EE330A: Tutorial 2

2017 - 18 Semester I
Question 1
A star connected 3 phase source is generating real and reactive powers at 132𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
with magnitude of source power factor being 0.95. A 3 phase load is connected to
the source through a transmission line with 𝑗𝑗30Ω as per phase impedance. The
source is delivering 1𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 real power. Find
a) Line to line load end voltage
b) Complex power consumed by load
c) Load power factor

Solution 1
132𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 132𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⇒ �𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 76.2102𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. The source power factor cos 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = 0.95
√3
lagging as the source is delivering reactive power to a lagging or inductive load.
𝑍𝑍𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑗𝑗30Ω. The transmission line has no resistance. Hence, it is lossless and real
power generated by source is the real power absorbed by load which is 𝑃𝑃3𝜑𝜑 =
1𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ⇒ 𝑃𝑃𝜑𝜑 = 0.3333𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. The magnitude of source phase current is thus
𝑃𝑃𝜑𝜑
�𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 4.6041𝐴𝐴
�𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝ℎ � cos 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠
If 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝ℎ = 76.2102∠0°𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, then 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ = 4.6041∠ − 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = 4.6041∠ − 18.1949°𝐴𝐴 as source
power factor is lagging. The load end voltage is thus,
𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙,𝑝𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑍𝑍𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 76.1672∠ − 0.0987°𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
a) Line to line load end voltage is √3�𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙,𝑝𝑝ℎ � = 131.9255𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (Ans)
∗
b) Complex power consumed by load 𝑆𝑆𝑙𝑙,3𝜑𝜑 = 3𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙,𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ = (1 + 𝑗𝑗0.32677)𝑀𝑀𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 =
1.052∠18.0962°𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (Ans)
c) Load power factor cos 𝜃𝜃𝑙𝑙 = 0.95054 lagging where 𝜃𝜃𝑙𝑙 = 18.0962°, as load is
consuming reactive power. (Ans)

Question 2
A 3 phase, 11𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 10𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 synchronous generator is connected to an inductive load
with 0.85 as power factor. Synchronous reactance and armature resistance per
phase of machine are 30Ω and 1Ω, respectively. The per phase impedance of line
connecting generator and load is (1 + 𝑗𝑗5)Ω. If the generator is producing rated
current at rated voltage, find
a) Line to line load end voltage
b) Torque angle

Solution 2
11𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Given, 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 11𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⇒ �𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 6.3509𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑆𝑆3𝜑𝜑 = 10𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, load power factor
√3
cos 𝜃𝜃𝑙𝑙 = 0.85 lagging due to inductive load, 𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠 = 30Ω, 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 1Ω and 𝑍𝑍𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = (1 + 𝑗𝑗5)Ω.
Generator is producing rated current at rated voltage which is
𝑆𝑆3𝜑𝜑 /3
�𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 524.8639𝐴𝐴
�𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝ℎ �
Let load end phase voltage be reference i.e. 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙,𝑝𝑝ℎ = �𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙,𝑝𝑝ℎ �∠0°𝑉𝑉. Then, line current is
𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ = 524.8639∠ − 𝜃𝜃𝑙𝑙 = 524.8639∠ − 31.7883°𝐴𝐴 as the load power factor is lagging.
The source end phase voltage be 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝ℎ = 6.3509∠𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 °𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 where 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 is with respect to
𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙,𝑝𝑝ℎ .
Vt=6350.853 V
Ia=524.864 A

Ra+jXs Rline+jXline Vload= ?

Question 3
A 3 phase, star-connected, cylindrical rotor, 20𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 11𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 synchronous generator is
supplying half of the rated power to a unity power factor load. The terminal voltage
and real power output of the machine are kept constant. A purely inductive load is
now switched in parallel to the unity power factor load, so that the combination of
loads draws power at 0.85 power factor lagging. What is the percentage increase in
the field excitation current under the new operating condition, if the per phase
synchronous reactance of the machine is 5Ω? Assume linear flux - current
relationship for the field.

Solution 3
11𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Given, 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 11𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⇒ �𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 6.3509𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑆𝑆3𝜑𝜑 = 10𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, load power factor
√3
cos 𝜃𝜃 = 1 ⟹ 𝑃𝑃3𝜑𝜑 = 10𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠 = 5Ω. The magnitude of the armature phase current is
𝑃𝑃3𝜑𝜑 /3
�𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 524.8639𝐴𝐴
�𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ �
Since, there is no transmission line between generator and load, the load power
factor is same as source power factor. Hence, if 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ = 6.3509∠0°𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, then 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ =
524.8639∠0°𝐴𝐴 as power factor is unity. The per phase internal induced voltage is
𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ + 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ (𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠 ) = 6.87171∠22.4515°𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = (6.3508 + 𝑗𝑗2.6243)𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Since, 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 and 𝑃𝑃3𝜑𝜑 are kept constant, �𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ � cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and �𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 � sin 𝛿𝛿 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 for any different operating point of the machine. Hence, with the purely
inductive load in parallel to exisiting load, new power factor is cos 𝜃𝜃 ′ = 0.85 lagging.
Hence, new armature phase current is
′
�𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ � cos 𝜃𝜃
�𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ �= = 617.4869𝐴𝐴
cos 𝜃𝜃 ′
′
As phasor, 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ = 617.4869∠ − cos −1 0.85 = 617.4869∠ − 31.7883°𝐴𝐴 as new power
factor is lagging. Thus, new internal induced voltage is
𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓′ = 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ + 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ
′ (𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋 )
𝑠𝑠 = 8.3978∠18.2099°𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = (7.9773 + 𝑗𝑗2.6243)𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
It can be noted that the imaginary part of internal induced voltage is still constant.
Thus, % increase in rotor excitation current (with given linear flux - current
�𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓′ �−�𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 �
relationship for field) is �𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 �
× 100 = 22.21%. (Ans)

Question 4
A 10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, star connected salient-pole synchronous generator is delivering 21𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴
power to a 0.85 lagging power factor load at rated voltage. What is the torque angle?
Quadrature axis reactance of generator is 3.38Ω. Neglect armature resistance.

Solution 4
10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Given, 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⇒ �𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 5.7735𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑆𝑆3𝜑𝜑 = 21𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ⟹ 𝑆𝑆𝜑𝜑 = 7𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, load
√3
power factor cos 𝜃𝜃 = 0.85 lagging, 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 = 3.38Ω. The armature phase current is
𝑆𝑆𝜑𝜑
�𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ � = = 1212.4356𝐴𝐴
�𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ �
Since, there is no explicit transmission line between generator and load, the load
power factor is same as the source power factor. Hence, if 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ = 5.7735∠0°𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, then
𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ = 1212.4356∠ − 𝜃𝜃 = 1212.4356∠ − 31.7883°𝐴𝐴 as power factor is lagging. From
the voltage and current relationships of the salient-pole generator,
�𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ � sin 𝛿𝛿 = 𝐼𝐼𝑞𝑞 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞
𝐼𝐼𝑞𝑞 = �𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ � cos(𝜃𝜃 + 𝛿𝛿)
where, 𝛿𝛿 is the torque angle. Substituting 𝐼𝐼𝑞𝑞 from second equation to first equation
and after rearranging terms,
�𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ �𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝛿𝛿 = tan−1 � �
�𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝ℎ � + �𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ �𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 sin 𝜃𝜃
Since, all terms in LHS of above equation are known, hence, on substituting the
known values, 𝛿𝛿 = 23.7079°. (Ans)