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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA), which is a statistical test used to compare means of three or more groups. It can compare multiple means at once, unlike a t-test which can only compare two means. A one-way ANOVA specifically compares groups along one dimension. The document provides an example comparing leadership skills between class years. It also discusses the F-test, which divides variances to compare two samples or populations. An example problem demonstrates how to conduct a two-tailed F-test to determine if variances differ between two suppliers' battery samples.

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FERDINAND A. PABALINAS
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
114 views

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA), which is a statistical test used to compare means of three or more groups. It can compare multiple means at once, unlike a t-test which can only compare two means. A one-way ANOVA specifically compares groups along one dimension. The document provides an example comparing leadership skills between class years. It also discusses the F-test, which divides variances to compare two samples or populations. An example problem demonstrates how to conduct a two-tailed F-test to determine if variances differ between two suppliers' battery samples.

Uploaded by

FERDINAND A. PABALINAS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA)

Ferdinand A. Pabalinas, RPm


choosing the right

statistical test
STATISTICAL TREATMENT DEPEND ON THE LEVEL OF

MEASUREMENT OF DATA

CATEGORICAL - Nominal and Ordinal Data


CONTINUOUS, SCORE SCALE - INTERVAL AND RATIO
Statistical Assumptions

1. INDEPENDENCE OF OBSERVATIONS
2. HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE
3. NORMALITY OF DATA
PARAMETRIC TEST
Independent Level of
Dependent Level of

Purpose Statistical Treatment


Measurement Measuremnt

Continuos Continuous Association Pearson r

(1) continuos continuous Prediction/Impact/Effect Simple Regression

(2 or more)

continuous Prediction/Impact/Effect Multiple Regression


continuous

(2 grps) Categorical continuous difference t-test

(3 or more groups)

conitnuous difference ANOVA


categorical
ANOVA

A Statistical Test used to compare means. The

difference between a t-test and an ANOVA is that a t-

test can only compare two means at a time, whereas

with an ANOVA we compare multiple means


ONE-WAY

ANOVA
Used to compare 3 or more groups/levels along the

same dimension. It is similar to an independent

samples t-test, just with more groups


Example
Suppose you want to know whether leadership skills

differ between Freshmen, Sophomores, Junior and

Seniors. You would take the mean of each group and

compare them to each other.


Practice ( Stat Hack)
https://www.statology.org/one-way-

anova/#:~:text=A%20one%2Dway%20ANOVA%20use

s,is%20different%20from%20the%20rest

F Test
F test is a statistical test that is used in hypothesis

testing to check whether the variances of two

populations or two samples are equal or not.


F Test
In an f test, the data follows an f distribution. This test

uses the f statistic to compare two variances by

dividing them.
F Test
An f test can either be one-tailed or two-tailed

depending upon the parameters of the problem.


F Test
The f value obtained after conducting an f test is used to

perform the one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance)

test.
Remember
F test is statistics is a test that is performed on an f

distribution. A two-tailed f test is used to check whether

the variances of the two given samples (or populations)

are equal or not.


Remember
if an f test checks whether one population variance is

either greater than or lesser than the other, it becomes

a one-tailed hypothesis f test.


F Test Critical Value


F test critical value
A critical value is a point that a test statistic is compared

to in order to decide whether to reject or not to reject

the null hypothesis.


F test critical value

The steps to find the f test critical value at a specific alpha level (or significance level),
α, are as follows:
ANOVA F-TEST

The one-way ANOVA is an example of an f test. ANOVA


stands for analysis of variance. It is used to check the
variability of group means and the associated variability
in observations within that group. The F test statistic is
used to conduct the ANOVA test.
The hypothesis is given as

follows:
F-TEST VS. T-TEST
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Example 1: A research team wants to study the effects of a new
drug on insomnia. 8 tests were conducted with a variance of 600
initially. After 7 months 6 tests were conducted with a variance of
400. At a significance level of 0.05 was there any improvement in
the results after 7 months?
FOR THE COMPLETE F-TABLE

@ 0.05 ALPHA LEVEL


https://users.sussex.ac.uk/

~grahamh/RM1web/F-

ratio%20table%202005.pdf
FOR THE COMPLETE F-TABLE

@ 0.25 ALPHA LEVEL


https://jonathanlenoir.fi

les.wordpress.com/2013

/12/tables-fisher.pdf
As 1.5 < 4.88, thus, the null hypothesis

cannot be rejected and there is not enough

evidence to conclude that there was an

improvement in insomnia after using the

new drug.
Answer: Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
TRY THIS

A toy manufacturer wants to get batteries for

toys. A team collected 41 samples from supplier

A and the variance was 110 hours. The team also

collected 21 samples from supplier B with a

variance of 65 hours. At a 0.05 alpha level

determine if there is a difference in the

variances.
A toy manufacturer wants to get batteries for

toys. A team collected 41 samples from supplier

A and the variance was 110 hours. The team also

collected 21 samples from supplier B with a

variance of 65 hours. At a 0.05 alpha level

determine if there is a difference in the

variances.
Solution: This is an
example of a two-tailed F

test. Thus, the alpha level

is 0.05 / 2 = 0.025
STAT HACK (ANOVA)
Example problem: Conduct a two tailed F

Test on the following samples:


Sample 1: Variance = 109.63, sample size = 41.
Sample 2: Variance = 65.99, sample size = 21.
Step 1: Write your hypothesis

statements:
Ho: No difference in variances.
Ha: Difference in variances.
Step 2: Calculate your F critical

value. Put the highest variance as

the numerator and the lowest

variance as the denominator:


F Statistic = variance 1/ variance 2

= 109.63 / 65.99 = 1.66


Step 3: Calculate the degrees of freedom:
The degrees of freedom in the table will be the

sample size -1, so:


Sample 1 has 40 df (the numerator).
Sample 2 has 20 df (the denominator).
Step 4: Choose an alpha level. No

alpha was stated in the question, so

use 0.05. This needs to be halved for

the two-tailed test, so use 0.025.


Step 5: Find the critical F Value using the

F Table. There are several tables, so

make sure you look in the alpha = .025

table. Critical F (40,20) at alpha (0.025) =

2.287.
Step 6: Compare your calculated

value (Step 2) to your table value

(Step 5). If your calculated value is

higher than the table value, you

can reject the null hypothesis:


F calculated value: 1.66
F value from table: 2.287.
1.66 < 2 .287.
So we cannot reject the null

hypothesis.

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