcoSd = T6 − T8
section, oC
Conductivity in cooled section, W/m oC X68Q
kcoSd =
∆TcoSdA

a. Compare the changes in temperature in the two sections (heated and cooled section) at
the same heat flow and at different heat flows.
b. Plot a graph of temperature against position along the bar and observe the temperature
profile.
c. Compare the calculated conductivity in the three sections (heated, intermediate and
cooled section) at the same heat flow and at different heat flows.

8
 Experiment 2
FW = 1.5 L/min

V (volt) I (A) T1 (oC) T2 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T5 (oC) T6 (oC) T7 (oC) T8 (oC)
12
17

a. Plot a graph of temperature against position along the bar and observe the temperature
profile.
b. Compare the plot of temperature against position along the bar for experiment 1 and
experiment 2

Experiment 3:
FW = 1.5 L/min

V (volt) I (A) T1 (oC) T2 (oC) T3 (oC) T6 (oC) T7 (oC) T8 (oC)

12
17

The following constants are applicable for experiment 3:

Distance between each thermocouple 0.015

Distance between T3 or T6 to the end face 0.0075
Distance between hot face to cold face 0.030
Diameter of bar (Dhot), m 0.25
Diameter of bar (Dred), m 0.13
Diameter of bar (Dcold), m 0.25
Brass conductivity (use result from experiment 1)

After filling out the above table, do the following analysis

Cross sectional area, m2

Cross sectional of reduced area, m2
Distance of T1 – T3 (X13) , m
Distance of hotface – coldface (Xred) , m
Distance of T6 – T8 (X68) , m

Voltage, V 12 17
Heat flow (power to heater), W Q = VI
Temperature difference in heated section, oC ∆Thot = T1 − T3
Temperature gradient in heated section, oC/m ∆Thot
Grad hot =
X13
Temperature at hot-face of reduced section, oC T2 − T3
Thotface = T3 −
2
Temperature at cold-face of reduced section, oC T6 − T7
TcoSdface = T6 +
2
10
Temperature difference in reduced section, oC ∆Tred = Thotface − TcoSdface
∆Tred
Temperature gradient in reduced section, oC/m Gradred =
Xred
Temperature difference in cooled section, oC ∆TcoSd = T6 − T8
Temperature gradient in cooled section, oC/m ∆TcoSd
Grad coSd =
X68
Ratio of temperature gradients Gradred
Gradhot
Ratio of cross sections Ared
Ahot

Plot a graph of temperature against position along the bar.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is conduction heat transfer?
2. How does conduction differ from other type of heat transfer?
3. Explain why there is resistance to heat flow between two surfaces which are not
metallurgically bonded?

11
 EXPERIMENT #02 (HT-02)
DETERMINATION OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
OBJECTIVE:

1. To measure the temperature distribution for steady-state conduction of energy

through a composite plane wall and determine its overall heat transfer coefficient.
2. To determine the thermal conductivity k (the constant of proportionality) of a metal
specimen.
3. To understand the application of poor conductors (insulators), and determine the
thermal conductivity k of an insulator.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

The heated, intermediate, and cooled sections are clamped tightly together, so that the
end-faces are in good thermal contact.

Figure 1. Schematic Temperature Distribution in a Composite Plane Wall

For continuity,the steady heat flow through the successive sections must be the same so
Fourier’s law can be applied to the three sections as follows:
Qtot
=
kMot∆TMot
=
kint ∆Tint
=
kcold∆Tcold …(1)

A ∆XMot ∆Xint ∆Xcold

From which it follows:

Qtot
= U(T1 − T8) …(2)
A

While overall heat transfer coefficient U is defined as follows

1
=R=
∆XMot
+
∆Xint
+
∆Xcold …(3)
U kMot kint kcold

R is the resistance to heat flow.

Using equation (1), we can also determine the conductivity (k) for specific metals for
example for intermediate part.

12
k=
Qtot∆Xint
=
Qtot∆Xint …(4)

Aint∆Tint Aint(TMot—†ace–Tcold—†ace)

13
By replacing the intermediate part with insulator such as paper or cork, we can use
equation 4 to calculate the conductivity of such insulators.

k=
Qtot∆Xins
=
Qtot ∆Xins …(5)

Ains∆Tins Ains(Thot—face–Tcold—face )

Where
T2–T3
Thot–face = T3 − …(6)
2

T6–T7
Tcold–face = T6 − …(7)
2

DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 2. Linear Conduction Heat Transfer Unit

14
The linear conduction unit has two main units HT10XC which is basically heat transfer
service unit and HT11C which is compatible Linear Head Conduction Accessory. The heat
transfer service unit HT10XC has main switch (14) to turn on or off the system. The heat
load is controlled using voltage potentiometer (15). The cooling water flow rate can be
adjusted using auxiliary control knob (3). All measurements including voltage, current,
cooling water flowrate, etc can be read manually trough two digital panels (16) using two
selector knobs (1 and 2) accordingly.

Meanwhile, HT11C has metal specimens covered with insulator. The hot portion (9) is at
the top next to the heater, while the cold portion (8) is placed at the bottom next to cooling
water circulation. Both portions are clamped (5) to have a better contact. Cooling water
is introduced and pumped (11) through inlet tube (12) and leaves the system through
outlet tube (13). The intermediate portion (7) can be changed with different type of
metals such as stainless steel and aluminium (4) for example. The thermocouples (8) are
installed at certain distance starting from the top portion to the bottom one.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Experiment 1: Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

8. Clamp the heated and cooled section of the HT11C together with having aluminium in
the middle section.
9. Switch on the front mains switch and check that the panel displays on the service unit
must be illuminated.
10. Turn on the cooling water and adjust the flow control valve to give approximately 1.5
L/min. (If using computer the flow rate can be controlled using the control box the
software diagram window).
11. Set the heater voltage at 12 V (if using the computer, enter the voltage in the display
box for the heater).
12. Allow the HT14C to stabilize and monitor the temperature of the cylinder using the
software display or using the lower selector switch.
13. Take all measurement for T1, T2, T3, , T6, T7, T8, V, I and Tw.
14. Do the same procedure for 17 V.

Experiment 2: Effect of Contact Resistance on Thermal Conduction

1. Clamp the heated and cooled section of the HT11C together with having paper in the
middle section.
2. Switch on the front mains switch and check that the panel displays on the service unit
must be illuminated.
3. Turn on the cooling water and adjust the flow control valve to give approximately 1.5
L/min. (If using computer the flow rate can be controlled using the control box the
software diagram window).
4. Set the heater voltage at 1.5 V (if using the computer, enter the voltage in the display
box for the heater).
5. Allow the HT14C to stabilize and monitor the temperature of the cylinder using the
software display or using the lower selector switch. 12
6. Take all measurement for T1, T2, T3, , T6, T7, T8, V, I and Tw.
7. Do the same procedure for 2 V.

15
REFERENCES

Computer Compatible Linear Heat Conduction, 2011, Experiment Instructions,

ARMFIELD

NOTATION

A : Cross Sectional Area, m2

D : Outside diameter, m
V : Voltage to heating element, V
I : Current to heating element, A
X : Wall thickness, m
Q : Electrical power to heating element, W
Thot-face : Temperature at hot interface, oC
Tcold-face : Temperature at cold interface, oC
T1 : Measured Temperature, oC
T : Temperature difference, oC
Fw : Flow of cooling water, l/min
U : Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.oC
R : Resistance to heat flow, m2.oC/W
k : Thermal conductivity, W/m.oC
Grad : Temperature gradient, W/m.oC
t : Time, secs
FW : Volumetric flowrate of cooling water, L/min

16
 WORK SHEETS

Experiment 1
FW = 1.5 L/min

V I (A) T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8
(volt) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
12
17

The following constants are applicable for experiment

Distance between each thermocouple 0.015

Distance between T3 or T6 to the end face 0.0075
Distance between hot face to cold face 0.030
Diameter of bar (Dhot), m 0.25
K hot (use result from conduction -1)
K cold(use result from conduction -1)

After filling out the above table, do the following analysis:

Cross sectional area, m2

Cross sectional of reduced area, m2
Distance of T1 – T3 (X13) , m
Distance of hotface – coldface (Xred) , m
Distance of T6 – T8 (X68) , m

Voltage, V 12 17
Heat flow (power to heater), W Q = VI
Temperature difference in ∆Tint = T4 − T5
intermediate section, oC
Conductivity in intermediate section, X45Q
kint =
W/m oC ∆TintA
Temperature difference across ∆T18 = T1 − T8
composite wall, oC
Resistance to heat flow, m oC /W ∆Xhot ∆Xint ∆XcoSd
R= k + k + k
hot int coSd
Overall heat transfer coefficient, Qtot
U=
W/m oC A(T1 − T8)

c. Plot a graph of temperature against position along the bar and observe the
temperature profile.
d. Compare the two valued obtained for the overall heat transfer coefficient U and
U=1/R and comment on any difference in the values obtained. 14

17
 Experiment 2:
FW = 1.5 L/min

V I (A) T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8
(volt) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
1.5
2

The following constants are applicable for experiment 3:

Distance between each thermocouple 0.015

Distance between T3 or T6 to the end face 0.0075
Diameter of insulator (D), m 0.25
Brass conductivity (use result from experiment
1)

After filling out the above table, do the following analysis

Cross sectional area, m2

Cross sectional of reduced area, m2
Distance of T1 – T3 (X13) , m
Distance of hotface – coldface (Xred) , m
Distance of T6 – T8 (X68) , m

Voltage, V 1.5 2
Heat flow (power to heater), W Q = VI
Temperature at hot-face of insulator, oC T2 − T3
Thotface = T3 −
2
Temperature at cold-face of insulator, oC T6 − T7
TcoSdface = T6 +
2
Temperature difference at insulator, oC ∆Tinc = Thotface − TcoSdface
Conductivity in intermediate section, W/m oC X45Q
kint =
∆TintA

a. Plot a graph of temperature against position along the bar.

b. Comment on the above calculated results.

Answer the following questions:

4. What is the effect of insulator?
5. What is the difference between insulator and conductor?

18
 EXPERIMENT #03 and #04 (HT-03 and HT-04)
FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION ON FIN /TUBE BUNDLE HEATER
OBJECTIVE

1. To study the effect of surface temperature and air velocity on the heat transfer in
fin/tube bundle.
2. To investigate the effect of the shape of the heater on heat transfer.
3. To calculate heater efficiency.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

The field of heat transfer in industry and technology is a wide one. Machines that produce
heat by converting energy are used in many fields. Whether this heat is dissipated as
waste heat or re-used in not important in heat transfer. What is important here are the
mechanisms that allow this form of energy to be transported. The temperature is directly
related to the amount of stored heat of a matter. Heat can be transferred through a variety
of different mechanisms such as radiation, conduction and convection.

In this experiment, fin is used to enhance heat transfer from the heater block to the
surrounding air. Fin is one of extended surface that is also commonly used in the industry.
In many cases, fin will be effective if the surrounding medium has low conductive heat
transfer coefficient i.e. gases (not liquid). In addition, fin must also be closely spaced, thin
and short.

Convection is a heat transfer because the fluid particles movement. Therefore heat
transfer by convection is mainly determined by the fluid velocity. There are two types of
convection i.e. free convection and forced convection. In free convection, the heater
element releases its heat to the air. The heated air flows upwards through the resulting
difference in density. In forced convection, the flow is made possible by an outside
technical device, such as a fan. The quicker transport of the fluid causes a higher
temperature gradient from the warm surface to the fluid and thus a better heat transfer.

The heat transfer can be calculated as follows

Q˙ = N˙ Cp (T2 − T1 ) …(1)

While the air mass flow rate m is

N˙ = vAd q …(2)

Density of air can be found in Appendix.

Another approach to calculate the heat transfer is

Q˙ = ℎAh(T4 − T1) …(3)

And heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as follows

N˙ cp (T2 –T1 )
ℎ= = ƒ(Nu) …(4)
Æh(T4–T1)

DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

19
 Figure 1. Free and Force Convection Unit

The unit consists of mainly the air duct (1) with a flow cross-section of 120 mm x 120 mm
and with a length of 1m. It has measuring glands (2) which allow it to detect the
temperature at different points by inserting a thermocouple (3). In addition, flow sensor
(4) is also available to record the entry velocity of the air. Temperature sensor (Pt100
element) (5,6) will record the inlet and outlet air temperatures. Different type of heater
(7) can be inserted into the duct and each heater is operated via four heating resistors
with a maximum total output of approximately 170 W. Both power supply and air flow
rate can be easily control using the control and display unit (8). It also displays all
parameters being measured in the experiments.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Effect of Heater Temperature on Heat Transfer

1. Install fin/tube bundle heater block as shown in figure 1.

2. Turn on the heater and set the heater power to 100 W.
3. Record all temperatures when it reaches steady state (approximately 30 min).
4. Repeat step 3 for heater power of 125 W and 150 W.

Effect of Air Flow Velocity on Heat Transfer

1. Keep the heater power at 150 W, turn on the fan, and set the air flow rate at 0.5
m/s.
2. Record all temperatures when it reaches steady state (approximately 30 min).
3. Repeat step 2 for air flow rate of 1.5 m/s and 2.5 m/s.

REFERENCES

20
Free and Forced Convection Unit, 2011, Experiment Instructions, GUNT

NOTATION

Ad : Cross Sectional Area of The Air Duct, m2

Ah : Surface Area of the heater, m2
Cp : Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg.K
T : Temperature Gradient, K
h : Heat Transfer Coefficient of The Heater,
W/m2.K
m : Mass flow rate of air, kg/s
Q : Heat load, W
T1 : Air Inlet Temperature, oC
T2 : Air Outlet Temperature, oC
T4 : Average Surface Temperature, oC
Nu : Nusselt Number
v : Air velocity, m/s
 : Air Density, kg/m3

Appendix
Technical Data
Air Duct Cross Section : 0.0144 m2
Pipe Bunddle Area : 0.098 m2
Fins Area : 0.14 m2

Physical Properties of Air at P= 1 Bar

WORK SHEETS

20
Heater Type : Fin/Tube bundle
Type of Experiment : Evaluation of the effect of temperature
Parameter : Electrical Power

Measuring point-measured values Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4

Electrical Power (P), W 100 125 150
Air Flow Velocity (v), m/s
Inlet Temperature (T1), OC
Outlet Temperature (T2), OC
Heating Element Temperature
(T4),OC
T4-1
T4-2
T4-3
T4-4
T4-5
T4-6

After Filling out the above table, calculate the value as listed below:

Values for Calculation Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Temperature Difference (T2-T1)
Temperature Difference (T4-T1)
Air Density
Specific Thermal Capacity
Thermal Energy
Heater Suface
Heat Transfer Coef.
Nusselt Number
Heating surface load
Efficiency

21
Heater type : Fin/Tube Bundle
Type of Experiment : Evaluation of the effect of air velocity
Parameter : Air velocity

Measuring point-measured values Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Electrical Power (P), W 150 150 150
Air Flow Velocity (v), m/s 0.5 1.5 2.5
Inlet Temperature (T1), OC
Outlet Temperature (T2), OC
Heating Element Temperature
(T4),OC
T4-1
T4-2
T4-3
T4-4
T4-5
T4-6

After Filling out the above table, calculate the value as listed below:

Values for Calculation Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Temperature Difference (T2-T1)
Temperature Difference (T4-T1)
Air Density
Specific Thermal Capacity
Thermal Energy
Heater Suface
Heat Transfer Coef.
Nusselt Number
Heating surface load
Efficiency

Answer the following question:

a. What is convection?
b. What are the parameters that can affect heat transfer by convection?

22
 EXPERIMENT #05 (HT-05)
COMBINED NATURAL CONVECTION AND RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
OBJECTIVE:

1. To determine the combined heat transfer (Qradiation + Qconvection) from a horizontal cylinder
in natural convection over a wide range of power inputs and corresponding surface
temperatures also to demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface
temperature in free convection.
2. To compare the contribution of heat transfer by convection with heat transfer by
radiation and from the measurements to show the domination of the convective heat
transfer coefficient Hc at low surface temperatures and the domination of the radiation
heat transfer coefficient Hr at high surface temperatures.
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

In general, convection is a heat transfer mechanism in which the heat is transported due
to the fluid motion. When the fluid motion is not generated by any external source (like
a pump, fan, suction device, etc.), it is called natural convection. In this case, fluid
surrounding a heat source receives heat, becomes less dense and rises. The surrounding,
cooler fluid then moves to replace it. This cooler fluid is then heated and the process
continues forming convection current. Compared to heat transfer by convection, that by
thermal radiation requires no material. Radiation maybe viewed as a propagation of
electromagnetic waves. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits
thermal radiation.

If a surface, at a temperature above ambient temperature, is located in stationary air then

heat will be transferred from the surface to the air. This transfer of heat will be a
combination of natural convection and radiation.

Total heat loss due to combined heat transfer by convection and radiation can be
expressed as follows:

Qtot = Qc + Qr …(1)

Where heat loss contributed by natural convection is formulated as follows

Qc = HcAs(Ts − Ta) …(2)

while that contributed by radiation is formulated as follows

Qr = Hr As(T s − Ta ) …(3)

Surface area is equal to

As = GDL …(4)

The average heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is expressed as follows
kNu
Hc=
D
…(5)

23
Nusselt number for the above free convection:

Nu = cRan …(6)

Where c and n can be found from the table provided in the appendix.
gQ(Ts–T a)D3
Ra = …(7)
Ua

With

Q = Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient. ,  = Thermal Diffusivity, and  =

Kinematic Viscosity …(8)

Physical properties should be evaluated at average temperature.

Alternatively, conductive heat transfer coefficient can also be calculated using the
following relation
–Ta
H c = 1. 32 (Ts ) …(9)
D

The value of Hc should be calculated using both the original and simplified equations and
the values compared. Radiative heat transfer coefficient is calculated as follows
4 4
–Ta
H = o£F Ts …(10)
r
Ts–Ta

24
DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Combined Convection and Radiation Unit

The combined convection and radiation heat transfer unit consists of two main units
HT14C (13) and HT10XC (14) which is basically a service unit with main switch (5) to
turn on the whole system. The cylindrical heater (8) is placed on top of the duct (9). The
temperature at different angular position can be measure by releasing the screw (7) and
rotate the thermocouple (6). The air flow can be introduced into the duct using the fan
(11) whose flow rate can be controlled using auxiliary control knob (2). The temperature
of heater can be adjusted using potentiometer (4). The measurement of different

25
parameter such as temperature, voltage, current, air flow rate, etc can be read from two
digital panels (12) by changing selector switch (1 and 3) accordingly.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

15. Switch on the front mains switch.

16. Set the heater voltage to 3 volts. If using the software, adjust the voltage using control
box on the software screen.
17. Allow the HT14C to stabilize and monitor the temperature of the cylinder as indicated
by thermocouple T10 using the software display or using the lower selector switch.
18. After T10 stabilizes, take all measurement for T9, T10, V and I.
19. Set the heater at 6 volts
20. If T10 stabilizes, take all measurement for T9, T10, V, and I
21. Do the same procedure for 9 V, 12 V, 16 V and 20 V.

REFERENCES

Computer Compatible Combined Convection and Radiation, 2010, Experiment

Instructions, ARMFIELD

NOTATION

Ad : Cross Sectional Area of The Air Duct, m2

Ah : Surface Area of the heater, m2
Cp : Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg.K
T : Temperature Gradient, K
h : Heat Transfer Coefficient of The Heater,
W/m2.K
m : Mass flow rate of air, kg/s
Q : Heat load, W
T1 : Air Inlet Temperature, oC
T2 : Air Outlet Temperature, oC
T4 : Average Surface Temperature, oC
Nu : Nusselt Number
v : Air velocity, m/s
 : Air Density, kg/m3
 : Stefan Boltzmann constant, W/m2K
 : Emmissivity of cylinder

26
Appendix
Technical Data
Diameter of cylinder : 0.01 m
Length of cylinder : 0.07 m
 : 0.95
 : 56.7 x 10-9 W/m2K4

Table 1. Physical Properties of Air at P= 1 Bar

Table 2. Coefficients for Rayleigh Number

Ra c n
10-9 to 10-2 0.675 0.058
10-2 to 102 1.02 0.148
102 to 104 0.85 0.188
104 to 107 0.48 0.25
107 TO 1012 0.125 0.333

27
 WORK SHEETS

V (volt) I (A) T9 = Ta , (oC) T10 = Ts , (oC)

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

Answer the following questions?

a. What is the difference between convection and radiation?
b. What is the cause of air movement during natural convection?

28
 EXPERIMENT #06 (HT-06)
COMBINED FORCED CONVECTION AND RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
OBJECTIVE

1. To determine the effect of forced convection on heat transfer from the surface of
cylinder at varying air velocities and surface temperatures.
2. To demonstrate the relationship between air velocity and surface temperature for a
cylinder subjected to forced convection.
3. To demonstrate that the local heat transfer coefficient varies around the
circumference of a horizontal cylinder when subjected

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

As mentioned in previous experiment that convection is a heat transfer mechanism in

which the heat is transported due to the fluid motion. When the fluid motion is generated
by any external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.), it is called forced
convection.

If a surface, at a temperature above ambient temperature, is located in flowing air then

heat will be transferred from the surface to the air. This transfer of heat will be a
combination of forced convection and radiation. Total heat loss due to combined heat
transfer by convection and radiation can be expressed as follows:

Qtot = Q† + Qr …(1)

Where heat loss contributed by forced convection is formulated as follows

Q† = H†As (Ts − Ta) …(2)

While that contributed by radiation is formulated as follows

Qr = Hr As(T s − Ta ) …(3)

Surface area is equal to

As = GDL …(4)

The average heat transfer coefficient for forced convection is expressed as follows
kNu
H†=
D
…(5)

Nusselt number for the above forced convection is expressed as follows

N = 0. 3 +
(0.62Re0.5Pr0.33)
(1 + (
Re 0.5 …(6)

u
) )
282000
0.66 0.25
0.4
(1+( ) )
Pr

Where Pr can be found from the table provided in the appendix. Re = Uc

D
U

29
…(7)

30
With

Uc = 1. 22Ua …(8)

Physical properties should be evaluated at average temperature. Radiative heat transfer

coefficient is calculated as follows
4
–Ta4
Hr= o£F Ts …(9)
Ts–Ta

DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Combined Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer

30
The combined convection and radiation heat transfer unit consists of two main units
HT14C (13) and HT10XC (14) which is basically a service unit with main switch (5) to
turn on the whole system. The cylindrical heater (8) is placed on top of the duct (9). The
temperature at different angular position can be measure by releasing the screw (7) and
rotate the thermocouple (6). The air flow can be introduced into the duct using the fan
(11) whose flow rate can be controlled using auxiliary control knob (2). The temperature
of heater can be adjusted using potentiometer (4). The measurement of different
parameter such as temperature, voltage, current, air flow rate, etc can be read from two
digital panels (12) by changing selector switch (1 and 3) accordingly

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Switch on the front mains switch.

2. Start the software by clicking the icon HTC 14C combined convection and radiation.
3. Select exercise D and then click diagram icon.
4. Start the centrifugal fan and heater by clicking the power on the diagram screen
5. Set the fan to give flow rate of 1 m/s. Use the software to adjust the fan speed by using
the control box on the diagram screen.
6. Set the heater voltage to 20 V. Use the software to adjust the voltage by using the
control box on the diagram screen.
7. Select angular position of 0 degree and then click icon GO.
8. Allow the HT14C to stabilize and monitor the temperature of the cylinder as indicated
by thermocouple T10 using the software display or using the lower selector switch.
9. If T10 stabilizes, take all measurement for Ua, T9, T10, V, and I, fill out table 1 in work
sheet.
10. Do the same procedure for air flow rate of 1 m/s to 7 m/s with step of 1 m/s.
11. For the air flow rate that is adjusted at 1 m/s and 7 m/s, do the following:
a. After T10 stabilizes, take all measurements (as mentioned in step #9).
b. Click icon STOP (to stop sampling) and then open the new sheet.
c. Rotate the cylinder by 30 degrees and click angular position 30 degree.
d. Click icon GO.
e. Allow HT14C to stabilize then repeat the above readings which is now for angular
position of 30 degrees.
f. Continue to rotate the cylinder in steps of 30 degrees and do the same procedure
of a – e.

REFERENCES

Computer Compatible Combined Convection and Radiation, 2010, Experiment

Instructions, ARMFIELD

NOTATION

V : Voltage to heated cylinder, V

I : Current to heated cylinder, A
Qin : Power supplied to heated cylinder, W
D : Diameter of heated cylinder, m
L : Heated length of cylinder, m
As : Heat transfer area, m2
Q : Heat load, W
Ua : Air velocity in duct, m/s 29

31
Uc : Corrected air velocity, m/s
Qc : Heat loss due to natural convection, W
Qf : Heat loss due to forced convection, W
Qr : Heat loss due to radiation, W
Qtot : Total heat loss from cylinder, W
Hc : Heat transfer coefficient for natural convection, W/m2K
Hf : Heat transfer coefficient for forced convection, W/m2K
Hr : Heat transfer coefficient for radiation, W/m2K
 : Stefan Boltzmann constant, W/m2K
 : Emmissivity of cylinder
F : Area factor
 : Dynamic viscosity of air, m2/s
k : Thermal conductivity of air, W/mK
Re : Reynolds number
Nu : Nusselt number
Pr : Prandtl number
Q : Angular position of thermocouple
T10 : Surface temperature of heated cylinder, oC
T9 : Temperature of ambient air, oC

Appendix

32
Technical Data
Diameter of cylinder : 0.01 m
Length of cylinder : 0.07 m
 : 0.95
 : 56.7 x 10-9 W/m2K4

Table 1. Physical Properties of Air at P= 1 Bar

33
 WORK SHEETS

V Ua (m/s) I (A) T9 = Ta , (oC) T10 = Ts , (oC)

(volt)
1
2
3
20 4
5
6
7

Ua = 1 m/s Ua= 7 m/s

V
Position T9 = Ta , T10 = Ts , I T9 = Ta , T10 = Ts , I(A)
(volt)
(oC) (oC) (A) (oC) (oC)
0
30
60
20
90
120
180

Answer the following questions

a. What is the cause of air movement during forced convection?
b. What are parameters that can affect heat transfer by radiation?

34
 EXPERIMENT # 07 (HT-07)
STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGER (1)
OBJECTIVE:

To compare the performance of heat exchanger at parallel flow and counter flow
operation.

Determination of heat transfer coefficient in tubular heat exchanger and

representation of temperature curves.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:

The heat exchanger service unit is used for indirect heat transfer. In indirect heat transfer
the heat is transferred from one fluid to another through a partition in a heat exchanger.
The fluid flows on the two sides of the partition do not mix. In terms of the flow directions
of the fluids on both sides of the partition, we differentiate between parallel flow, counter
flow and cross flow. In other words the fluid either flow in the same direction, in opposing
directions or perpendicular to one another.

The tubular heat exchanger consists of two double tubes. In the double tubes, the
transparent outer tube allows the stainless steel inner tube to be seen. Two separate
areas are created, the tube area (inside the inner tube) and the shell area (between the
inner tube and outer tube).

The heat flow ( Q ) is determined from the mass flow rate m, the specific heat capacity
and the absolute temperature (T).

Q = m Cp T …(1)

For hot fluid

Q = mh Cph (Th,in - Th,out) …(2)

For cold fluid

Q = mc Cpc (Tc,out – Tc,in) ...(3)

With no exchange of heat with the surroundings

Q = Qh = Qc

If the heat flow figures differ, the main value Qm is calculated as,

Qm = Qh + Qc /2 …(4)

35
This enables the mean coefficient of heat transfer K m for the heat exchanger to be
calculated

Km = Qm / Am ∆Tlm …(5)

Where,

∆Tlm = ∆Tmax - ∆Tmin / ln [∆Tmax / ∆Tmin ] …(6)

For parallel flow

∆Tmax = Th,in – Tc,in …(7)

∆Tmin = Th,out – Tc,out …(8)

For counter flow

∆Tmax = Th,in – Tc,out …(9)

∆Tmin = Th,out – Tc,in …(10)

DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Detail of Control and display panel

The equipment consists of WL-110 series heat exchanger with service unit along with a
water chiller. The master switch for the equipment is used for main on off (35) of the

36
equipment. The liquid flow is controlled by pump controller (32). The temperature of
the heater is controlled by temperature controller (28). The temperature of the inlet
and outlet for cold as well for hot fluid fluids are displayed on the console.

The whole schematic as well as the process schematic of the equipment is shown in the
figure 2 and 3.

Figure 2. Service unit with tubular Heat Exchanger.

37
 Figure 3. Process Schematic

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

The experimental procedure is as fallows

1. Set the main switch to “1”.

2. Check the water level in the hot water tank. If the hot water is empty add water until
the low level is reached.
3. Start the PC. Start the data acquisition program.
4. Open the cold water feed at the cold water mains.
5. Open the regulator valve for cold water V2.
6. Open the regulator valve for hot water V1.
7. Start the pump (P).
8. Turn on the heater and set the desired hot water set point SP (T7).
9. Set the desired hot and cold water flow rates.
10. Observed the measured values. Wait until a steady state is reached.

REFERENCES

Heat exchanger with service Unit, 2011, Experiment Instructions, GUNT.

38
NOTATION

A : Heat Transfer Area, m2

Am : Mean heat transfer area, m2
Cp : Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg.K
Tlm : Logarithmic mean temperature difference, K
h : Heat Transfer Coefficient , W/m2.K
m : Mass flow rate , kg/s
Q : Amount of heat, KJ
Km : Mean coefficient of heat transfer, KW/m2.K
 : Density, kg/m3

Appendix
Technical Data
Mean logarithmic heat transfer area: 0.05m2

39
 WORK SHEET

Experiment H.E Flow direction Vc ,Vh, T7, T1, T3, T4, T6, Km,KW/m2K Qm, KW
lit/min C C C C C

Answer the following questions

Q.1 what are heat exchangers? Enlist some uses of the heat exchangers?

Q.2 Differentiate direct and indirect heat transfer?

40
 EXPERIMENTHT#08 (HT-08)
STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGER (2)

OBJECTIVE:

Investigate the effect of water flow rate on the rate of heat transfer.

THEROTICAL BACKGROUND:

The shell and tube heat exchanger consist of tubes and transparent shell allows the tube
bundle to be seen. The bundle is an assembly consisting of parallel tubes ( seven tubes in
this case). These seven tubes are soldered to the tube plates on both sides. This creates two
separate areas, the tubular area and the shell area.

The shell area is divided by four baffle plates. They deflect the fluid in the shell area, thus
improving the heat exchange. The flow in the shell area is essentially perpendicular to the
tubes, i-e the direction of flow is cross. But the flow can run in the same direction or in
opposite directions i-e cross parallel flow and cross counter flow.

The hot water enters in the tube side while the cold water enters in the shell side, the flow
rates of hot water and cold water varies i-e 0.7, 1.4, 2.1 (l/ min) and notice the effect on the
mean coefficient of heat transfer Km , and mean heat transfer Qm.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Detail of Control and display Panel

41
 Figure 2. Connection for Shell & Tube heat Exchanger.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

The experimental procedure is as fallows

1. Set the main switch to “1”.

2. Check the water level in the hot water tank. If the hot water is empty add water until
the low level is reached.
3. tart the PC. Start the data acquisition program.
4. Open the cold water feed at the cold water mains.
5. Open the regulator valve for cold water V2.
6. Open the regulator valve for hot water V1.
7. Start the pump (P).
8. Turn on the heater and set the desired hot water set point SP (T7).
9. Set the desired hot and cold water flow rates. i-e 0.7 l/min
10. Then varies the flow rates i-e, 1.4, 2.1 and observed the measured values. Wait until a
steady state is reached.

REFERENCES:

Heat exchanger with service Unit, 2011, Experiment Instructions, GUNT.

NOTATION

A : Heat Transfer Area, m2

Am : Mean heat transfer area, m2
Cp : Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg.K
Tlm : Logarithmic mean temperature difference, K
h : Heat Transfer Coefficient , W/m2.K
m : Mass flow rate , kg/s
Q : Amount of heat, KJ
Km : Mean coefficient of heat transfer, KW/m2.K
 : Density, kg/m3

42
 WORK SHEET

Experiment H.E Flow direction Vc ,Vh, T7, T1, T3, T4, T6, Km,KW/m2K Qm, KW
lit/min C C C C C

Answer the following questions

Q.1 what is the effect of flow rates of the shell side and tube side fluids on heat transfer?

Q.2 what is the effect of number of tubes on the heat transfer rate?

43
 EXPERIMENT # 09 (HT-09)
STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGER (3)

OBJECTIVE:

Investigate the effect of hot water temperature on the rate of heat transfer.

Comparison of temperature curves for different types of heat exchangers.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:

In this case the plate heat exchanger is used to investigate the effect of hot water flow rate
on km and Qm. Plate heat exchanger is made of six plates soldered together, which form
two separate flow channels. The solder points seal the plates against one another.

Openings in the plate allow the media to flow. The surface of the plate is not smooth but has
a characteristic profile. This causes narrow flow cross sections to be established in the
spaces, in which significant turbulences occur. The turbulent flow facilitates efficient heat
transfer and also has a self cleaning effect. The wall thicknesses of the heat transfer areas
are generally smaller than in tubular heat exchangers.

Plate heat exchanger has several applications in various chemical industries, like
petrochemicals, food industry, Chemical plants etc.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Detail of Control and display Panel

44
 Figure 2. Connection for plate Heat Exchanger

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

The experimental procedure is as fallows

1. The experimental procedure is as fallows

2. Set the main switch to “1”.
3. Check the water level in the hot water tank. If the hot water tank is empty add water
until the low level is reached.
4. Start the PC. Start the data acquisition program.
5. Open the cold water feed at the cold water mains.
6. Open the regulator valve for cold water V2.
7. Open the regulator valve for hot water V1.
8. Start the pump (P).
9. Turn on the heater and set the desired hot water set point SP (T7).
10. Set the desired hot and cold water flow rates.
11. Then start changing the hot water temperature, i-e, 25, 45, 70 Co
12. Observed the measured values. Wait until a steady state is reached.

REFERENCES:

Heat exchanger with service Unit, 2011, Experiment Instructions, GUNT.

NOTATION

A : Heat Transfer Area, m2

Am : Mean heat transfer area, m2
Cp : Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg.K
Tlm : Logarithmic mean temperature difference, K
h : Heat Transfer Coefficient , W/m2.K
m : Mass flow rate , kg/s
Q : Amount of heat, KJ
Km : Mean coefficient of heat transfer, KW/m2.K
 : Density, kg/m3

45
 WORK SHEET

Experiment H.E Flow direction Vc ,Vh, T7, T1, T3, T4, T6, Km,KW/m2K Qm, KW
lit/min C C C C C

Answer the following questions

Q.1 what is meant by effectiveness of heat exchanger?

Q.2 How the temperature of the entering hot fluid effect the heat transfer coefficient?

46
 EXPERIMENT # 10 (HT-10)
FILM AND DROP WISE CONDENSATION

OBJECTIVE:

1. To observe physically film and drop wise condensation process.

2. Determination of heat transfer coefficients for copper and gold condensers.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:

The process of condensation is an important prerequisite for the design and construction
of condensers in power plants and processing plants. Condensation occurs when steam
comes into contact with a wall that has a temperature lower than the saturation
temperature of the steam, the steam precipitates as liquid. The condensate can take the
form of a continues film or individual drops of liquid on the wall. Hence the terms film
and drop condensation are used.

In practice film condensation usually occurs. Drop condensation only occurs on very
smooth surfaces that cannot be wet. The transfer of heat is much higher in the case of
drop condensation than for film condensation since there is no continuous liquid film to
isolate the steam from the wall.

Since smooth surfaces that cannot be wet are not realizable in practice over long term,
the poorer, but more certain values of film condensation are usually assumed. One of the
condensers on the test stand is polished and gold plated to provide a durable surface that
cannot be wet. In addition the surface must be perfectly clean. It is for this reason that
only pure distilled water may be used.

Different forms of condensation process, that is film and drop wise condensation, can be
demonstrated. The condensation process takes place in a glass cylinder so that the action
of condensation is clearly visible. The test stand is operated with distilled water in a
vacuum. This enables the temperature to be kept under 100C.

The energy transferred is determined from the cooling water flow rate.

Q = ṁ Cp ( Tout – Tin ) = V Cp ( Tout – Tin )

…(1)

In this equation V is the cooling water flow rate, T out is return temperature and Tin is feed
temperature of the cooling water. The heat capacity Cp and the density at the mean coolant
temperature are used.

Tcm = ( Tout – Tin )/ 2 ... (2)

The coefficient of heat transmission (α) is determined by the following relation.

α = Q / A ( Ts - Tw ) …(3)

47
DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Condensation Unit

Experimental Procedure:

1. First create vacuum in a glass cylinder by using water jet pump up to 0.3 bars.
2. Close the water jet pump and switch the heater and heat up to around 80C at half power.
3. Start the water jet pump again, this will drop the pressure inside the vessel and the water start
boiling vigorously.
4. Heat the vessel up to 90C (T7).
5. Adjust the cooling water flow rates ( V1 and V2) in order to achieve the desired difference
between surface temperature and steam temperature for gold and copper both.
6. Adjust the heater power so that the steam temperature remains constant.

48
 7. If necessary readjust the flow rate of the cooling water to keep the difference between the
surface temperature and the steam temperature constant i-e 10C.
8. Once we observed the condensation on both the condensers, read out all the temperatures,
flow rates and record.

REFERENCES:

WL 230 condensation Unit, 2011, Experiment Instructions, GUNT.

NOTATION

A : Condenser surface Area, m2

h : Height of condenser, m
Cp : Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg.K
Tlm : Logarithmic mean temperature difference, K
α : Heat Transfer Coefficient , W/m2.K
m : Mass flow rate, Kg/s
P : Pressure , N/m2
V : Volumetric flow rate, m3/s
 : Density, kg/m3

Appendix
Technical Data
Surface area of the condenser: 0.05m2

49
 WORK SHEETS

For film condensation:

Film condensation
Cooling water Inlet temperature, C (T1 ) α, KW/m2 K
Cooling water outlet temperature, C (T2
)
Cooling water flow rate, l/h ( F2)
Surface Temperature, C ( T3)
Steam Temperature, ( T 7)

For Drop-wise Condensation:

Drop condensation
Cooling water Inlet temperature, C (T4 ) α, KW/m2 K
Cooling water outlet temperature, C (T5
)
Cooling water flow rate, l/h ( F1)
Surface Temperature, C ( T6)
Steam Temperature, ( T 7)

Answer the following questions

Q1 Differentiate between film and drop wise condensation?

Q2 what type of condensers used for drop wise condensation?

Q3 Enlist some industrial applications of the condensers?

50
 EXPERIMENT #11 (HT-11)
NUCLEATE BOILING
OBJECTIVE

1. To observe the physical phenomena occurs during boiling process.

2. To relate heat transfer coefficient to the physical phenomena.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

The nucleate boiling process has a complex nature. Only a limited number of
experimental studies provided valuable insights into the boiling phenomena while
knowledge of the evaporation process is an essential requirement for the design and
construction of stream generators. The evaporation process consists of several different
boiling forms which will be investigated in this experiment.

The boiling process starts from room temperature will follow several steps before the
liquid reach boiling temperature. At the beginning, liquid that has been heated up to
boiling temperature moves upward due to upwelling and evaporates mainly at the
heating surface. At the same time heat transfer occurs by natural convection and no
bubbles can be seen. Heat transfer coefficient indeed increases with the heating surface
load in which in turn increases with the temperature gradient between the heating
surface and the liquid.

Nucleate boiling is characterized by the growth of bubbles or pops on a heated surface,

which rise from discrete points on a surface, whose temperature is only slightly above
the liquid’s temperature. In general, the number of nucleation sites are increased by an
increasing surface temperature. Thus nucleate boiling region starts with the formation of
bubbles until the critical temperature at which the heat flux starts decreasing although
the surface temperature keeps increasing. This happens because a film of vapor forms
between the heating surface and the liquid and acts as an additional thermal resistor. The
heat transfer coefficient after this critical temperature also decreases noticeably. The
decrease typically reaches approximately the value it was at during free convection.

Heating surface load or flux that happen on the surface of the heater can be calculated as
follows:
˙
q˙ = Q …(1)
Æ

While heat transfer coefficient occurs between liquid and surface of heater can be
obtained from
Q˙
ℎb= …(2)
Æ(Tc–Tl)

The heat transfer resistance is calculated as follows

Ru¨ =
(Tc –Tl)
=
1 …(3)
51
Q hÆ

52
The inverse of boiling or evaporation process is condensation which is also observed in
this experiment. When wall temperatures below the saturation temperature of a vapor
contact with the wall, the vapor begins to condense. Even if the mean vapor temperature
is still above the saturation temperature, the condensation can run down the wall as a
liquid film or in drops. In the experiment, the condensation process is boost using cooling
water. Therefore, the heat removal during condensation process can be simply calculated
as follows:

Q˙ C = N˙ w Cpw (T2 − T1 ) …(4)

While the heat transfer coefficient occurs between vapor and cooler surface can be
obtained from
Q˙C
ℎC= …(5)
ÆC ∆TN

While Tm can be calculated as follows

T2–T1
∆TN = T —T …(6)
Sn v 1
Tv —T 2

DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. Layout of Boiling Heat Transfer Unit

49

53
The unit consists of mainly the glass cylinder (4) contains a water condenser (5) in the
upper part and heater (19) in the lower part. Liquid, vapor and surface heater
temperatures are measured by temperature sensor (7) and (8) and thermocouple (16)
respectively. The vapor pressure inside the cylinder is also measured (11). For safety
purpose, the cylinder is equipped with safety valve (10) for pressure. The condenser is
connected to cooling water entering through the inlet pipe (1) and leaving through the
outlet pipe (2). Its flow rate is measure by flow meter (6) and adjusted by valve (3). The
liquid can be put into the cylinder through refilling screw (9) located on the top of
cylinder. All parameters including temperature, pressure, and flow rate can be read from
the digital displays (12). The unit has one main switch (15) and one switch (14) for heater
separately. The heater power can be adjusted using heater power adjuster (13).

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Creating Vacuum

1. Remove the air inside the glass cylinder by setting the heating capacity to 250 W.
2. Open the air bleed valve with a prick by pushing the inner piston when the
pressure of 1.2 bar abs. is reached.
3. Keep pricking the valve until a liquid film runs down on the glass cylinder.
4. Turn off the heater and wait until the pressure of approximately 0.6 bar abs. is
obtained.
5. If this is not the case, repeat venting process (step 1 – 4).

Running the Experiment

1. Turn on the heater and set it at power of 15 W. Read all pressure and temperature
when small bubbles can be seen on the surface heater. Record all physical
phenomena occurs during the process.
2. Increase the heater power to 25 W. Read all pressure and temperature when small
bubbles are released from the surface heater. Record all physical phenomena
occurs during the process.
3. Increase the heater power to 100 W. Read all pressure and temperature when
bubble formation is more pronounced. Record all physical phenomena occurs
during the process.
4. Open the water valve and set it at volumetric flow rate at 80 L/h. read all
temperatures when the system reaches steady state.

REFERENCES

Boiling Heat Transfer Unit, 2011, Experiment Instruction, GUNT

NOTATION

Ac : Surface Area of the cooler, m2 Ah

: Surface Area of the heater, m2 Cpw :
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg.K
Tm : Log Mean Temperature Difference 50
hb : Heat Transfer Coefficient of The Heater,
W/m2.K
hc : Heat Transfer Coefficient of the cooler
mw : Mass flow rate of water, kg/s

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 q : Heat Flux, W/m2
Q : Heat Power, W
Qc : Heat Load by Cooler, W
Ru : Heat Transfer Resistance, K/W
T1 : Water Inlet Temperature, oC
T2 : Water Outlet Temperature, oC
Tl : Liquid Temperature, oC
Ts : Surface Temperature, oC
Tv : Vapor Temperature, oC

Appendix

Technical Data
Heater : 250 W max., surface area : 0.001875 m2
Cooler : Surface area : 0.0578 m2

Liquid
Name : Pentafluorobutane / perfluoropolyether
Trade name : Solkatherm SES 36
Molecular Weight : 184.5 g/mol
Liquid Density (25 C) : 1.363 g/cm3.
o

Vapor Density (25oC) : 0.0058 g/cm3.

Heat of vaporization : 117.8 J/g
Specific Heat Capacity: 1.25 J/g.K

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 Measured values Run 1 Observatio Run 2 Observation Run 3 Observation Run 4 Observation Run 5 Observation
n
Electrical Power (P), W 0 15 25 100 100
Water Flow rate (v), l/h 0 0 0 0 40
Inlet Temp. (T1), OC
Outlet Temp. (T2), OC
Vapor Temp. (Tv),OC
Liquid Temp. (Tl), OC
Surface Temp. (Ts), OC
Absolute Pres. (p), atm

Based on the above measurement, fill out the following table:

Calculated Values Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5
Temperature Difference (Ts-Tl)
Heat Flux/load of the heater
Heat Transfer Coefficient of the heater
Heat Transfer Resistance of the heater
Log Mean Temperature around cooler
Heat Flux Removal
Heat Transfer Coefficient around Cooler

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Answer the following questions:

a. When does the nucleate boiling phenomenon start to occur?

b. What is the type of heat transfer occur at the beginning of boiling process?

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