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Lec 1 - Introduction To Pathogenic Micro-Organisms

The document discusses MIC 416, a course on pathogenic microorganisms. It provides an outline of topics to be covered including different types of pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes that infect both plants and animals. The course will cover methods of identifying microbes, how diseases are transmitted and spread, host defenses and immunity, disease management, and the reproductive structures of various pathogenic genera.

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Vincent Kasimba
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67 views

Lec 1 - Introduction To Pathogenic Micro-Organisms

The document discusses MIC 416, a course on pathogenic microorganisms. It provides an outline of topics to be covered including different types of pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes that infect both plants and animals. The course will cover methods of identifying microbes, how diseases are transmitted and spread, host defenses and immunity, disease management, and the reproductive structures of various pathogenic genera.

Uploaded by

Vincent Kasimba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIC 416: Pathogenic

Microorganisms

by
Beth Waweru

3/3/2021 MIC 416 1


Course outline
1. Introduction to Phyto-pathogenic and Zoo-pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses
and nematodes
2. Methods of microbe isolation and identification
3. Modes and source of infection
4. Communicability and geographic distribution
5. Causative factors in disease, toxins, enzymes, hormone, imbalance or other
physiological changes in the host
6. Immunity
7. Defence mechanisms
8. Disease forecasting and prevention of epidemics
9. Study of reproductive examples of genera of fungi, bacteria, nematodes and
viruses pathogenic to plants and animals
10. Management of microbe pathogens

3/3/2021 MIC 416 2


Lecture 1
Introduction to Phyto-pathogenic and
Zoo-pathogenic microbes

3/3/2021 MIC 416 3


Introduction
• A pathogen is any microorganism that has the capacity to cause disease in a
plant, animal or an insect
• Pathogenicity is the ability of a pathogen to produce a disease by overcoming
host defence
✓Entry point
✓Host defences penetration
✓Host cell damage
✓Exit points
• Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence – a term which
refers to the degree of pathogenicity of the microbe
• Determinants of virulence of a pathogen are any of its genetic or biochemical or
structural features that enable it to produce disease in a host
• Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to
be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air.

3/3/2021 MIC 416 4


Interactions

Virulence Resistant/
susceptible

3/3/2021 MIC 416 5


Terminologies
Interaction Pathogen Host

Compatible Virulent Susceptible

Incompatible Avirulent Resistant

❖ When the host is resistant, the pathogen is said to be avirulent and the interaction
is said to be incompatible. When the host is susceptible, the pathogen is said to
be virulent, and the interaction is said to be compatible.

3/3/2021 MIC 416 6


Microbes

Microbe Total species Pathogenic species

Bacteria 30,000 1,500 (Boston report


2016)
Fungi 148,000 600 (Stop neglecting fungi
2017)
Viruses 6,000 500 (Woolhouse 2012)

Nematodes 20,000 4,400 (D. Cooper 2016)

3/3/2021 MIC 416 7


Pathogenic bacteria
• Plant pathogenic bacteria cause many serious diseases of plants
globally.
• However bacterial crop diseases are generally fewer than those
caused by fungi or viruses.
• Many plants and animals can harbor plant pathogens without
symptom development (asymptomatic or latent infection).
• The taxonomy of plant pathogenic bacteria changes quite often
as technology for diagnostics advances.

3/3/2021 MIC 416 8


Pathogenic bacteria
Animals Plants
Vibrio cholerae O139 - cholera Erwinia – bacterial wilt
E. coli O157:H7 – haemorrhagic colitis Pectobacterium – soft rot and black leg
Parachlamydia - pneumonia Pantoea – leaf blotches
Clostridium botulinum – suddent infant Agrobacterium – Crown galls
death
Clostridium difficile - diarrhea Pseudomonas – cankers
Vibrio vulnificus – wound infection Ralstonia
Borrelia burgdorferi – Lyme disease Xanthomonas – leaf spot
Streptomyces
MIC 416 9
3/3/2021
Bacterial diseases

Bacterial wilt on melons Bacterial wilt in tomatoes Bacterial leaf spot Crown galls
on sorghum caused by
Agrobacterium

Soft rot caused by Eriwinia Black rot caused by Brown vascular tomato Citrus canker caused
Xanthomonas caused by Rastonia by Pseudomonas
3/3/2021 10
Symptoms
• The most usual symptoms include spots on fruit or leaves, blights or
deadening of tissue on stems, tree trunks or leaves, and rots of any plant
part, normally tubers or roots.
• Symptoms may change with temperature and humidity, plant variety,
infective dose, as well as photoperiod.
• Wilts
• Leaf spots
• Soft rots
• Black rot
• Scabs
• Cankers
• Galls

3/3/2021 MIC 416 11


Pathogenic fungi
Animals Plants

Candida - Candidiasis Colletotrichum spp - Anthracnose in


vegetables
Aspergillus - aflatoxin Peronospora spp. - Downey mildew in
cabbage
Cryptococcus - meningitis Fusarium spp. - Fusarium rots

Pneumocystis - pneumonia Rhizoctonia solani - Rhizoctonia rots

Stachybotrys – respiratory damage Botrytis spp - Botrytis rots

3/3/2021 MIC 416 12


Candida Botrytis rots

Anthracnose
Fusarium wilt Rhizoctonia rot
3/3/2021 MIC 416 13
Pathogenic viruses
Human Plants
Common cold - Human parainfluenza virus or Tobacco mosaic virus
corona
SARS and MERS – corona viruses
Flu - influenza virus Maize lethal necrosis – Maize chlorotic mottle
virus
Oral and genital herpes - Cucumber mosaic virus
herpes simplex virus
Chickenpox - varicella-zoster virus Potato virus Y
Measles - rubeola virus Potato virus X
Genital warts - human papillomavirus Cauliflower mosaic virus
Meningitis - Non-polio enteroviruses Tomato spotted wilt virus

Yellow fever virus


3/3/2021 MIC 416 14
Animal viral diseases

Flu - influenza virus Corona virus


Chicken pox

Measles

Yellow fever

3/3/2021 MIC 416 15


Plant viral diseases

Potato virus Y
Maize lethal necrosis

Tomato spotted wilt virus Tobacco mosaic virus


Cucumber
3/3/2021
mosaic virus MIC 416 16
Pathogenic nematodes
Animals Plants

Insects larvae - Steinernema spp Root knot nematodes - galls

Insects larvae - Heterorhabditis spp Potato cysts nematodes – cysts

Elephantiasis – Wuchereria bancrofti Pratylenchus – lesions

Ascariasis – A. lumbrioides Radopholus – lesions

Pinworms – Enterobius vermicularis Scutellonema

River blindness – Onchocerca volvulus Aphelenchoides

Bursaphelenchus

Anguinidae
3/3/2021 MIC 416 17
Potato cyst nematodes
Root knot nematodes White tip-Aphelenchoides

Red ring disease- Toppling disease- Dry rot disease-


Bursaphelenchus Radopholus Scutellonema
Elephantiasis Ascaris
River
blindness

Entomopathogenic

3/3/2021
Pinworms MIC 416 19

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