IELTS WRITING CRITERIA - TRAN NHUT HAO

KHÁI QUÁT CHUNG

INTRODUCTION

- The graph below  The given/ provided graph/ table/ chart/ line graph/ bar chart…

+show  illustrate/ reveal/ compare/ depict/ describe/ indicate/ shed light on/ represent

provide/ give information about (on)

+ between…and…  from…to….

over a period of [number] years, starting from [year]

during a [number]-year period, starting from [year]

+ the amount of + countable noun/ the number of + uncountable noun

 the percentage of/ the proportion of

 how much/ how many + N + S + V (how much money people spent on books)

+in…. (country)…  in [number] different/ various/ several countries, namely

in [number] different/ various/ several + ADJ

E.g.: The given graph compares how much money people spent on books in four different European
countries, namely Germany, France, Italy, Austria over period of 10 years, starting from 1995.

OVERVIEW

Overall, it can be seen that

It is obvious/clear that

According to the table/chart, …

As is shown in the diagram, …

As is illustrated by the graph,…

As can be seen from the figures, …

It can be seen from the chart (that)…

It is clear/ apparent from the graph/figures (that)…

The above given graph shows…

The first obvious feature of this chart is that…

E.g: Overall, it can be seen clearly that the amount of money spent on books in all mentioned
countries witnessed an upward trend over the period show. Moreover, the figure for Germany was
highest.

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BAR CHART
- Use a range of linking devices (while / whereas / as opposed to / compared to / in comparison
with…)

- Half of (50% of) the adults in this survey eat pizza.

- Only 10% of (one tenth of/ one in ten of) those surveyed stated that they eat spaghetti.

- A third of (just over 30% of/ one in third of) this group eat cakes.

- Almost two thirds of the adults questioned eat biscuits.

STRUCTURE

- MORE/ FEW/ LESS + N + V + THAN…

E.g: In 1980, more people preferred walking than driving.

In 1980, few/ less people preferred driving than walking.

- A HIGHER + N + V + THAN…

E.g: In 1980, a higher number of people preferred walking than driving.

- N + BE MORE/ LESS + ADJ + THAN…

E.g: In 1980, walking was more popular than driving.

In 1980, driving was less popular than walking.

- THE HIGHEST + N+ OF + N + V

E.g: In 1980, the highest percentage of people preferred walking.

- THE MOST/ LEAST + ADJ + N + V

E.g: The least/ most popular mode of transportation was cars.

SAMPLES

The following bar chart shows the

different modes of transport used to
travel to and from work in one European
city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.

The given bar chart reveals how citizens in one European city commuted by four different means of
transportation namely bus, car, bike or walking in three years 1960, 1980, 2000.

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Overall, it can be seen obviously from the bar chart that the percentage of people who chose to go
work by bus, bike or walk to work witnessed a downward trend. However, the opposite was true for
cars.

In the 1960, travelling by foot was by far the most favourite transport mode, accounting for over 35%
of total travelers’, compared with only 5% of people travelling by car. The figures for travel by bus and
bike were around 17% and 24% respectively.

The period between 1960 and 2000 witnessed a substantial increase in car users, growing to around
25% before reaching its peak of above 35% in 2000. In contrast, there were only nearly 10% of people
walking to work and around 5% of people who used (missing word) bike in 2000. The percentage of
bus travelers was approximately 25% in 1980 before falling to 15% in 2000.

The bar chart shows the divorce rates in

two European countries from 2011 to
2015.

The bar chart provides information about the percentages of divorces in Finland and Sweden between
2011 and 2015.

Overall, Sweden experienced a downward trend, while Finland showed an upward trend throughout
the period. Both countries’ divorce rates had some fluctuations. Although Finland initially had a lower
rate, it outraced Sweden at the end of the period.

Sweden’s divorce rate was about 45% in 2011, being higher than Finland’s rate by approximately 8%.
Then, it rose to almost fifty percent in 2012. However, the figure showed a gradual decrease to about
47% in 2013, and continued to decline steadily to the end of the period, reaching around 45% in 2014
and hitting a low-point of about 37% in 2015.

Percentage of divorces in Finland was less than 40% in 2011, and it decreased in 2012, when about
one third of marriages in Finland ended with a divorce (as opposed to almost a half in Sweden).
However, the figure experienced a steady growth during the next two years. It rose to approximately
39% in 2013, then increased by around 3% in 2014, and remained steady for the next year, outracing
the rate of Sweden.

The bar shows the percentage of people

going to cinemas in one European country
on different days.

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SAMPLE 1

The chart illustrates the proportion of people who visited a cinema on different days of the week, in a
European country, in three separate years (2003, 2005 and 2007).

It can be seen that there were not considerable changes in people’s preference on which day to go to
the cinema over the period. People in this country tended to go to the cinema on weekends rather
than on working days.

In 2003, 40% of people from this country went to the movies on a Saturday, compared to the 30%
who chose Friday or Sunday. On the other days, the proportion of movie-goers was higher on
Tuesday, at 20%, while the lowest figure can be seen on Mondays, at only 10%.

Over the next four years, the percentage of people going to the cinema on weekends increased
slightly, by about 5%, to 45% for Saturday and 35% for Sunday. Similarly, Thursday and Monday
became more popular among cinema-goers, with about 2% more people choosing these days.
However, fewer people went to see movies on Tuesday and Wednesday, with the figures falling to
19% and 9% respectively. Finally, there was stability, at 30%, in the proportion of movie-goers
choosing to go to the cinema on a Friday.

SAMPLE 2

The bar chart compares the proportion of citizens from a European nation spending time at the
cinemas during a week in 2003, 2005 and 2007.

It is clear that Saturday was the most favoured day to go to the cinemas in three given years. The
percentage of European people arriving to the cinemas on Friday and weekends were higher than that
on the other days of the week in three periods 2003, 2005 and 2007.

On the first four days of the week, the figure of cinema- goers in the three mentioned years
experienced some fluctuations. In those four days, the percentage of citizens choosing to go to
cinemas in that country had its peak at around 20% on Tuesday in three years, before witnessing a
slight decrease on the next day by around 5% in 2003, 2005 and nearly 10% in 2007 respectively.

On Friday, after increasing remarkably, the figure for cinema visitors in three years in that country
stood at 30%. In particular, Saturday had the highest proportion of movie-goers in three years among
other days at 40%, 45% and about 43 % in 2003, 2005 and 2007 respectively. were about 10% higher
than that Sunday.

The chart below gives

information about the
amount of time children
spend with their parents.

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The bar chart compares how much time children of multiple age groups spend with their parents, as
displayed by the amounts of time that children spend with each parent alone and both parents
together.

Overall, children of all age groups spend more time with their mother than their father alone
throughout the week. On the weekends, children’s time with parents increases and this time is
predominantly spent with both parents, rather than with each parent separately.

For the weekdays, children typically spend around 7 hours with their mother alone. Infants, in
particular, have almost 8 hours which strictly involve their mother, which is more or less the same
amount of time for children in the 2-3 and 6-7 age group in this regard. The time spent exclusively
with their father, on the other hand, is rather limited, which is at most above 2 hours for the 4-5 age
group and at least 1 hour for the 2-3 age group.

Regarding the weekends, the amount of time that children spend with both parents, which is no more
than 2 hours during the weekdays, becomes roughly 5.5 hours on average on weekends. This is at the
expense of the amount of time that is spent exclusively with mothers and fathers, lowering to an
average of 3.8 hours and sub-1 hour respectively. Finally, children from the age of 2 to 7 spend an
increased total of around 10 hours with their parents on weekends.

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LINE GRAPH
A. Danh từ và động từ dùng cho việc diễn tả xu hướng:

1. Hướng đi lên, tăng: (Go up)

Verb Noun
- Go up: - Go up:
+ to rise (rose) + a rise
+ to increase (increased) + an increase
+ to go up (went up) + show an upward trend
+ to grow (grew) + a growth
+ to climb (climb) + show an up turn

- Go up a lot: - Go up a lot:
+ to surge (surged) + show a surge
+ to take off (took off) + show an upsurge
+ to shoot up (shot up)
+ to soar (soared)
+ to rocket (rocketed)
+ to jump (jumped) + a jump
+ to leap (leaped/ leapt) + a leap
+ to boom (boomed) + a boom
+ to bounce (bounced) + a bounce

2. Hướng đi xuống, giảm: (Go down)

Verb Noun
- Go down: - Go down:
+ to decrease (decreased) + a decrease
+ to fall (fell) + a fall
+ to decline (declined) + a decline
+ to drop (dropped) + a drop
+ to reduce (reduced) + a reduction
+ to go down (went down) + a downturn
+ to slip (slipped) + a slip
+ to dip (dipped) + a dip
+ a downward trend

- Go down a lot: - Go down a lot:

+ to plummet (plummeted) + a plummet
+ to sink (sank) + a sink
+ to plunge (plunged) + a plunge

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3. Giữ nguyên: (Remain)

Verb Noun
+ to flatten out (flattened out) + no change
+ to stabilize (stabilized) + show stability
+ to stay/ remain/ keep constant/ stable/
steady/ unchanged/ the same level

4. Dao động, đạt điểm: (Fluctuate, Reach)

- to fluctuate/ vary around (fluctuated/ varied)

- show some fluctuation/ variation

- to stand at (stood at)

- followed by “at”, “of”

- to peak at (peaked at)

- to reach a peak of (reached)

- to hit a low point/ the lowest/ the largest of

B. Tính từ và trạng từ mô tả xu hướng:

Mức độ (Degree) Tính từ Trạng từ

Dramatic Dramatically
Huge
Thay đổi rất lớn (very
Enormous Enormously
extensive change)
Tremendous Tremendously
Sharp Sharply
Substantial Substantially
Thay đổi lớn (extensive Considerable Considerably
change) Remarkable Remarkably
Significant Significantly
Thay đổi một chút (average Noticeable Noticeably
change) Moderate Moderately
Slight Slightly
Thay đổi nhỏ (small change) Small
Minimal Minimally

C. Tính từ và Trạng từ miêu tả tốc độ của sự thay đổi:

- Tính từ: Slow, Gradual, Steady, Sudden, Quick, Swift, Rapid

- Trạng từ: Slowly, Gradually, Steadily, Suddenly, Quickly, Swift, Rapidly

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* Lưu ý:

- SOAR and ROCKET là hai động từ miêu tả sự tăng lên khá cao một cách mạnh mẽ. Vì vậy, IELTS
không cần thêm trạng từ.

- LEAP cho thấy một sự gia tăng lớn và đột ngột, cũng KHÔNG cần thêm trạng từ.

- CLIMB là một động từ tương đối trung lập, nên thêm trạng từ.

- PLUMMET là động từ mạnh nhất để miêu tả sự giảm xuống, nghĩa là giảm rất nhanh chóng và một
chặng đường dài.

- DROP và DIP miêu tả sự giảm ở mức độ nhẹ, cũng thường được dùng như một danh từ.

- SUDDEN và SHARP miêu tả những thay đổi nhẹ nhưng diễn ra đột ngột

- SPECTACULAR và DRAMATIC miêu tả những thay đổi rất rất lớn.

- MARGINAL miêu tả sự thay đổi rất nhỏ

- UPWARD và DOWNWARD là tính từ, trạng từ là UPWARDS và DOWNWARDS

* Preposition:

- V+ adv + from…to…

- V+ adv + by…. (lên đến)

- N + of

#Time phrases: over the next three days, three days later, in the following three days, the next three
days show, over the period, from….to…. / between .... and..., the last year, the final year, the first year,
at the beginning of the period, at the end of the period.

D. Miêu tả con số chính xác: (Describing accurate data)

Dưới (< number) Dưới một chút (Just a little bit under) Dưới khá nhiều (Quite a lot under)

Just under 30
Under 30 Slightly under 30
Well under 30
Less than 30 Almost 30
Considerably less than 30
Below 30 Nearly 30
Close to 30

Hơn (>number) Hơn một chút (Just a little bit over) Hơn khá nhiều (Quite a lot over)
Over 30 Just over 30
Well over 30
Above 30 Slightly over 30
Considerably more than
More than 30 Marginally 30

About 30
Approximately 30
Around 30
More or less 30

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E. Một số cấu trúc:

1. S + VERB + ADV + number + time

- The amount of money spent on books rose slightly from 1995 to 1999.

2. THERE + BE (WAS, WERE) + A/AN + ADJ+ NOUN + number + in “what” + time

- There was a dramatic growth in the amount of money spent on books from 1995 to 1999.

3. A + ADJ + N + WAS SEEN/ WITNESSED/ RECORDED IN “what” + time

- A slight rise was witnessed in the number of students in US from 1995 to 1999.

4. THE YEAR “Y” SAW/ WITNESSED/ RECORDED A + ADJ + N IN X

- The year 1999 saw a significant increase in the amount of money spent on shipping services.

Introductory expressions:

-The graph shows/indicates/illustrates/reveals/represents/ provides information about

- It is clear from the graph

- It can be seen from the graph

- As the graph shows,

- From the graph it is clear

E.g.: The line graph below shows the household recycling rates in three different countries between
2005 and 2015.

⇢ The line graph illustrates the regional household recycling rates in the UK, France and Germany
from 2005 to 2015.

Overview

- Overall,

- It is clear that……,

- It is noticeable that…….

- According to the table/chart, …

- As is shown in the diagram, …

- As is illustrated by the graph, …

- As can be seen from the figures, …

- It can be seen from the chart (that)…

- It is clear/ apparent from the graph/figures (that)…

- The above given graph shows…

- The first obvious feature of this chart is that

E.g.: The recycling rates of the UK and Germany showed a steady but significant rise over a period
while the percentage of recycled waste in France experienced a downward trend.

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SAMPLES

The graph below shows the amount of money

spent on books in Germany, France, Italy and
Austria between 1995 and 2005.

The given line graph depicts how much money people spent on books in four different European
countries namely Germany, France, Italy and Austria over a period of 10 years, starting from 1995.

Overall, it can be seen that the amount of money spent on books in all mentioned countries saw an
upward trend over the period shown. Moreover, the figure Germany was highest.

From the outset of the study period, in 1995, the expenditure on books by Germans was by far the
highest, at 80 million (US dollars). Meanwhile, the figure stood at about 57 million in France, 50 million
in Italy and 30 million in Austria. From then on, all expenses of purchases of books in four nations
rose, with the most dramatic growth being seen in Germany and Austria.

Around 2001, the amount of money allocated to books in Austria commenced to soar, overtaking that
in Italy prior to 2003, whereas the corresponding sum in Germany dipped before rising again at
roughly the same time. By 2005, the figure for Germany had grown to approximately 95 million,
remaining the largest figure. On the other hand, the spending on books in France, Austria and Italy
were only around 72, 71 and 61 million respectively.

The graph below shows consumers’

average annual expenditure on cell
phone, national and international fixed-
line and services in America between
2001 and 2010.

The line graph illustrates the average amount of money spent annually on mobile phone services, and,
national and international landline services in the US over a period of 9 years.

It is clear that while the yearly spending on mobile phones increased significantly, the opposite was
true for national landline phone expenditure. Also, the figure for international fixed-line services was
lowest during the period.

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In 2001, there was an average of nearly $700 spent on national landline phone services by US
residents, in comparison with only around $200 each on mobile phone and international landline
services. Over the next five years, the average amount spent on national fixed-line phone services fell
by approximately $200. By contrast, yearly spending on cell phone services witnessed a significant
increase of roughly $300. At the same time, the figure for overseas landline services fluctuated slightly
below $300.

In 2006, US consumers spent the same amount of money on mobile and national fixed-line services,
with just over $500 on each. From the year 2006 onwards, it can be seen that the average yearly
expenditure on mobile phone services surpassed that of national fixed-line phone services and
became the most common means of telecommunication. To be more specific, yearly spending on
mobile phone services increased to nearly $750 in the final year, while the figure for national landline
phone services decreased to about $400 by the end of the period. During the same period, there was
stability in the figure for overseas phone services.

The chart graph shows the percentage

of tourists to Scotland who visited
four different types of attractions
from 1980 to 2010

The line chart sheds light on the percentage of visitors to four types of places in Scotland, including
aquariums, castles, zoos and festivals over a 30-year period.

It is clear that while the percentage of tourists visiting castles and zoos increased, the opposite was
true for aquariums and festivals during the period. It is also notable that castles were the most
popular tourist attraction in Scotland for most of the period.

In 1980, the percentage of tourists who chose to visit castles was nearly 25%, which was significantly
higher than the figure for zoos, at only 10%. Over the following 20 years, the percentage of castle
visitors increased dramatically to reach a peak of about 45% in 1995, followed by a considerable drop
to just over 30% in 2010. By contrast, despite some minor fluctuations around 10 to 15% during the
first 20 years, the figure for zoo visitors then significantly increased to 20% in the final year.

Looking at the other attractions, festivals were the most popular in 1980 with 30% of tourists choosing
this, compared to 20% visiting aquariums. Over the next five years, the percentage of travelers’ paying
a visit to an aquarium reached a peak of nearly 35% in 1985 before decreasing back to 20% five years
later. Since then, this figure continued to fall significantly to just under 10% in 2010. Meanwhile, the
percentage of festival visitors experienced a gradual decrease throughout the period, ending up at
roughly 25% at the end of the period.

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The line graph below shows the household

recycling rates in three different countries
between 2005 and 2015.

The line graph depicts the regional household recycling rates in the UK, France and Germany from
2005 to 2015.

Overall, the recycling rates of the UK and Germany showed a steady but significant rise over the
period, while the percentage of recycled waste in France experienced a downward trend.

In 2005 the recycling rates of the UK and Germany were nearly 35% and 20% respectively. Germany's
rate increased sharply throughout the period, exceeding France's rate in 2009 and reaching almost
60% in the end of the period. In the meantime, the percentage of recycled waste in the UK grew to
40% in 2007, and then remained steady until 2009. During 2009-2011 it experienced a rapid surge to
more than 50% and continued with a gradual increase to 60% in 2015.

In early 2005 the recycling rate of France (50%) was the highest among these three countries.
However, it dramatically declined to 30% in 2013. Then, there was a growth of 10% in 2015, but
France's recycling rate was the lowest in the end of the period.

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PIE CHART
A. Language use

1. Verbs:   represent/ occupy/ constitute/ comprise/ account for/ make up/ take up/ consist of  +
percent / numbers

- People aged 60 or over accounted for almost a quarter of the Italian population
- The demand of everyday life makes up 21% of the total need of paper.

2. Percentage: used after the, a, this, that and after adjectives: small, big…
- A small percentage of students have lived on the campus for more than 2 years.

- The percentage of workers who live in the building has fallen sharply since the fire.
3. A number at the beginning a sentence should be expressed in words

- Twenty-five workers were from UK.

4. Change percentage into fraction and vice versa.

Percentage Fraction Percentage Fraction

80% Four-fifths (2/3) 40% Two-fifths (2/5)
75% Three-quarters (3/4) 35% More than a third (hơn 1/3)
70% Seven in ten (7/10) 30% Less than a third (ít hơn 1/3)
65% Two-thirds (2/3) 25% A quarter (1/4)
60% Three-fifths (3/5) 20% A fifth (1/5)
55% More than half (hơn một nữa) 15% Less than a fifth ( ít hơn 1/5)
50% Half (1/5) 10% One in ten (1/10)
More than two fifths (hơn
45% 5% One in twenty (1/20)
2/3)

- If the percentage is estimated (in exact), they can be described as follows

5.
Percentage Qualifier
77% Just over three quarters/ Approximately three quarters
49% Just under a half
49% Nearly a half
32% Almost a third
75% – 85% A very large majority
65% – 75% A significant proportion
10% – 15% A minority
5% A very small number
Commonly used expressions 

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+ Describe one part of a pie chart.

Bắt đầu bằng TÍNH TỪ

The highest percentage of women are employed in the X

The greatest proportion of cars sold category

The lowest number of holiday makers are red

The most come from Spain

A significant

The smallest
The largest

Bắt đầu bằng CHỦ TỪ

Red is the most popular car color

Professional is the second/third most prevalent

employment category
Spain is the least common

holiday destination

+ Describe two parts of a pie

Bắt đầu bằng TÍNH TỪ

As many
Twice as many
as…
Three times as many
Not as many
More
Far more
red cars are sold
Much more
women are employed in x
Many more
holiday makers come from x
A lot more
than
Substantially more

Considerably more
Significantly more

Slightly more
Fractionally more
Bắt đầu bằng CHỦ TỪ
Blue cars as common as…

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quite as
Women are just as
popular
Spain is nearly as
prevalent
almost as
not as
more
much more
far more
substantially more
considerably more
significantly more women
slightly more cars sold than
fractionally more holiday makers
less
much less
far less
considerably less
fractionally less

STRUCTURES

1. Miêu tả một phần biểu đồ

- THE HIGHEST/ SMALLEST/ LOWEST/ LARGEST/ GREATEST + PERCENTAGE/ PROPORTION/

QUANTITY/ NUMBER OF + N + TO BE/ V

E.g: The highest number of animals was in Australia

- N + THE MOST/ LEAST + ADJ + N

E.g: Brazil was the least attractive country among all nations.

- THERE + BE + ADJ + N + IN + N

E.g: There was an increase in the proportion of animals in Brazil.

- N+ V + ADV

E.g: The proportion of animals in Brazil dropped significantly in 1990.

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2. Miêu tả hai phần biểu đồ

- AS MANY/ TWICE AS MANY/ THREE TIMES AS MANY/ NOT AS MANY + N + TO BE/ V + AS

E.g: In 1990, twice as many red motorbikes were produced in Brazil as in the UK.

- MORE/ FAR MORE/ MUCH MORE… + N + TO BE/ V + THAN

E.g: In 1990, much more red motorbikes were produced in Brazil than in the UK.

- AS/ WHEREAS/ WHILE X VERB, Y VERB (AT THE SAME TIME)

E.g: As the proportion of animals in Brazil dropped significantly, that in Poland increased.

- CLAUSE, FOLLOWED BY + NOUN PHRASE

E.g: There was a slight increase in the proportion of animals in Brazil in 1997, followed by a dramatic
decrease after 10 years.

- CLAUSE, PRIOR TO/BEFORE VERB-ING

E.g: There was a slight increase in the proportion of animals in Brazil in 1997, before decreasing after
10 years.

- X VERB, VERB-ING, (WHICH VERB)

E.g: The percentage of mammal animals in Brazil increased to 30% in 1997, exceeding the proportion
in Poland, which had only 12%.

- (FAR/ MUCH/ MANY/ CONSIDERABLY/ SIGNIFICANTLY/ DRAMATICALLY…) + MORE + N +

TO BE/ V + THAN …

E.g: Far more cars are produced in Brazil than in Austria.

- IN COMPARISON TO/WITH X, WHICH VERB, Y VERB

E.g: In comparison with the percentage of animals in Brazil, which experienced a slight increase to
30,000 in 1997, the proportion in Korea dropped to 12,000 at this time.

SAMPLES

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The two pie charts below show the percentages of industry sectors' contribution to the economy of
Turkey in 2000 and 2016.

The two pie charts illustrate how different industry sectors contributed to the economy of Turkey
percentagewise in the years 2000 and 2016.

Overall, at the beginning of the period construction contributed the least to the economy of Turkey
and agriculture was the most significant economic sector. In comparison, at the end of the period
healthcare and education became the largest economic segment and the lowest contribution was
made by financial, business and other services.

Construction sector accounted for 3% of Turkey's economy in 2000, and experienced a more than
threefold increase to one-tenth in 2016. Economic income from trade, utilities and transportation was
14% in 2000 and experienced a slight growth of 2% in 2016. At the beginning of the period,
manufacturing and finance, business and other services made up 8% and 5% of Turkey's economy,
respectively, and these figures rose to 12% and 8% in 2016.

Agriculture, which comprised almost a quarter of Turkey's economy in 2000, fell to 14% in 2016. In
2000 economic outputs from government and leisure and hospitality sectors were at 12% and 17%,
respectively, and both decreased by 3% after 16-year period. In contrast, contribution from healthcare
and education sector remained constant in both years at 17%.

The pie charts below show

the comparison of different
kinds of energy production in
France in two years.

Sample 1

The charts compare the proportion of energy produced by different sources in France in 1995 and
2005.

It is clear that the proportion of energy generated by petrol decreased, while the figures for the rest of
energy sources had an opposite trend.

In 1995, energy produced by coal accounted for the highest proportion, at 29.80% of the total energy
production in France. The figures for Gas and Petro were slightly lower, at 29.63% and 29.27%
respectively. Meanwhile, only 6.40% of the total energy was generated by Nuclear and the lowest
figure can be seen in the percentage of energy produced by other sources, at nearly 5%.

In 2005, the percentage of energy from Coal went up insignificantly but remained the highest figure in
the chart, at 30.93%. The figure for Gas rose slowly to 30.31%, while that for Petrol experienced a
dramatic fall of nearly 10%. There were sharp increases to 10.10% and 9.10% in the figures for Nuclear
and Other sources respectively.

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Sample 2

The charts compare the proportion of energy produced by different sources in France in 1995 and
2005.

Overall, it is clear that the proportion of energy generated by petrol decreased, while the figures for
the rest of energy sources had an opposite trend.

In 1995, energy produced by Coal accounted for the highest proportion, at 29.80% of the total energy
production in France and this figure experienced a very slight increase of about 1% to 30.9% in 2005.
Similarly, in the first year, Gas generated 29.63% of energy, which rose marginally to 30.1% 10 years
later.

Regarding the remaining sources of energy, the proportion of energy production from Nuclear power
and Other sources grew by approximately 5%, to just over 10% and 9% respectively. Petrol, in
contrast, experienced a decrease in its figure, from 29.27% in 1995 to around a fifth in 2005.

The pie charts show the average

household expenditures in Japan and
Malaysia in the year 2010.

The charts illustrate the proportion of spending on different goods and services of households in two
different countries in 2010.

Overall, it is clear that householders in both countries spent the largest proportion of their income on
Housing and Hood, while Healthcare was the service receiving the lowest share of expenditure.

The proportion of spending on Housing was highest in Malaysia, at 34% while Japanese families
allocated just 21% of their budget for this category. In terms of food, the figures for both nations were
similar, at 24% and 27% for Malaysia and Japan respectively.

Regarding the remaining categories, Transport accounted for exactly a fifth of total expenditure in
Japan, twice as much as the figure for Malaysia. Healthcare received the least amount of money in two
countries while the percentage of money spent on Other goods and services were quite significant, at
over a quarter in each country.

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The charts below give information

about the percentage of world
forest and also the percentage of
timber in five different regions.

The pie charts detail the distribution

of global forest and also the
percentage of timber in five different
continents namely South America,
Africa, Asia, Europe and North
America.

Overall, North America accounted for

the highest proportions of both
forest and timber production. It is
also clear that Africa, despite having
the largest forest cover among the
five given continents, produced the
smallest amount of timber.

Regarding the first pie chart, Africa

constituted 27% of the total global
forest, making it the most heavily
forested region. North America had
around 25%, and the forest cover rates of Europe, South America and Asia were a little bit less, with
the figures amounting to 18%, 16% and 14% respectively.

Moving on to the second pie chart, North America produced the most timber at around 30%, which
was followed by South America (23%), Europe (20%) and Asia (18%). Meanwhile, Africa’s timber
production made up a negligible 9%, ranking last among the given regions.

The charts show the sources of

electricity produced in 4 countries
between 2003 and 2008. Summarise
the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

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The given pie charts detail information about the proportion of three different sources of electricity in
four countries (India, Sweden, Morocco and Vietnam) from 2003 to 2008.

Overall, Vietnam and Morocco did not use any nuclear power for electricity production. It can also be
seen that while fossil fuels were the largest source of electricity supply in Vietnam and India, they only
occupied a relatively marginal proportion in Morocco and Sweden during the examined years.

In Vietnam, 56% of the total amount of electricity was produced from fossil fuels, while the figure for
Morocco was only 5%. The rest of the electricity, in both nations, was produced solely from hydro
power.

In India however, electricity from fossil fuels contributed to 82% of the entire quantity of electricity
produced, which was also the highest figure for fossil fuel use among the four countries. Meanwhile,
fossil fuels were only responsible for 4% of the total generated electricity in Sweden, with hydro power
and nuclear power contributing 52% and 44% respectively.

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TABLE
Language use

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Một số tính từ thường dùng để miêu tả:

- a bit, slightly, a little, only just, approximately, about, precisely, quite, nearly, considerably, a huge, a
great deal, completely, exactly, striking, strikingly, broad, broadly, fairly, considerable, significant,
notable, marginal, identical, comparable....

SAMPLE

The tables below give information

about sales of Fairtrade-labelled
coffee and bananas in 1999 and
2004 in five European countries.

The tables compare the amounts of

money gained from selling coffee
and bananas in two years, 1999 and
2004 in five countries in Europe.

Overall, sales of those goods mostly

increased between two years, except
for the figures for bananas in
Sweden and Denmark. The UK
earned more money from both
coffee and bananas than any other
countries in 2004.

Looking at coffee’s turnover, Switzerland earned 3 million euros from selling this commodity in 1999,
followed by around 1.5 and 1.8 million euros in the UK and Denmark respectively. The lowest figure
was recorded in Sweden at that time, with 0.8 million euros. After five years, the UK became the
biggest earner from purchasing coffee, with its figure reaching 20 million euros. The other data
climbed by about 0.2 to 3 million euros only.

Regarding bananas’ sales, the UK always ranked top, recording 15 million euros in 1999 which rose
threefold after five years. Switzerland and Belgium also experienced a growth in its sales, to 5.5 and 4
respectively, but the opposite was true for Sweden and Denmark whose figures decreased by about 1
million euro over the period.

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The table below shows the

production of cocoa beans in six
regions between 1992 and 1998.

The table details the quantity of cocoa beans produced in six parts of the world over the 6-year course
from 1992 to 1998. Overall, Asia and South America were the continents producing the highest
amount of cocoa bean, with Asian production undergoing the most consistent growth. Cocoa bean
production in Oceania grew steadily, and in the remaining continents, the figures were quite erratic,
with Africa producing the lowest volume.

In 1992, 143,000 tonnes of cocoa beans were produced in South America, making it the number 1
cocoa-producing region in the world this year. Asia ranked second with 119,000 tonnes, whereas
North and Central America, England and Oceania’s figures varied between 40,000-50,000 tonnes.
Africa produced the least, with its figure amounting to only 29,000 tonnes.

Over the next 6 years, Asia experienced an increasing zeal in Cocoa production, reaching a record high
of 436,000 tonnes. A similar pattern could be observed in Oceania; the amount of cocoa produced in
this area increased steadily to 76,890 tonnes in 1998. Cocoa production in South America, despite a
dip to 112,700 in 1996, regained its upward streak and added up to 389,000 tonnes in 1998. Africa,
North and Central America and England’s figures experienced 6 years of ups and downs before
reaching 25,000, 46,000 and 49,000 tonnes respectively.

The table below gives

information on consumer
spending on different items
in five different countries in
2002.

The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in
five countries in 2002.

It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and
tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table.

Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in
Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education

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was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly
higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.

It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for
food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had
slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.

The table below shows the

percentages of mobile phone owners
using various mobile phone features
from 2006 to 2010.

The table compares the percentages of people using different functions of their mobile phones
between 2006 and 2010.

Throughout the period shown, the main reason why people used their mobile phones was to make
calls. However, there was a marked increase in the popularity of other mobile phone features,
particularly the Internet search feature.

In 2006, 100% of mobile phone owners used their phones to make calls, while the next most popular
functions were text messaging (73%) and taking photos (66%). By contrast, less than 20% of owners
played games or music on their phones, and there were no figures for users doing Internet searches
or recording video.

Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top three mobile
phone features. However, the percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet jumped
to 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significant rise in the use of mobiles to play
games and to record video, with figures reaching 41% and 35% respectively in 2010.

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MAP
1. Các hướng:

- East: hướng Đông - North-west: hướng Đông Bắc

- West: hướng Tây - South-east: hướng Đông Nam

- South: hướng Nam - South-west: Tây Nam

- North: hướng Bắc - North-west: Tây Bắc

- Top - Top left-hand corner: trên cùng bên trái

- Bottom - Bottom left-hand corner: dưới cùng bên trái

- Middle/ Centre - Top right-hand corner: trên cùng bên phải

- Left-hand corner - Bottom right-hand corner: dưới cùng bên phải

- Right-hand corner

2. Một số cấu trúc mô tả thiết yếu:

2.1. Cấu trúc chỉ hướng/ địa điểm:

- In the northwest corner/ area of the city

- To the south of the river

- The school was located/ situated in the northwest corner of the city

- There was an airport to the south of the lake

* Lưu ý: Khi miêu tả bản đồ, tránh sử dụng trái, phải, trên, dưới để định vị. Thay vào đó, nên gọi tên
các hướng là Đông, Tây, Nam, Bắc

Ví dụ: Phía trên hòn đảo  on the north side of the island

Phía trên nhà hàng  to the north of the restaurant

2.2. Cấu trúc chỉ sự phá bỏ:

- The school was demolished/ knocked down/ removed/ flattened torn down (to make way for)

- All the trees were cut down/ chopped down/ cleared (to make way for)

- The airport disappeared

2.3 Cấu trúc chỉ sự thêm vào:

- The shop was added/ opened up 3 years later

- The air-conditioner was installed inside the cinema

2.4. Cấu trúc chỉ sự xây mới:

- Skyscrapers were built/ constructed/ erected/ established in the heart of the city.

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- A park appeared/ emerged

- There was a construction of a new hospital

- Many palms were planted around the villa

2.5. Cấu trúc chỉ sự thay thế:

- The airport was demolished to make way for a new hospital

- All the trees were replaced by a stadium

- A stadium was built and replaced all the trees

2.6. Cấu trúc chỉ sự mở rộng/ kéo dài:

- The car park near the river was expanded/ widened/ extended to the South/ southward

- Further expansion was recorded along the railroad

- The school became bigger

- The village doubled in size

- The railway was lengthened

2.7. Cấu trúc chỉ sự thu nhỏ/ rút ngắn:

- The school was narrowed

- The car park became smaller

- The railway was shortened

2.8. Cấu trúc chỉ sự dịch chuyển:

- The school was moved/ relocated to the north

2.9. Cấu trúc chỉ sự giữ nguyên:

- The airport still remained/ existed

2.10. Cấu trúc chỉ sự sử dụng sang mục đích khác:

- The gym was converted into/ turned into/ transformed into the sport centre

- The demolition of cinema led to/ resulted in the erection of recreational centre

2.11. Cấu trúc chỉ sự xây lại:

- The university library was completely renovated/ reconstructed/ modernized / upgraded

- The old railway alongside the river has been reopened

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PREPOSITIONS OF
EXPLANATION EXAMPLES
PLACE
at exact position or particular place I met her at the bus station
in or into the space which separates The town lies halfway between
between
two places, people or objects Rome and Florence.
further forward than someone or She started talking to the man in
in front of
something else front of her.
I live across from a supermarket
across from=opposite On the other side of something (=It is on the other side of the
street.)
next to/beside Refers to a thing or a person that is at A new school was built next to the

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swimming pool.
the other side of another thing

Similar to next to/beside but more of The building is near a subway

near/close to
a distance between the two things station

* Các cấu trúc câu có thể dùng trong phần Introduction:

The pictures/ maps/ plans/ illustrations/ images

+ illustrate/ describe/ demonstrate/ show/ depict

+ the transformations/ change/ shift of a + Noun

+how a [Noun] change/ transform in after some developments

+a number of changes which took place in [place]

+from …. to …../ between … and …/ during a …-year period starting from ….

E.g: The given maps illustrate the transformation of a conference hall in 2010 compared to 2009.

* Cấu trúc chung cho câu Overview:

- Overall, the + [danh từ] + witness/ see a radical changes with the most noticeable being +
[cụm danh từ]

E.g: Overall, the trade conference witnessed radical changes with the most noticeable being the
replacement of a concert hall and a meeting room for an exhibition area.

- Overall, the + [danh từ] + has seen significant development in terms of + [cụm danh từ]

E.g: Overall, the trade conference has seen significant development in terms of the replacement of a
concert hall and a meeting room for an exhibition area.

* Cấu trúc chung cho phần Body:

- The most striking change is that + S + have/has been V3

E.g: The most striking change is that the forest to the east of the city has been cleared to make room
for a new stadium.

- One notable change is that + S + have/has been V3

E.g: One notable change is that the blocks of flats to the west of the city have been demolished.

One notable change has been the demolition of the blocks of flats to the west of the city.

- Another major change to the area has been the development / building / construction of

E.g: Another major change to the area has been the development of more commercial and
recreational features.

SAMPLE

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The maps below compare 2 floor plans of one trade conference held in 2009 and 2010.

The given maps demonstrate the transformation of a conference hall in 2010 compared to 2009.

Overall, the most striking difference in the layout is that the concert hall and meeting room were both
replaced with a new exhibition area. Additionally, while there was a display area in 2009, it was
removed the following year.

To begin with, the concert hall and meeting room, located in the western part of the conference
center were cleared to make room for a large exhibition area. Another notable detail is that the
display area close to those two rooms was removed. Previously in 2009, there had been a registration
area situated between the main entrance and the side door, however this was moved next to the
balcony and replaced with a refreshment area in 2010.

The south-eastern part of the conference hall also witnessed a significant change in the layout.
Specifically, the balcony in the south-east corner was equipped with a lounge area. Beside the
balcony, a new concert hall, with stage and seating, replaced the exhibition area that had been built
the year before.

The map below is of the town of

Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is
planned for the town. The map shows
two possible sites for the supermarket.

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The map depicts two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new supermarket in a town called Garlson.

The main difference between the two sites that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in the town
centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their positions relativeto
three smaller town.

Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the north west of Garlson, whose
population is 65000 residents. S2 is located in the town centre, which is surrounded by a residential
area. In addition, there are two industrial zones to the north and the south of the centre.

Both supermarket sites are close to the railway that runs through Garlson from Hindon to Gransdon.
There are main roads that connect Garlson with Hindon in the northwest, Bransdon in the southwest
and Cransdon in the southwest. These three roads meet at the town centre, which is a no traffic zone,
so there would be no access to S2 by car, while S1 lies on the main road to Hindon.

The maps below show the changes that have taken place at the waterfront area of a town called
Darwin between 2009 and 2014.

The maps depict the development of a town named Darwin during a 5-period year, starting from
2009.

Overall, the initial impression from the maps is that the town showed the complete obliteration of the
industrial area to make room for more residential, recreational and academic amenities. In addition,
the town’s infrastructure was also renovated with the addition of a harbor and more footpaths.

In 2009, on the vast grassland stretching from the center to the southern part of the town was sited an
industrial area. Over the next 5 years, this industrial zone became non-existent, and was replaced by
trees. To the southeast of the town, a new harbor was erected, and an additional footpath was
established, leading from the harbor to the main road in the west of the town. This new footpath
further divided the southern zone of the town into two distinct areas, the upper part of which had
some new residential buildings and a new university one.

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Regarding the area encircled by the footpaths, the former industrial area was converted into a
swimming pool. The school and the convention center located in the vicinity of this area and the
northern main road remained unchanged. The two swimming pools by the beach also remained in the
same position over the given period.

The two maps illustrate the changes of a school campus from 1985 to 2012

The two given pictures delineate a school campus in its development in a period of 27 years, starting
from 1985.

As can be seen from the diagrams, it is clearly evident that there were a number of shifts taking place
in the school such as the presence of new classrooms and the shrinkage of a playing field.

In 1985, around 1500 students enrolled in the school. Its office was located in the Northwest corner.
Adjacent to the office building, there was a car park. To the South of the office, a library and its
parking lot were constructed. The area opposite them was a two-story classroom building. Towards
the South, there was a playing field.

Further transformations could be seen in 2012 when the number of students increased to 2300. One
of the significant development was that the school built another story for the classroom block and
obtained a part of the playground to convert it into two new classrooms. The year 2012 also
witnessed the erection to sports facilities such as a swimming pool and fitness club which led to the
reduction in the size of the original playing field. The library and its parking lot were demolished to
make way for a computer room and trees. The office building and the car park next to it remained
unchanged.

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PROCESS (DIAGRAM)
A. LANGUAGE USE

1. Bắt đầu process:

To begin with,/ First of all,/ In the first step,/ At the first stage of ....

The first step in the process is

The first stage in the process is

E.g: At the first stage of the paper-recycling process, recycled paper is collected.

2. Các Steps tiếp theo

- Following that / followed by / At the following stage

E.g: At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is also added. This is
followed by a hand-mixing process.

- The second stage is that…

- In the next/ subsequent step,

- …… followed by…..

- After that, / After

E.g: Some water is added and the mixture is soaked for an hour. After that, the mixture is beaten for
about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.

- After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is beaten....

- Before

E.g: Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to form a pulp, the mixture is left for an hour.

- Subsequent steps

- Subsequently,

E.g: The mixture is soaked for an hour. Subsequently, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until
a pulp is formed.

E.g: At the subsequent stage of the process, the mixture is soaked for an hour.

- The process continues with...

- The next step is

- Then

E.g: Then, some water is added and the mixture is left for an hour.

- Once

E.g: The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. Once it is ready, the
pulp is poured into a shallow tray.

3. Các steps diễn ra cùng lúc:

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- While

E.g: While the mixture of sand and soda is being heated, some other chemicals are added to create
various colours.

- At the same time,

E.g: The mixture of sand and soda is heated. At the same time, some other chemicals are added to
create various colours.

- Simultaneously,

- During

E.g: During its entire life cycle, salmon have lived in both freshwater and saltwater.

- , Thereby

E.g: The rolling pin is used to flatten the pulp, thereby forcing out any excessive water.

4. Kết thúc process:

- Finally,

- The last/ final process / step is that…

- The process finishes with ...

- The process concludes with ...

5. Cách diễn tả sự lặp lại của quy trình

- The whole process is a cycle which can be divided into 3 main stages.

- At this point, a cycle has been completed and a new cycle will begin.

TỪ VỰNG DẠNG NATURAL PROCESS

- experience/undergo significant changes: trải - emerge (v) = appear: xuất hiện

qua những thay đổi đáng kể
- Pour (v) đổ
- circulation (n) tuần hoàn
- impervious (adj): không thấm
- To circulate (sth through sth): lưu thông khí
- pass through three distinct physical stages:
khắp nơi vào…
trải qua ba giai đoạn vật lý khác nhau
- evaporation (n): sự bay hơi
- lay a couple of/ a massive number of eggs:
- evaporate (v): biến mất, bay hơi đẻ một vài / một số lượng lớn trứng

- intrusion (n): sự xâm nhập, xâm lấn - hatch within 3 to 5 days: nở trong vòng 3 đến
5 ngày
- water vapour (n): hơi nước
- hatch into …: nở thành con gì
- condensation (n): sự đông đặc, sự ngưng tụ
- the hatching process: quá trình nở
- emergence (n): sự nổi lên, lòi ra, xuất hiện,
nảy ra - vary + in(v): làm cho thay đổi, biến đổi

- emergent (adj): nổi lên, lòi ra, hiện ra - to be termed …/ to be commonly called …:
được gọi chung là …

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- grow to adult size/ grow to maturity/ turn - grow quickly in size/ double in size: phát triển
into an adult: tăng trưởng thành kích thước nhanh chóng về kích thước / kích thước gấp
trưởng thành/ tới giai đoạn trưởng thành đôi

- make it to the adult stage: đạt tới giai đoạn - shed their old skin/ shed their outer layer:
trưởng thành thay da cũ / thay lớp ngoài của chúng

- feeding grounds: khu vực kiếm ăn - breathe underwater/ breathe out of the
water: hít thở dưới nước / thở ra khỏi nước
- mate (v): giao phối, kiếm bạn
- make mass migration across long distances:
- external gills/ internal gills: cái mang bên
thực hiện di cư hàng loạt khoảng cách dài
ngoài / cái mang bên trong
- the cycle repeats itself/ starts again: chu kỳ
- grow the hind legs/ the front legs: mọc chân
lặp lại/ bắt đầu lại
sau / chân trước
- the life cycle takes/lasts …. days/weeks/…:
vòng đời kéo dài …. ngày / tuần / …

TỪ VỰNG DẠNG MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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To transform sth into sth: biến đổi to break up sth into sth: đập thành mảnh vụn

To release sth into sth: làm thoát ra chất gì To filter sth: lọc

To circulate (sth through sth): lưu thông khí to be either put in a mould or cut by a wire
khắp nơi vào… cutter: hoặc được đưa vào 1 cái khuôn hoặc
được cắt bởi 1 cái máy cắt gạch
Furnace: lò luyện kim
well-shaped(adj): có hình dạng đẹp
To obtain sth by doing sth: thu được cái gì nhờ
vào to be laid in a drying oven: được đặt vào 1 cái
lò nung
Pile up: chất đống
To store sth in sth: cất, dự trữ
Shred (v) xé
to be then heated in a kiln: được đun nóng
Fermentation: sự lên men
trong 1 cái buồng
Convert (v) chuyển hoá
moderate temperature: nhiệt độ vừa phải
to be dug out of the ground: được đào lên
to be cooled: được làm nguội
khỏi mặt đất
to be packaged: được đóng gói
to be placed onto a metal grid: được đặt lên 1
vỉ kim loại To pipe sth to sth (v) dẫn bằng đường ống

to be put through a roller: được đưa qua băng Molten (adj) nóng chảy
chuyền

breaks it into small chunks: đập nó thành

những mảnh nhỏ

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SAMPLE

The process below

shows the life cycle
of a species of a
large fish called the
salmon.

The diagram describes how salmon grow from eggs to mature individuals.

Overall, there are three main stages in the life cycle of salmon starting with salmon eggs in the upper
river and the complete cycle lasts for about 10 years.

Firstly, salmon begins life as eggs in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river, surrounded by reeds
and pebbles. This shelter usually keeps the eggs safe for about five to six months before they hatch.
The newborn fish normally called “fry” are very small, which are only three to eight centimeters long.
The fry then follows the fast flow to the lower river and stay there for 4 years until they reach the
length of twelve to fifteen centimeters. These grown fish are known as “smolt”.

At the next stage of the life cycle, the ‘smolt’ migrate to the open sea. After approximately 5 years
living in the ocean, these ‘smolt’ will have grown to adult size, which is about 70-76 centimeters. Their
reproductive stage then begins as the mature salmon swims back to their birthplace and lays eggs.
The salmon’s life cycle starts again at the same place where it begins.

The chart below shows

the process of waste
paper recycling.

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The diagram illustrates the process by which waste paper is recycled.

Overall, it can be seen that the process involves six main stages, starting from the collection of waste
paper from various sources and ending with the reproduction of usable paper.

The process of recycling used paper starts by collecting waste paper either from public paper banks or
from companies. This collected paper is then categorized by hand according to its grade and during
this process, unsuitable paper is removed. At the following stage, sorted paper is delivered to a paper
mill.

After being transported to the mill, the paper is then cleaned and turned into a pulp mixture. Foreign
matters such as staples are taken out during this cleaning process. This is followed by another
cleaning stage where ink and glue are removed from the mixture. Finally, the pulp is treated in a
machine and the final product – usable paper is made.

The diagram illustrates how steel rods are manufactured in the furniture industry.

The diagram explains the way in which steel rods are produced for the furniture industry.

Overall, the process consists of eleven stages, beginning with the raw material and ending up with the
product’s inspection.

First of all, iron ore, yellow ore and carbon are collected to serve as a raw material for steel rods
manufacturing. After that, the raw material is melted in a melting slit, where it is heated to a
temperature in range of 1300-1500 °C. The melted mass is then transferred to a smelting cabin to
undergo refinement. Next, the candescent metal is put in a pouring machine and poured into ingots.

In the next stage, the ingots are connected to a cooling reservoir, where the temperature falls to 60-
100 °C. Metal goes through special nozzles and cools down, forming strands. Following this, the metal
strands proceed to rollers that change their shape. Next, the products are put into a heating machine,
where they undergo heat treatment. Subsequently, a measuring automaton completes a surface check
of the products.

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After that, the metal rods are sized by special cutters and get ID stamping. Finally, the products
undergo inspection and are ready for use.

The diagram below shows the

process for recycling plastic bottles.

The given diagram illustrates the

process of producing glass bottles from
recycled ones.

Overall, it is obvious that there are ten

prominent stages in this process,
initiating with the used glass bottles
being collected from the customers and
culminating with the final products
being packed and sold.

At the first stage of the process, all of

the used bottles are brought to the
collection points by the customers and
then taken to the cleaning plant by a
truck before being delivered to the
glass factory.

The bottles are cleaned under the high-pressurized water system there. After that, all of the cleaned
glass bottles are classified by their colors, such as green, brown and clear bottles. In addition, the
bottles are then smashed into pieces.

The next step begins when the broken pieces of glass are heated in a furnace at melting temperature
until they become liquid. This step is followed by the glass liquid being poured into the mold. After
that, the liquid is left to cool to become a glass bottle for the following stages involving filling and
packing. Coming to the final stages of the process, the glass bottles are despatched to retail outlets
and supermarkets.

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The picture below shows how a hot balloon works.

The diagram details the various components of a hot air balloon and describes its mechanics.

As is evident from the diagram, the three key parts of a hot air balloon are the envelope, the basket
and the burner. In addition, the hot air balloon’s mechanism for ascending and descending revolves
around thermal regulation of air.

The main part of a hot balloon is a large envelope which has an inverted teardrop shape. At the top is
the ‘parachute valve’ which is a self-sealing flap used to regulate the pace at which hot air escapes.
The large vertical sections below the valve are called ‘gores’, which are made up of smaller panels. The
envelope tapers into a small base called ‘skirt’. The skirt is attached to the basket using ropes, and the
burner hangs above the basket. Inside the basket are propane tanks which are used to power the
burner.

Regarding the function of the hot air balloon, the burner combines regular air with propane to heat
the air trapped inside the envelope, which then becomes lighter and thus makes the balloon buoyant.
To begin a descent, the air is cooled and effectively becomes heavier, pulling the hot air balloon
downward.

The diagram shows the design

of a modern landfill for
household waste.

The given diagrams provide an

illustration of a modern landfill
for household wastes. Overall, a
typical landfill is a man-made
hole dug on a solid, two-layer
base in which household refuse
is kept and toxic liquids are
removed from the landfill by the
use of a system of pipes.

The construction of a landfill

commences when a large hole is
dug out of a site with natural
rock underneath. The bottom of
the hole is thereafter covered
with a layer of clay and another
layer of unspecified synthetic
substance. A drainage tank which is a box-shaped compartment dug through the two aforementioned
layers and a set of drainage pipes are also installed.

When used, the landfill is filled up with household waste, with the leachate being extracted and
eventually flowing out of the site in liners. Once the rubbish has been converted into a mud-like
compound, the landfill is sealed with clay, and gases that are emitted as a result of the conversion is
eventually pumped out to an unspecified zone.

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The diagrams show human’s

cutting tools 1.4 million years
ago and 80,000 years ago.

The given diagrams depict the

development of a Stone Age
cutting tool between 1.4 million
years ago and 0.8 million years
ago.

In general, over the given time

frame, the Stone Age cutting tool
has been refined from a simple
fragmented piece of rock to a
sharper, more sophisticated one.

The cutting tool from 1.4 million

years ago was a jagged piece of
rock with no identifiable shape. Its
front and back side were
somewhat asymmetric, and
looking at the rear view, we can
see that the tool was thick, and its edge was quite blunt. The overall length of the tool was about 7-8
centimeters.

Further refinement was made to the 0.8-million-year-old stone cutting tool. The tool was 2-3
centimeters longer, and it was shaped to more or less resemble a primitive, teardrop-shaped knife
that was quite rough in the front and rather smooth in the back. The tip of the tool was pointed, and
its edge appeared to be relatively sharp compared to its earlier, 1.4-million-year-old version.

The diagram shows how the horse

evolved through time, with
particular emphasis on its foot
structure.

The diagrams illustrate the evolution

of equine species through the span of
40 million years, represented by the
modern horse and its three ancestral
species, with a clear focus on the
morphological changes of the foot.

Overall, while all four species share

the common trait of being
quadrupedal, equine species have
increased in size, evolved to have
more hair (on the tail and mane) and
gone from having toes to a single hoof on each foot.

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The Eohippus, which lived 40 million years ago, had four short legs that supported a relatively small
torso and its tail was barely observable. Its two descendants, Mesohippus and Mecrychippus, which
are respectively estimated to exist 30 million and 15 million years ago, started to have elongated tails
and rudimentary form of the mane; and whereas their bodies increased slightly in height, the overall
stature was largely unchanged. The modern horse possesses the most pronounced tail and mane; it is
also the largest animal whose height and length of body are about three halves of its oldest shown
ancestor.

The foot of Eohippus stands out the most for having four separated toes with thin phalanges. In
Mesohippus and Merychippus, the number of digits is reduced to three and the middle phalanx is
enlarged so the whole foot’s morphology starts to resemble a hoof. The modern horse’s foot has the
fewest bony structures and the hoof has replaced toes.

The diagram shows the

components of a neuron
and how it works.

The image depicts the

biological makeup of a
nerve cell, also known as a
neuron, and its operation.
At a glance, the neuron
appears to function
similarly to how an
electrical wire works, by
sending electric currents
that correspond to various
actions to other cells in the
body.

In detail, each neuron is a component of the nervous system, and houses a cell body, or soma. The
soma, as represented by the circle in the diagram, is surrounded by a network of dendrites, which
receive information from other cells. This information, upon passing through the neuron’s cell body,
would begin being transmitted on the neuron’s axon.

The axon, as the next important piece of the neuron, directs the signal from the soma to muscles,
glands, or even other neurons. Each instance of a message being dispatched this way is called a neural
impulse - in essence, an electrical current traversing the axon. To expedite this process, each axon may
be shielded by a number of Myelin sheaths, here depicted as capsule-like shapes.

When the neural impulse has made its way past the axon, it arrives at the terminal buttons - the
neuron’s final element. These buttons establish connections with other cells, and as the name implies,
they deliver the signal to the destination cells of the message’s journey.

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MIX CHART

The charts below give information

about the diet and general health of two
groups of students.

The diagram displays the dietary intake and general health of two groups of learners, A and B. The pie
charts mention five food categories namely fish, cereals, fruits, vegetables, and food with a high fat
content while the table provides the proportion on which groups are overweight, were sick in the past
year, and figures for their class attendance.

Overall, Group A consumed more fruit and vegetables and less fatty foods than Group B, which led to
their better health and more school attendance.

Group A’s nutritional intake consists of 30% of food with a high fat content compared to half of Group
B’s intake. Cereals and fish equally were ingested 35% and 5% respectively. The latter figure was also
the lowest percentage of fruit and vegetables take in by Group B; in contrast, students of Group A
consumed much higher proportion (8% and 22% respectively). The latter number was fourfold higher
than the vegetables ingestion by those in Group B (only 5%).

The above-mentioned proportion clearly shows the strong relation between food consumption and
human health and activities, which is apparently displayed in the table. It reveals that Group B’s
percentage of overweight sufferers was 20% which doubled that of Group A and illnesses suffered by
those in Group B were even more than double Group A (12% as opposed 5%). It is also recorded that
Group A had more class attendance than Group B (90 in comparison with 75).

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The graphs below show the

cinema attendance in Australia
and the average cinema visits by
different age groups from 1996
to 2000.

Sample 1

The table shows statistics on cinemagoers regardless of age between 1996 and 2000, whereas the line
graph depicts how often Australian people of different ages went to the cinema during the same
period.

Overall, it is clear that despite a gradual dip in frequency, there was a sharp rise in cinema attendance
over the years. On the whole, the younger the attendants were, the more likely they were to enjoy
visiting the cinema.

In 1996, cinema attendance accounted for 62% of the total Australian population. This figure then
went up quickly to 72% a year later before fluctuating around 71% until 2000. The number of average
visits, on the other hand, recorded a negligible increase from 10.3 in 1996 to 11.1 in 1997, followed by
a drop to 8.3 in 2000.

With regard to the number of cinema visits, these figures reflected similar fluctuating trends
throughout the years with two peaks in 1997 and 1999. Going to the cinema appeared to be a popular
activity among younger demographics as people from 14 to 24 paid 15 visits on average in 1996,
followed by people aged 25-35 (14 visits), 35-49 (12.5 visits) and over 50 with only 10 visits. Aside
from peaks reached in 1997 and 1999, the figures for 4 age brackets also experienced a dip in 1998
before finishing at the same ranks at around 18 visits for 14-24 age group, 17 visits for 25-35 group,
15 for 35-49 group and just below 14 for over 50 group.

Sample 2

The graphs illustrate the proportion of the Australian population that visited movies theaters and how
many times average Australian of different age groups went to a movie theater from 1996 to 2000.

Overall, the cinema attendance rates across all age groups saw a stable rise from 1996 to 2000,
whereas the opposite was true for the average number of cinema visits. Furthermore, the cinema
attendance rates among Australians tended to decrease with age.

With regards to the table, the percentage of Australian cinema goers in 1996 saw a significant
increase from 62% to 72% one year later. In the next 3 years, the proportion of cinema visitors
remained stable at around the 1997 level, never dropping below 70%. The opposite of this trend could

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be seen in the frequency of the visits, where – after growing slightly to 11.1 times in 1997 – the
number of visits plateaued at around 8.3 times from 1998 to 2000.

The line graph demonstrates that the most frequent cinema visitors were those aged 14-24 and 25-35,
who usually went to the cinema 15 times a year. This figure peaked at around 25 in 1997 and 1999.
This pattern could also be seen among Australians who were 35 years or older, though they generally
paid 5 visits fewer than their younger counterparts.

The table and pie chart give information about population in Australia according to different
nationalities and areas.

The given pie chart illustrates the percentage of people of different nationalities residing in Australia,
whereas the table shows demographical figures which are classified according to urban and rural
areas. The initial impression from the pie chart is that the vast majority of Australian people claim their
ancestry to be of Australian origin. It is also noticeable that most Australian people, regardless of their
ethnicity, are city dwellers.

According to the pie chart, Australian ethnicity makes up nearly three fourths of the total population.
This is followed by the figure for people coming from the UK (7%) and New Zealand (3%). People of
Chinese and Dutch ethnicity, on the other hand, made up a negligible 1-2%.

As is seen from the table, roughly 80% of people from Australia and New Zealand live in cities,
whereas only around 20% lived in the countryside. A similar picture is evident in the figures for people
from China and New Zealand, with their urban population amounting to a high of 90-99%.

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The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most
popular countries for UK residents to visit.

Sample 1

The line graph compares the number of visits abroad by UK people and the number of trips to the UK
by foreign travellers. The bar chart gives information about five most common countries that UK
people travelled to in 1999.

It is clear that both the figures of visits abroad by UK residents and journeys to the UK by overseas
travellers increased during the research period. Additionally, France was the most popular destination
for UK travellers.

In 1979, there were around 12 million visits to other countries made by UK citizens, while
approximately 10 million journeys to the UK were made by foreign tourists. In 1999, both these figures
experienced rises to more than 50 million and nearly 30 million respectively.

In 1999, the quantity of UK people travelling to France was highest, at just over 10 million, while
Turkey was the least common choice with only about 2 million UK visitors. While Spain welcomed
nearly 10 million UK visitors, the figures for Greece and USA were significantly lower, at around 3
million and 4 million respectively.

Sample 2

The given diagrams show data on the number of international tourists who travelled the UK and the
UK residents who travelled outside the UK from 1979 to 1999. The data also presents the countries
where UK citizens travelled in 1999.

As is observed from the given data, the number of international tourists travelling the UK kept on
increasing after 1989 and more UK people travelled outside the UK than the number of tourists
travelled the UK.

According to the first line graph, around 10 million international tourists travelled the UK and the
number of UK residents travelled outside the UK was also just over 10 million. Both of these numbers
kept on increasing gradually till 1986 and after that, the number of UK citizens travelling outside
increased very sharply. The number of tourists the UK got kept on increasing and reached to over 25
million in 1999 while more than 50 million people travelled to other countries from the UK. The
number of UK travellers who went to other countries was more than double than the number of
people came to the UK for visiting.

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The second bar graph shows the countries UK citizens travelled in 1999 and among them France was
their most favourite destination where more than 10% tourists travelled in this year. The second most
visited country by UK people was Spain where about 8% of total UK tourists travelled. Other countries
visited by UK tourists were the USA, Greece and Turkey where less than 5% UK tourists travelled in
1999.

Water consumption per

Country Population Irrigated land
person

Brazil 176 million 26,500 km² 359 m³

Democratic Republic of
5.2 million 100 km² 8 m³
Congo

The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water
consumption in two different countries.

The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000 and
water consumptions of two countries compared to their population.

In general, although the global water usage among all three sectors increased, it can be seen that the
agriculture sector consumed the most water over the period. This is further justified by an example of
Brazil which has significant amount of irrigated land and water consumption per person.

According to the line chart, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this
increased dramatically from about 500 km³ to around 3,000 km³ in the year 2000. Water used in the
industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From
1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1,000 km³, while domestic use rose more
slowly to only 300 km³, both far below the levels of consumption by agriculture.

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The table illustrates the differences in agriculture consumption in some areas of the world by
contrasting the amount of irrigated land in Brazil (26,500 km³) with that in the D.R.C. (100 km²). This
means that a huge amount of water is used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures
for water consumption per person: 359 m³ compared with only 8 m³ in the Congo. With a population
of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agriculture water consumption can be in some
countries.

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