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Lecture 4: Plasticity: 4.1: Stiffness-Limited Design

This document summarizes key concepts about plasticity and material strength from a lecture. It discusses three material indices used for stiffness-limited design of tie rods, panels, and beams loaded in tension, bending, and centrally respectively. Material strength properties like yield stress and toughness depend on microstructure. Metals exhibit elastic deformation followed by plastic deformation and necking before fracture. Polymers' strength depends on temperature relative to their glass transition temperature Tg. Ceramics and glasses are brittle at room temperature. No real material achieves the theoretical "ideal strength" due to microstructural imperfections.

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Thomas Van Kuik
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35 views

Lecture 4: Plasticity: 4.1: Stiffness-Limited Design

This document summarizes key concepts about plasticity and material strength from a lecture. It discusses three material indices used for stiffness-limited design of tie rods, panels, and beams loaded in tension, bending, and centrally respectively. Material strength properties like yield stress and toughness depend on microstructure. Metals exhibit elastic deformation followed by plastic deformation and necking before fracture. Polymers' strength depends on temperature relative to their glass transition temperature Tg. Ceramics and glasses are brittle at room temperature. No real material achieves the theoretical "ideal strength" due to microstructural imperfections.

Uploaded by

Thomas Van Kuik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4: Plasticity

4.1: Stiffness-limited design


Material indices for design
Identify the material index to be minimized or maximized
- For stiffness-limited design
Minimizing weight: A light, stiff tie-rod loaded in tension
The objective function (to describe the quantity to be minimized or maximized)
The goal is to minimize the value of the objective function within the given constraints
Object: minimize mass

Constraint: Section area A must be big enough to provide a specific stiffness of S*

Eliminate the free variable A:


Where S* and L are specified

So: the lightest tie that will provide a stiffness S* is that one made of a material with the smallest
value of  / E or the highest value of E / 
Material index: Mt = E /  So, all materials with the same E /  will function equally well
Minimizing weight: A light, stiff panel loaded in bending
Objective function:
Stiffness constraint:

Second moment of area:


Stiffness S*, length L, and width b are specified; thickness h is free
Eliminating the free variable h:

So the lightest panel is that one made of a material with the smallest value of  / E1/3 or the highest
value of E1/3 / 
Material index Mp = E1/3 /  So, all materials with the same E1/3 /  will function equally well

Minimizing weight: A light, stiff beam loaded centrally


Objective function:
Stiffness constraint:

Second moment of area:

Eliminating the free variable A:

Material index: Mb = E1/2 /  So, all the materials with the same E1/2 /  ratio will perform equally
Shape factor
- By reshaping the cross-section of a beam, it is possible to increase I, thus increasing
stiffness – without increasing the total area
- The ratio of I for the shaped section to that for a solid square section with the same area
is defined as the shape factor 

Minimizing material cost instead of weight


Objective function:

With A and L specified, the goal of a material selection would be to minimize C m  or maximize 1/Cm

Lecture 4.2: Beyond Elasticity, Plasticity and Strength


Strength, toughness are microstructure-sensitive properties
Metals
Yield stress: 0.2% proof stress, parallel line to elastic region with 0.2% offset of zero strain.
Tensile strength: maximum stress
Area between yield stress and tensile stress is strain/work-hardening region, in this region the
material undergoes uniform plastic deformation.
After tensile stress it undergoes necking until fracture, during necking the material shows non-
uniform plastic deformation.
Failure/fracture strain is determined by removing the elastic deformation
Plastic strain  ductility
Plastic work: the area under the plastic region of the stress/strain curve, W p , dissipated work
Nominal stress and strain vs. true stress and strain
Nominal: using area the start of the test
True: correcting to the deformations happening during the test  relevant after the yield stress

How to test material yield behaviour on a small scale and not destroying the product?

Indentation:

Polymers
Yield stress is defined at 1% strain
Stress strain behaviour = f(T vs Tg)
At T<<Tg  brittle
At T = Tg  cold drawing in thermoplastics
At T>>Tg  viscous flow in thermoplastics
Failure due to propagation of dominant flaw

Strength in polymers in plastic regime


Drawing aligns polymer chains in the direction in which the material is stretched – this can increase
strength and stiffness by a factor 8
Polymers with a high Tg can not be drawn at RT – they craze forming small crack-shaped regions
within the polymer. Crazes scatter light; can develop in to cracks and failure
When crazing limits ductility in tension, large plastic strains may still be possible in compression by
shear banding

Deformation and temperature in polymers


Above the glass temperature, molecular segments become mobile, so when we apply a (gentle)
stress for a longer time, the deformation will continue with time and the material will deform
plastically (even at elastic stress level!!). This is called creep.

Ceramics and glasses


Brittle at room temperature
They have yield stress but so high that failure occurs before it
can be measured
Compressive crushing strength = elastic stress

Ideal strength?

No material gets close to this ideal strength but polymers get closer

Reason: microstructure and imperfections

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