ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE(MCSE-106)

Lab Sessional Report Submitted to IES

College of Technology
(2021-2022)
for

Master of Technology
In
Department
of

Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Manmohan Singh Abhay Kumar
Professor M.tech CSE 1 stsem
Department of Computer Sci & Engg . (0177CS21MT01)
IES College of Technology

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 INDEX OF THE CONTENTS

Sr.No. Title of experiments

1. Study of different types of Network cables and Practicaly
implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using
clamping tool.
2. Study of Network Devices in Detail.
3. Study of network IP.
4. Connect the computers in Local Area Network
5. Study of basic network command and Network configuration
commands.
6. Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software.

7. Configure a Network using Distance Vector Routing protocol.

8. Configure Network using Link State Vector Routing protocol.

9. Introduction to the lab manual

10. Lab requirements (details of H/W & S/W to be used)
11. List of experiments
12. Format of lab record to be prepared by the students
13 Details of the eachsection of the lab along with the examples,
exercises & expected viva questions

Hardware and Software Requirement

Hardware Requirement
RJ-
45connector,Climpin
g Tool, Twisted pair
Cable

Software Requirement Command Prompt And

Packet Tracer.

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0177CS21MT01
 EXPERIMENT-1

Aim: Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the crosswired
cable and straight through cable using clamping tool.

Apparatus (Components): RJ-45 connectorERI, Climping Tool, Twisted pair Cable

Procedure: To do these practical following steps should be done:

1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable.
Be very
carefulatthispoint,astonotnickorcutintothewires,whichareinside.Doingsocouldalter
thecharacteristicsofyourcable,orevenworserenderisuseless.Checkthewires,onemor e
timefornicksorcuts.Ifthereareany,justwhackthewholeendoff,andstartover.

2. Spreadthewiresapart,butbesuretoholdontothebaseofthejacketwithyourotherhand. You
do not want the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket. Category 5 cable
mustonlyhave1/2ofaninchof'untwisted'wireattheend;otherwiseitwillbe'outofspec'.
Atthispoint,youobviouslyhaveALOTmorethan1/2ofaninchofun-twistedwire.

3. Youhave2endjacks,whichmustbeinstalledonyourcable.Ifyouareusingapre-made
cable, with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install - the
crossed over
end.Belowaretwodiagrams,whichshowhowyouneedtoarrangethecablesforeachtype of
cable end. Decide at this point which end you are making and examine the associated
picturebelow.
Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection

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 EXPERIMENT-2

Aim: Study of following Network Devices in Detail

• Repeater
• Hub
• Switch
• Bridge
• Router
• GateWay

Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed.

Procedure: Following should be done to understand this practical.

1. Repeater:FunctioningatPhysicalLayer.Arepeaterisanelectronicdevicethatreceives a
signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side
of an
obstruction,sothatthesignalcancoverlongerdistances.Repeaterhavetwoports,socan not be
use to connect for more than twodevices

2. Hub:AnEthernethub,activehub,networkhub,repeaterhub,huborconcentrator is a
device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together
and
makingthemactasasinglenetworksegment.Hubsworkatthephysicallayer(layer1)ofthe
OSI model. The device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate
in collisiondetection,forwardingajamsignaltoallportsifitdetectsacollision.

3. Switch:A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that

connectsnetworksegments.Thetermcommonlyreferstoanetworkbridgethatprocesse
sand routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that
additionally
processdataatthenetworklayer(layer3andabove)areoftenreferredtoasLayer3switche s
or multilayerswitches.

4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a
device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and switch are
very much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2
switch is often used interchangeably with bridge.Bridges can analyze incoming data
packets to determine if the
bridgeisabletosendthegivenpackettoanothersegmentofthenetwork.

5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer

networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data
packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source
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 and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred
from one network to
another.Wheremultipleroutersareusedinalargecollectionofinterconnectednetworks,t he
routersexchangeinformationabouttargetsystemaddresses,sothateachroutercanbuild up
atableshowingthepreferredpathsbetweenanytwosystemsontheinterconnectednetwo rks.

6. GateWay:Inacommunicationsnetwork,anetworknodeequippedforinterfacingwith

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another network that uses different protocols.
• A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching
devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to
provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually
acceptable administrative procedures between bothnetworks.
• A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different
networkprotocoltechnologiesbyperformingtherequiredprotocolconversions.

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 EXPERIMENT- 3

Aim: Study of network IP

• Classification of IPaddress
• Subnetting
• Supernetting

Apparatus (Software): NA

Procedure: Following is required to be study under this practical.

• Classification of IPaddress

As show in figure we teach how the ip addresses are classified and when they are used.

Class Address Range Supports

Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.

Class B 128.1.0.1 to Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.

191.255.255.254
Class C 192.0.1.1 to Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.
223.255.254.254
Class D 224.0.0.0 to Reserved for multicast groups.
239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 to Reserved.
254.255.255.254

• Subnetting
Why we Develop sub netting and How to calculate subnet mask and how to identify subnet
address.

• Supernetting
Why we develop super netting and How to calculate supernet mask and how to identify
supernetaddre
EXPERIMENT-4

Aim: Connect the computers in Local Area Network.

Procedure: On the host computer

On the host computer, follow these steps to share the Internet connection:

1. Log on to the host computer as Administrator or asOwner.

2. Click Start, and then click ControlPanel.
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 3. Click Network and InternetConnections.
4. Click NetworkConnections.
5. Right-click the connection that you use to connect to the Internet. For example, if you
connect to the Internet by using a modem, right-click the connection that you want under
Dial-up / other networkavailable.
6. ClickProperties.
7. Click the Advancedtab.

8. Under Internet Connection Sharing, select the Allow other network users to connect
through this computer's Internet connection checkbox.

9. Ifyouaresharingadial-upInternetconnection,selecttheEstablishadialupconnection
whenever a computer on my network attempts to access the Internet check box
if you wanttopermityourcomputertoautomaticallyconnecttotheInternet.

10. Click OK. You receive the followingmessage:

WhenInternetConnectionSharingisenabled,yourLANadapterwillbesettouseIPaddres s
192.168.0.1.Yourcomputermayloseconnectivitywithothercomputersonyournetwork.I f
theseothercomputershavestaticIPaddresses,itisagoodideatosetthemtoobtaintheirIP
addressesautomatically.AreyousureyouwanttoenableInternetConnectionSharing?

11. ClickYes.
The connection to the Internet is shared to other computers on the local area network (LAN).

The network adapter that is connected to the LAN is configured with a static IP address of
192.168.0.1 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0

On the client computer

ToconnecttotheInternetbyusingthesharedconnection,youmustconfirmtheLANadapte r IP
configuration, and then configure the client computer. To confirm the LAN adapter IP
configuration, follow thesesteps:

1. Log on to the client computer as Administrator or asOwner.

2. Click Start, and then click ControlPanel.

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3. Click Network and InternetConnections.
4. Click NetworkConnections.
5. Right-click Local Area Connection and then clickProperties.
6. Click the General tab, click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the connection uses the
following items list, and then clickProperties.

7. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click Obtain an IP address
automatically (if it is not already selected), and then clickOK.

Note: You can also assign a unique static IP address in the range of 192.168.0.2
to192.168.0.254.Forexample,youcanassignthefollowingstaticIPaddress,subnetmas
k,and defaultgateway:

8. IP Address 192.168.31.202
9. Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
10. Default gateway192.168.31.1

11. In the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, clickOK.

12. Quit ControlPanel.

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 EXPERIMENT- 5

Aim: Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands.

Apparatus (Software): Command Prompt And Packet Tracer.

Procedure: To do this EXPERIMENT- follows these steps:

InthisEXPERIMENTstudentshavetounderstandbasicnetworkingcommandse.gping,
tracertetc.

AllcommandsrelatedtoNetworkconfigurationwhichincludeshowtoswitchtoprivilege mode
and normal mode and how to configure router interface and how to save this
configuration to flash memory or permanentmemory.

This commands includes

• Configuring the Routercommands

• General Commands to configurenetwork
• Privileged Mode commands of arouter
• Router Processes &Statistics
• IPCommands
• Other IP Commands e.g. show ip routeetc.
ping:

ping(8)sendsanICMPECHO_REQUESTpackettothespecifiedhost.Ifthehostrespond s,
yougetanICMPpacketback.Soundstrange?Well,youcan“ping”anIPaddresstoseeifa
machineisalive.Ifthereisnoresponse,youknowsomethingiswrong.

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Traceroute:

Tracertisacommandwhichcanshowyouthepathapacketofinformationtakesfromyour
computer to one you specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches
its destination,orfailstoandisdiscarded.Inadditiontothis,itwilltellyouhowlongeach'hop'
from router to routertakes.

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nslookup:

Displays information from Domain Name System (DNS) name servers.

NOTE :If you write the command as above it shows as default your pc's server name firstly.

pathping:

A better version of tracert that gives you statics about packet lost and latency.

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Getting Help

Inanycommandmode,youcangetalistofavailablecommandsbyenteringaquestionmark( ?).

Router>?

Toobtainalistofcommandsthatbeginwithaparticularcharactersequence,typeint hose
haracters followed immediately by the question mark(?).

Router#co?

configure connect copy

Tolistkeywordsorarguments,enteraquestionmarkinplaceofakeywordorargument.Incl ude a
space before the questionmark.

Router#configure ?

memory Configure from NV memory

networkConfigurefromaTFTPnetworkh ost
terminal Configure from theterminal
Youcanalsoabbreviatecommandsandkeywordsbyenteringjustenoughcharactersto makethe
commanduniquefromothercommands.Forexample,youcanabbreviatetheshowcom mandto sh.

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Configuration Files
Any time you make changes to the router configuration, you must save the changes to
memory because if you do not they will be lost if there is a system reload or power
outage. There are two types of configuration files: the running (current operating)
configuration and the startup configuration.
Use the following privileged mode commands to work with configuration files

• configureterminal–modifytherunningconfigurationmanuallyfromtheterminal.

• show running-config – display the runningconfiguration.

• show startup-config – display the startupconfiguration.

• copyrunning-configstartup-config– copytherunningconfigurationtothestartup
configuration.

• copystartup-configrunning-config– copythestartupconfigurationtotherunning
configuration.

• erase startup-config – erase the startup-configuration inNVRAM.

• copytftprunning-config– loadaconfigurationfilestoredonaTrivialFile
TransferProtocol(TFTP)serverintotherunningconfiguration.

• copyrunning-configtftp–storetherunningconfigurationonaTFTPserver.

IP Address Configuration

TakethefollowingstepstoconfiguretheIPaddressofaninterf ace.
Step 1: Enter privileged EXECmode:

Router>enable password

Step2:Entertheconfigureterminalcommandtoenterglobalconfiguration mode.

Router#configterminal

Step3:Entertheinterfacetypeslot/port(forCisco7000series)orinterfacetypeport(forCis co
2500 series) to enter the interface configurationmode.

Example:
Router (config)#interface ethernet 0/1
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Step4:EntertheIPaddressandsubnetmaskoftheinterfaceusingtheipaddressipaddress
subnetmaskcommand.

Example,
Router (config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0

Step5:ExittheconfigurationmodebypressingCtr l-Z
Router(config-if)

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6. INTRODUCTION TO THE LAB
Flynn's Classification of Computers Architecture
M.J. Flynn proposed a classification for the organization of a computer system by the number of
instructions and data items that are manipulated simultaneously.

The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an instruction stream.

The operations performed on the data in the processor constitute a data stream.

Parallel processing may occur in the instruction stream, in the data stream, or both.
Flynn's classification divides computers into four major groups that are:
1. Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)

2. Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)

3. Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)

4. Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)

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SISD

SISD stands for 'Single Instruction and Single Data Stream'. It represents the organization of
a single computer containing a control unit, a processor unit, and a memory unit.

Instructions are executed sequentially, and the system may or may not have internal parallel
processing capabilities.

Most conventional computers have SISD architecture like the traditional Von-Neumann
computers.

Parallel processing, in this case, may be achieved by means of multiple functional units or by
pipeline processing.

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 1. Where, CU = Control Unit, PE = Processing Element, M = Memory

Instructions are decoded by the Control Unit and then the Control Unit sends the instructions to
the processing units for execution.

Data Stream flows between the processors and memory bi-directionally.

Examples:

Older generation computers, minicomputers, and workstations

SIMD

SIMD stands for 'Single Instruction and Multiple Data Stream'. It represents an organization that
includes many processing units under the supervision of a common control unit.

All processors receive the same instruction from the control unit but operate on different items of
data.

The shared memory unit must contain multiple modules so that it can communicate with all the
processors simultaneously.

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SIMD is mainly dedicated to array processing machines. However, vector processors can also be
seen as a part of this group.

MISD

MISD stands for 'Multiple Instruction and Single Data stream'.

MISD structure is only of theoretical interest since no practical system has been constructed
using this organization.

In MISD, multiple processing units operate on one single-data stream. Each processing unit
operates on the data independently via separate instruction stream.

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 1. Where, M = Memory Modules, CU = Control Unit, P = Processor Units

Example:

The experimental Carnegie-Mellon C.mmp computer (1971)

MIMD

MIMD stands for 'Multiple Instruction and Multiple Data Stream'.

In this organization, all processors in a parallel computer can execute different instructions and
operate on various data at the same time.

In MIMD, each processor has a separate program and an instruction stream is generated from
each program.

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 1. Where, M = Memory Module, PE = Processing Element, and CU = Control Unit

Examples:

Cray T90, Cray T3E, IBM-SP2

Parallel Processing

Parallel processing can be described as a class of techniques which enables the system to
achieve simultaneous data-processing tasks to increase the computational speed of a computer
system.

A parallel processing system can carry out simultaneous data-processing to achieve faster
execution time. For instance, while an instruction is being processed in the ALU component of
the CPU, the next instruction can be read from memory.

The primary purpose of parallel processing is to enhance the computer processing capability
and increase its throughput, i.e. the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a
given interval of time.

A parallel processing system can be achieved by having a multiplicity of functional units that
perform identical or different operations simultaneously. The data can be distributed among
various multiple functional units.

28.5M
585
The following diagram shows one possible way of separating the execution unit into eight
functional units operating in parallel.

The operation performed in each functional unit is indicated in each block if the diagram:

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 o The adder
and integer multiplier performs the arithmetic operation with integer numbers.

o The floating-point operations are separated into three circuits operating in parallel.

o The logic, shift, and increment operations can be performed concurrently on different
data. All units are independent of each other, so one number can be shifted while
another number is being incremented.

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 CISC VERSUS RISC

Vector (Array) Processor and its Types

Array processors are also known as multiprocessors or vector processors. They perform
computations on large arrays of data. Thus, they are used to improve the performance of the
computer.

Types of Array Processors

There are basically two types of array processors:

1. Attached Array Processors

2. SIMD Array Processors

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Attached Array Processors

An attached array processor is a processor which is attached to a general purpose computer

and its purpose is to enhance and improve the performance of that computer in numerical
computational tasks. It achieves high performance by means of parallel processing with multiple
functional units.

SIMD Array Processors

SIMD is the organization of a single computer containing multiple processors operating in

parallel. The processing units are made to operate under the control of a common control unit,
thus providing a single instruction stream and multiple data streams.

A general block diagram of an array processor is shown below. It contains a set of identical
processing elements (PE's), each of which is having a local memory M. Each processor element
includes an ALU and registers. The master control unit controls all the operations of the
processor elements. It also decodes the instructions and determines how the instruction is to be
executed.
The main memory is used for storing the program. The control unit is responsible for fetching the
instructions. Vector instructions are send to all PE's simultaneously and results are returned to
the memory.

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The best known SIMD array processor is the ILLIAC IV computer developed by the Burroughs
corps. SIMD processors are highly specialized computers. They are only suitable for numerical
problems that can be expressed in vector or matrix form and they are not suitable for other types
of computations.

Why use the Array Processor

• Array processors increases the overall instruction processing speed.

• As most of the Array processors operates asynchronously from the host CPU, hence it
improves the overall capacity of the system.

• Array Processors has its own local memory, hence providing extra memory for systems
with low memory.

Crossbar Switch
Crossbar Switch system contains of a number of crosspoints that are kept at intersections
among memory module and processor buses paths. In each crosspoint, the small square
represents a switch which obtains the path from a processor to a memory module. Each switch
point has control logic to set up the transfer path among a memory and processor. It calculates
the address which is placed in the bus to obtain whether its specific module is being addressed.

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In addition, it eliminates multiple requests for access to the same memory module on a
predetermined priority basis.

Functional design of a crossbar switch connected to one memory module is shown in figure. The
circuit contains multiplexers which choose the data, address, and control from one CPU for
communication with the memory module. Arbitration logic established priority levels to select one
CPU when two or more CPUs attempt to access the same memory. The multiplexers can be
handled by the binary code which is produced by a priority encoder within the arbitration logic.

A crossbar switch system permits simultaneous transfers from all memory modules because
there is a separate path associated with each module. Thus, the hardware needed to implement
the switch may become quite large and complex.

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