Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4.

Psychrometric Processes

MODULE 4

PSYCHROMETRY OF
AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES

Prepared by: Engr. Jose R. Francisco, PME, CEM

Lecturer

BASIC AIR CONDITINING PROCESSES

 These basic processes in air conditioning are at practically constant pressure and can
be illustrated by lines on a psychrometric chart.

 As shown in Figure 1 below, the basic air conditioning processes are: sensible cooling;
sensible heating; humidifying; dehumidifying; heating and humidifying; cooling and
dehumidifying; cooling and humidifying; and heating and dehumidifying or chemical
dehumidifying.

Figure 1. Psychrometric Diagram of Air Conditioning Processes

3
7 5

2 1

6 8
4

0 to 1: Sensible Heating
0 to 2: Sensible Cooling
0 to 3: Humidifying
0 to 4: Dehumidifying
0 to 5: Heating and Humidifying
0 to 6: Cooling and Dehumidifying
0 to 7: Cooling and humidifying
0 to 8: Heating and Dehumidifying or Chemical Dehumidifying

Air Conditioning Processes

1. Sensible Heating is an air conditioning process that involves heating without changing
the moisture content (humidity ratio) of air. The process is represented by horizontal
line in the psychrometric chart, from left to the right. Application: Air in a duct passing
through or over a heater, say, a heater coil.

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Figure 2. Schematic Diagram, sensible Heating

Heating
Medium Out

1 2
Heater
Air Entering Coil Air Leaving

Heating
Medium In

Figure 3. Psychrometric Diagram, Sensible Heating

1 2
W1 = W2

DB1 DB2

Heater Capacity,

q  mh 2  h1 

Where, q = the capacity of the heater, kW

m = Q1/v1 = mass flow rate of dry air, kg/s
Q1 = volume rate of air entering the heater, m3/s
v1 = specific volume of the entering air, m3/kg
h1 = enthalpy of air entering the heater, kJ/kg d.a.
h2 = enthalpy of air leaving the heater, kJ/kg d.a.

2. Sensible Cooling is a process that involves cooling without changing the humidity ratio
of the air. The process is represented by a horizontal line in the Psychrometric chart,
from right to left. The final temperature cannot be below the initial dew point
temperature. Application: Air in a duct passing through a cooling coil or air washer.
The Surface temperature of a cooling coil is above the dew point temperature of the air.

Figure 4. Schematic Diagram, Sensible Cooling

Cooling
Medium Out

1 2
Cooler
Air Entering Coil Air Leaving

Cooling
Medium In

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Figure.5. Psychrometric Diagram, Sensible Cooling

2 1
W1 = W 2

DB2 DB1

Cooler Coil Capacity,

q = m(h1 - h2) in kW or TR

TR = Tons of Refrigeration
1 TR = 3.517 kW

3. Humidifying Process - a process of increasing the humidity ratio without changing the
dry-bulb temperature of the air. The process is represented in the psychrometric chart
by a vertical line (upward). Application: Air in a duct passing through the spray of
water.

Figure 6. Schematic Diagram, Humidifying.

Water In

Air Entering Air Entering

1 Spray of water 2

Figure 7. Psychrometric Diagram, Humidifying

2
W2

1 W1

DB1 = DB2

Amount of moisture Added:

mv = m(W 2 - W 1) in kg vapor per second.

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
4. Dehumidifying Process is a process of decreasing the humidity ratio without changing
the dry-bulb temperature of air. The process is represented in the pychrometric chart by
a vertical line (down ward). Application: Air in a duct passing through a cooling coil or
air washer

Figure.8. Schematic Diagram, Dehumidfying.

Cooling
Water In

1 2
Air Air
Entering Air Washer Leaving
Cooling
Water Out

Figure 9. Psychrometric Diagram, Dehumidifying

1
W1

2 W2

DB1 = DB2

Amount of moisture removed,

mv = m (W 1 - W 2)

5. Heating and Humidifying - a process of simultaneous heating and humidifying of air by

either drawing it through spray or over trays of hot or warm water. The water must be
heated during the process in order to supply the latent heat needed for evaporation.
Application: Air in a duct passing through a spray or trays of hot or warm water.

Figure 3.10. Schematic Diagram, Heating & Humidifying

Hot water In

Air Entering Air Entering

Spray of hor or
1 warm water 2

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Figure 11. Psychrometric Diagram, Heating & Humidifying

2
W2

1 W1

DB1 DB2

Amount of moisture added, mv = m(W 2 - W 1)

Amount of heat added, q = m(h2 - h1)

6. Cooling and Dehumidifying - a process of simultaneous cooling and dehumidifying of

air passing through a cooling coil or air washer. The actual process is difficult to show
on a chart. It would depend on the type of the equipment used. But in general this can
be indicated by dotted curved line. This process commonly used in summer air
conditioning in which air passes over a cold coil or through a cold water spray. The air
chilled below its dew point temperature, thus condensing out moisture. The final RH
generally is higher than the initial RH. Application: Air in a duct passing over a cooling
coil or through an air washer.

Figure 12. Schematic Diagram, Cooling & Dehumidifying

Cooling
Medium Out

1 2
Cooler
Air Entering Coil Air Leaving

Cooling
Medium In

Cooling
Water In

1 2
Air Air
Entering Air Washer Leaving
Cooling
Water Out

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Figure 13. Psychrometric Diagram, Cooling & Dehumidifying

1
W1

W2
3 2

DP DB2 DB1

Amount of moisture removed,

mv = m(W 1 - W 2)

Capacity of the cooler coil or air washer (CDA),

q = m (h1 - h2)

o CDA - Cooling and dehumidifying apparatus, it could be an air washer or

cooler coil.

o ADP - Apparatus dew point temperature.

7. Cooling and Humidifying - a process of simultaneous cooling and humidifying of air

passing through a spray of water. This process is generally known as adiabatic
saturation, which is a simultaneous process of cooling and humidifying without
changing the wet bulb temperature.

o Adiabatic - means no heat is added or removed externally.

o Saturation - implies adding moisture.
o This is the action that takes place in an ordinary air washer in which the same water
is continuously recirculated, but is neither heated nor cooled.
o Recirculated water is sprayed into the air, and part of it evaporates in trying to
saturate the air. If this spraying is effective enough, the air leaves the spray 100
percent saturated. Then, after equilibrium is established, the air will leave at the
temperature of its WB, and the recirculated water will be at the same temperature.
o This process is indicated on the chart as a line parallel to the WB lines from the
entering air condition to the saturation line or curve.
o Evaporative Cooling is effective in hot dry climates when the cooler humid condition
is more desirable than the hot dry condition. It should be recommended that the
leaving WB temperature should not be lower than the spray-water temperature.
Relative humidity is raised.
o Application: Process of evaporative cooling

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Figure 14. Schematic Diagram, Cooling and Humidifying

Cooling
Water In

1 2
Air Air
Entering Air Washer Leaving
Cooling
Water Out

Figure 15. Psychrometric Chart, Cooling and Humidifying

3
2 W2

W1
1

DB2 DB1

8. Chemical Dehumidifying Process – a simultaneous heating and dehumidifying process.

o Air can be dehumidified by passing the air over chemicals that have an affinity for
moisture. Usually, in so doing, the moisture is condensed and gives up its latent
heat, raising the DB temperature of the air. The air leaves drier but warmer. The
WB temperature may increase or decrease. Units employing such chemicals are
used in some comfort air-conditioning installations but normally for industrial air
conditioning.

Figure 16. Chemical Dehumidifying

1 W1

2
W2

DB1 DB2

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
9. Air Mixing or Mixing Air
o When air at one condition is mixed with air at another condition, the condition of the
final mixture can be indicated on the psychrometric chart by a point on the line
joining the points indicating the original conditions, as shown in the figure below.
The exact location of the final point will be depending upon the relative weights of
dry air in the original air quantities. Application: Mixing of out-door air and
recirculated air to be supplied to an air conditioned space.

Figure 17. Schematic Diagram, Air Mixing

Return
Air 1

3
Mixture

2
Outdoor
Air

Figure 18. Psychrometric Chart, Air Mixing

Let, m = mass flow rate of dry air, kg/s.

h = enthalpy of moist air, kJ/kg
W = humidity ratio, kg/kg d.a.
DB = dry-bulb temperature, oC.
DP = dew point temperature, oC.

Mass Balance of Dry Air:

m3 = m1 + m 2

Mass Balance of Moisture:

m1W1  m 2 W2
m3 W3  m1W1  m 2 W2  W3 
m1  m 2
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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Energy Balance in Terms of Enthalpy:

m1h1  m 2 h 2
m3 h 3  m1h1  m2 h 2  h3 
m1  m 2

Energy Balance in Terms of Dry-bulb Temperature:

m1DB1  m 2 DB2
m3 DB3  m1DB1  m 2 DB2  DB3 
m1  m 2

Energy balance in Terms of Dew Point Temperature:

m1DP1  m 2 DP2
m3 DP3  m1DP1  m 2 DP2  DP3 
m1  m 2

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

Prob. # 1] Calculate the load on a heater battery which heats 1.5 m 3/s of moist air, initially
at a state of 21 oC DB, 15 oC WB and 101.325 kPa barometric pressure, by 20 degrees. If
low pressure hot water at 85 oC return, is used to achieve this, calculate the flow
necessary, in kg/s, of water leaving at 75 oC. At point 1, h1 = 42.1 – 0.16 = 41.94 kJ/kg
d.a.; W 1 = 0.0082 kg/kg d.a.; & v1 = 0.845 m3/kg d.a.. At point 2, h2 = 63.0 – 0.74 = 62.26
kJ/kg d.a.; and W 2 = W1. [Ans. 36.068 kW and 0.861 kg/s]

Solution:

Heating
Medium Out
1 2
1 2 W1 = W2
Heater
Air Entering Coil Air Leaving

Heating DB1 DB2

Medium In

Solution for the heater capacity

For the mass flow rate,

Q1 1.5 m 3 / s
m   1.775 kg / s
v1 0.845 m 3 / kg da

Heater Capacity,

q  mh 2  h1   1.77562.26  41.94  36.068 kW

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Solution for the mass flow rate of hot water

q  mh 2  h 1   m w c p t wi  t wo 

q 36.068 kJ / s
mw    0.861 kg / s
c p t wi  t wo  4.187 kJ / kg  K 85  75

Prob. # 2] Determine the heat required to raise 0.50 m 3/s of air at 10 oC and 80 % RH to
32 oC. What is the final relative humidity? At point 1: h1 = 24.97 kJ/kg d.a., W 1 = 0.006
kg/kg d.a., & v1 = 0.81 m3/kg d.a.; At point 2: h2 = 47.76 kJ/kg d.a., W 1 = W 2; and at 32 oC,
psat = 4.579 kPaa. [16.07 kW and 21 %]

Solution:

1 2
W1 = W2

DB1 DB2

Solving for the Heat Required,

Q   0.50 
q  mh 2  h 1    1  h 2  h 1     47.76  24.97   16.07 kW
 1
v  0.81 

Solving for the pv2, W 2 = W 1 = 0.006 kgv/kgda,

 pv2  W2 p t
W2  0.622    p v 2 
 pt  pv2  0.622  W2

pv2 
0.006101.325  0.968 kPaa
0.622  0.006
Solving for the final Relative Humidity,

 pv 
 100 %   
0.968 
RH 2   2
 100 %   21.1 %
 pd   4.589 

Prob. # 3] (Sensible Cooling) Calculate the load on a cooler coil which cools the moist air
mentioned in Prob. # 1 by 5 degrees. What is the flow rate of chilled water necessary to
this cooling if flow and return temperatures of 10 oC and 15 oC are satisfactory? At point 1:
h1 = 41.84 kJ/kg d.a., W 1 = 0.0082 kg/kg d.a., & v1 = 0.845 m3/kg d.a.; and At point 2: h2 =
36.846 kJ/kg d.a.,W 2 = W 1. [Ans. 8.865 kW and 0.423 kg/s]
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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Solution:
Cooling
Medium Out
2 1
W1 = W 2
1 2
Cooler
Air Entering Coil Air Leaving

DB2 DB1
Cooling
Medium In

Solving for the Cooler Coil Load,

Q   1.50 
q  mh 1  h 2    1  h 1  h 2     41.84  36.846  8.865 kW
 1
v  0.845 

Solving for the mass flow rate of chilled water,

q 8.865 kJ / s
mw    0.423 kg / s
c p t wi  t wo  4.187 kJ / kg  K 15  10

Prob. # 4] (Cooling and Dehumidifying) 1.5 m 3/s of moist air at a state of 28 oC DB, 21 oC
WB (h1 = 61.1 – 0.25 = 60.85 kJ/kg d.a and v1 = 0.868 m3/kg d.a) and 101.325 kPa flow across a
cooler coil and leaves at 12.5 oC DB and 0.0083 kg/kg d.a. (h2 = 34.1 – 0.02 = 34.08 kJ/kg d.a).
Determine a) the contact factor or the efficiency of the cooling coil; and b) the cooling load.
ADP = 8.5 oC. [0.795 and 46.26 kW]

Solution:
Cooling
water Out

1 2
Cooler
Air Entering Coil Air Leaving

Cooling
Water In

21 oC

1
W1

W2
3 2

ADP 12.5 oC 28 oC

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Solving for the Contact Factor,

t 1  t 2 h1  h 2 W1  W2
CF   
t 1  t 3 h1  h 3 W1  W3

t 1  t 2 28  12.5
CF    0.795 or 79.5 %
t 1  t 3 28  8.5

Solving for the CDA Capacity,

Q   1.50 
q  mh 1  h 2    1  h 1  h 2     60.85  34.08  46.26 kW
 v1   0.868 

Prob. # 5] (Adiabatic Saturation) Air at 33 oC DB and 19 oC WB is cooled and humidified

by passing through an air washer in which water is continuously recirculated. The air
leaves the air washer at 23 oC DB. Determine the moisture added per kg d.a.. What is the
efficiency of the air washer? From psychrometric chart: W 1 = 0.0081 kg/kg d.a. and W 2 =
0.0122 kg/kg d. [a) 0.0041; b) 71.4 %]

Solution:
Cooling
Water In

1 2
Air Air
Entering Air Washer Leaving
Cooling
Water Out

19 oC 3
W2
2

W1
1

19 oC 23 oC 33 oC

Solving for the Moisture Added,

W  W2  W1  0.0122  0.0081  0.0041 kg v / kg da

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Solving for the Efficiency of the Air Washer,

t t   23  33 
e  CF 100 %    2 1  100 %     100 %   71.43 %

 3 1
t t  19  33 

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

1. Determine the capacity of the heater which heats 1.5 m3/s of moist air at a state of 21°C DB
and 15°C WB by 20°C if the enthalpy of leaving air is 62.26 kJ/kg and the enthalpy of the
entering air is 41.94 kJ/kg. The specific volume of entering air is 845 liters per kg.
a. 28.05 kW b. 54.25 kW c. 36.071 kW d. 10.525 kW

Solution:

 1.5 
q  mh 2  h1    62.26  41.94  36.071 kW
 0.845 
2. Calculate the load on the cooler coil which cools 1.8 kg/s of moist air at a state of 21°C DB,
15°C WB and 1 atm pressure by 5°C. The enthalpy of air entering is 41.84 kJ/kg and air leaving
is 36.845 kJ/kg.
a. 12.05 hp b. 13.05 hp c. 10.05 hp d. 8.05 hp

Solution:
q  mh1  h 2   1.841.84  36.845  8.99 kW  12.05 Hp

3. In problem no. 2, how much moisture was added?

a. 0.004 kg/sec b. zero c. 0.0185 kg/sec d. 0.0052 kg/sec

Solution:
No Moisture Added = Constant Humidity Ratio

4. 2.5 m3/s of humid air at a state of 28°C DB, 21ºC WB and 101.325 kPaa flow across a cooler
coil and leaves at 12.5°C DB and 0.0083 kg vapor per kg dry air. If the apparatus dew point
(ADP) is 8.5 ˚C, compute for the contact factor (CF).
a. 0.835 b. 0.795 c. 0.579 d. 0.306

Solution:
21 oC

1
W1

W2
3 2

8.5 12.5 oC 28 oC

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
t 1  t 2 28  12.5
CF    0.795
t 1  t 3 28  8.5

5. In problem no. 4, what is the by-pass factor (BPF) of the cooler coil?
a. 0.502 b. 0.603 c. 0.205 d. 0.306

Solution:

BPF  1  CF  1  0.795  0.205

t 2  t 3 12.5  8.5
Other Solution: BPF    0.205
t1  t 3 28  8.5

6. 1.4 kg/sec of air at 33°C DB and 19°C WB is cooled and humidified by passing through an air
washer in which water is continuously circulated. The air leaves the air washer at 23°C DB.
Determine the air moisture added in kg/sec if the specific humidity of air leaving and air
entering the washer is 0.0122 and 0.0081, respectively.
a. 0.00574 b. 0.00385 c. 0.00853 d. 0.00835

Solution:
mv  mW2  W1   1.40.0122  0.0081  0.00574 kg / s

7. Determine the bypass factor of air heating coils if the mean coil temperature is 110°F and it
heats air from 60°F to 90°F.
a. 0.30 b. 0.50 c. 0.40 d. 0.60

Solution:

1 2 3
W1 = W2

DB1 DB2

t 3  t 2 110  90
BPF    0.40
t 3  t1 110  60

8. A room is to be maintained at 20°C DB, 52% relative humidity. Sensible heat load is 500,000
kJ/hr while latent heat load is 20,000 kJ/hr. Determine the amount of air at 15°C which must be
supplied in kg/hr. Assume Cp for air as 1.0 kJ/kg-K.
a. 1,000 b. 10,000 c. 100,000 d. 1,000,000

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
Solution:
q s  m s c p t r  t s 

qs 500 000
ms    100 000 kg / hr
c p t r  t s  1.020  15

9. In problem no. 8, what is the sensible heat ratio (SHR)?

a. 0.96 b. 0.85 c. 0.69 d. 0.74

Solution:

qs 500 000
SHR    0.962
q s  q L 500 000  20 000

10. An air conditioning unit delivers air at 16°C DB and enthalpy of 53 kJ/kgd.a.. If the room is to be
maintained at 24 ˚C DB and air enthalpy of 64 kJ/kg. Calculate the sensible heat ratio.
a. 0.72 b. 0.74 c. 0.71 d. 0.73

Solution:

qs m c t  t  c t  t 
SHR   s p r s  p r s
q s  q L m s h r  h s  hr  hs

SHR 
1.006224  16  0.732
64  53
11. Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture in cubic meters per kilogram of
dry air when the following conditions prevail: t = 30°C, w = 0.015 kg/kg, and Pt = 90kPa.
a.0.99 m3/kg b. 0.89 m3/kg c. 0.79 m3/kg d. 0.69 m3/kg

12. Compute the humidity ratio of air at 62% relative humidity and 34°C when the
barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa and saturation pressure at 34°C is 5.32 kPa.
a. 0.021 kgvapor/kdry air b. 0.031 kgvapor/kdry air
c. 0.041kgvapor/kdry air d. 0.051kgvapor/kdry air

13. A sample of air has dry-bulb temperature of 30°C and wet-bulb temperature of 25°C.
The barometric pressure is 1 101.325 kPa. Calculate the enthalpy of air if it is
adiabatically saturated. From steam tables, at 25°C: Pv = 3.17 kPa, hg = 2547.2 kJ/kg.
a. 75.94 kJ/kg b. 70.94 kJ/kg c. 79.54 kJ/kg d. 74.09 kJ/kg

14. An air-vapor mixture has a dry bulb temperature of 30°C and a humidity ratio of 0.015.
Calculate the enthalpy at 85 kPa barometric pressure. From steam table, 30°C h g =
2556.3 kJ/kg.
a. 68.34 kJ/kg b. 54.35 kJ/kg c. 72.45 kJ/kg d. 67.45 kJ/kg

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
15. In an air conditioning unit, 3.5 m3/s
of air at 27°C dry-bulb temperature 50 percent
relative humidity and standard atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving
condition of the air is 13°C dry-bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity Using the
properties from psychrometric chart, calculate the refrigerating capacity in kW.
From Psychrometric Chart: h1= 55.3 kJ/kg, h2 = 34.2 kJ/kg, w1 = 0.0112 kg/kg , v1 =
0.866 m3/kg, w2 = 0.0085 kg/kg, v2 = 0.822 m3/kg
a. 87.57 kW b. 77.57 kW c. 57.87 kW d. 58.77 kW

16. A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of return air in an conditioning system
that operates at 101 kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor system a0ir is 2 kg/s and
its condition is 35°C dry-bulb temperature and 25°C wet-bulb temperature. The flow
rate of return air is 3 kg/s and its condition is 24°C and 50% relative humidity.
Determine the enthalpy of the mixture. From Psychrometric Chart: h 1= 75.9 kJ/kg, h2 =
48 kJ/kg, w1 = 0.0159 kg/kg , v1 = 0.892 m3/kg, w2 = 0.0092 kg/kg, v2 = 0.853 m3/kg
a. 91.56 kJ/kg b. 51.69 kJ/kg c. 69.15 kJ/kg d. 59.16 kJ/kg

17. What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture at 30°C and a relative humidity of
45% at 101.325 kPa if saturation pressure at 30°C is 4.24 kPa?
a. 0.578 m3/kg b. 0.785 m3/kg c. 0.875 m3/kg d. 0.758 m3/kg

18. A mixture of dry air and water vapor is at a temperature of 21°C under a pressure of
101 kPa. The dew point temperature is 15°C. Calculate the relative humidity. P sat at
21°C is 2.4861 kPa.
a. 68.56% b. 65.68% c. 56.68% d. 58.66%

19. The density of air at 35°C and 101 kPa is 1.05 kg/m3. The humidity ratio is:
a. 0.036 kgvapor/kdry air b. 0.063 kgvapor/kdry air c. 0.36 kgvapor/kdry air d.
0.63 kgvapor/kdry air

20. If the sensible heat ratio is 0.80 and the cooling load is 100 kW, what is the amount of
sensible heating?
a. 80 kW b. 60 kW c. 125 kW d. 100 kW

21. A 4 m x 4 m x 4 m room has a relative humidity ratio of 80%. The pressure in the room
is 120 kPa and temperature is 35°C (Psat = 5.628 kPa). What is the mass of vapor in
the room? Use Rvapor = 0.4615 kN-m/kg-K.
a. 3.03 kg b. 2.03 kg c. 4.03 kg d. 5.03 kg

22. A coil has an inlet temperature of 60°F and outlet of 90°F. If the mean temperature of
the coil is 110°F, find the bypass factor of the coil.
a. 0.20 b. 0.30 c. 0.40 d. 0.50

23. If the latent and sensible heat loads are 20 kW and 80 kW respectively, what is the
sensible heat ratio?
a. 0.80 b. 0.60 c. 0.70 d. 0.90

24. A room being air conditioned is being held at 25°C dry bulb and 50% relative humidity.
A flow rate of 5 m3/s air at 15°C dry bulb and 80% RH is being delivered to the room to
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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa. What is the sensible heat absorbed from the
room air in kW?
a. 50.80 b. 60.80 c. 40.50 d. 70.90

25. Compute the pressure drop of 30°C air flowing with a mean velocity of 8 m/s in a
circular sheet-metal duct 300 mm in diameter and 15 m long. Use a friction factor, f =
0.02 and density of air is 1.1644 kg/m3.
a. 37.26 Pa b. 25.27 Pa c. 29.34 Pa d. 32.52 Pa

26. A pressure difference of 350 Pa is available to force 20°C air through a circular sheet-
metal duct 450 mm in diameter and 25 m long. At 20°C, density of air is 1.204 kg/m 3
and take friction factor, f = 0.016. Determine the velocity.
a. 25.57 m/s b. 27.55 m/s c. 28.54 m/s d. 24.85 m/s

27. A duct 0.40 m high and 0.80 m wide suspended from the ceiling in a corridor makes a
right angle turn in the horizontal plane. The inner radius is 0.2 m and the outer radius is
1.0 m measured from the same center. The velocity of air in the duct is 10 m/s.
Compute the pressure drop in this elbow. Assuming, friction factor, f = 0.3 and density
of air is 1.204 kg/m3 and Length is 10 meters.
a. 341 Pa b. 441 Pa c. 143 Pa d. 144 Pa

28. A rectangular duct has a dimensions of 0.25 m by 1 m. Determine the equivalent

diameter of the duct.
a. 0.40 m b. 0.80 m c. 0.70 m d. 0.30 m

29. A 0.30 m x 0.40 m branch duct leaves a 0.30 m x 0.60 m duct at an angle of 60°C. The
air temperature is 20°C. The dimensions of the main duct remain constant following
branch. The flow rate upstream is 2.7 m3/s. What is the pressure downstream in the
main duct. Note: At 20°C, density of air is 1.2041 kg/m3.
a. 346 Pa b. 436 Pa c. 634 Pa d. 643 Pa

30. A sudden enlargement in a circular duct measures 0.20 m diameter upstream and 0.40
m downstream. The upstream pressure is 150 Pa, downstream pressure is 200 Pa.
What is the flow rate of 20°C air through the fitting? Use density of air 1.02041 kg/m 3.
a. 0.49 m3/s b. 0.83 m3/s c. 0.38 m3/s d. 0.94 m3/s

31. Water is cooled in a cooling tower which has an efficiency of 65%. The temperature of
the surrounding air is 32°C dry bulb and 70% relative humidity. The heat dissipated
from the condenser is 2,300,000 kJ/hr. Find the capacity in liters per second of the
pump used in the cooling tower.
From Psychrometric Chart: At 32°C and 70% RH, twb = 27.40°C. From Steam Tables:
At 37.06°C, vf = 1.0068 L/kg
a. 8.60 liters/sec b. 6.80 liters/sec c. 7.60 liters/sec d. 6.70 liters/sec

32. An atmospheric cooling tower is to provide cooling for the jacket water of a four stroke,
800 kW Diesel generator. The cooling tower efficiency is 60% at a temperature
approach of 10°C. If the ambient air has a relative humidity of 70% and dry bulb

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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
temperature of 32°C, determine the cooling water supplied to the diesel engine in liters
per hour. Generator efficiency is 97% useful work is 30% and cooling lost is 25%.
a. 39,800 liters/hr b. 35,700 liters/hr c. 45,700 liters/hr d. 49,800 liters/hr

33. Fifty gallons per minute of water enters a cooling tower at 46°C. Atmospheric air at
16°C DB and 55% RH enters the tower at 2.85 m3/s and leaves at 32°C saturated.
Determine the volume of water that leaves the tower.
a. 4.10 liters/sec b. 3.10 liters/sec c. 2.10 liters/sec d. 5.10 liters/sec

34. A 250,000 kg/hr of water at 35°C enters a cooling tower where it is to be cooled to
17.5°C. The energy is to be exchanged with atmospheric air entering the units at 15°C
and leaving the unit at 30°C. The air enters at 30% RH and leaves at 85% RH. If all
process are assumed to occur at atmospheric pressure, determine the percentage of
water flow that is make up water. Psychrometric Properties of Air: At 15°C and 30%
RH: h = 23.02 kJ/kg, w =0.0033 kg/kg; At 30°C and 85% RH: h = 89.01 kJ/kg, w =
0.0233 kg/kg
a. 2.22% b. 3.33% c. 4.44% d. 1.11%

35. How much refrigeration capacity is required to cool 56.67 m 3 of air per minute from
29°C to 21°C. Assume that the cooled air is saturated. From Psychrometric Chart: At
21°C DB and 100% RH: h = 70 kJ/kg, v = 0.875 m3/kg
a. 4.76 TOR b. 1.76 TOR c. 3.76 TOR d. 2.76 TOR

36. Find the refrigeration capacity required to cool 29 cubic meter per minute from 29°C to
18°C if air from the outside has an RH of 90%. From Psychrometric Chart: At 29°C DB
and 90% RH: h = 88.45 kJ/kg ; and At 18°C DB and 100% RH: h = 50.45 kJ/kg
a. 2.9 TOR b. 3.9 TOR c. 4.9 TOR d. 5.9 TOR

37. The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained constant by the use of steam coils
within the dryer. The product enters the dryer at the rate of one metric ton per hour.
The initial moisture content is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be dried to
moisture content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg of dry solid. Air enters the dryer with a
humidity ratio of 0.016 kg moisture per kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity
of 100% while the temperature remains constant at 60°C. If the total pressure of the air
is 101.3 kPa, determine the capacity of the forced draft fan to handle this air in m 3/min.
Saturation pressure at 60°C is 19.94 kPa.
a. 85.75 m3/min b. 87.55 m3/min c. 55.87 m3/min d. 58.75 m3/min

38. Wet material containing 215% moisture (dry basis) is to be dried at the rate of 1.5 kg/s
in a continuous dryer to give a product containing 5% moisture (wet basis). The drying
medium consists of air heated to 373 K and containing water vapor equivalent to a
partial pressure of 1.40 kPa. The air leaves the dryer at 310 K and 70% saturated.
Calculate how much air will be required to remove the moisture.
a. 50 kg/s b. 55 kg/s c. 60 kg/s d. 65 kg/s

39. A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg of palay with a final moisture content of 10%. The initial
moisture content in the feed is 15% at atmospheric condition with 32°C dry bulb and
21°C wet bulb. The dryer is maintain at 45°C while the relative humidity of the hot
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Air Conditioning Review Manual: JRF, PME Module 4. Psychrometric Processes
humid air from the dryer is 80%. If the steam pressure supplied to the heater is 2 MPa,
determine the air supplied to the dryer in m3/hr.
a. 1332.25 m3/hr b. 1233.25 m3/hr c. 1223.25 m3/hr d. 1523 m3/hr

40. In an air conditioning system, if the re-circulated air is 3 times the outside air and the
mass of supply air is 20 kg/s, what is the mass of the outside air?
a. 3 kg/s b. 4 kg/s c. 5 kg/s d. 6 kg/s

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