1 Basic 1 Grammar Reference
1 Basic 1 Grammar Reference
* Plural nouns
• We form the plural of most nouns by adding -s to the • What ...?: We ask questions about things, animals and
end of the word. actions.
What's your phone number? 6975888
• We don't use the article a before plural nouns.
a book .... books a student .... students • Where...?: We ask questions about places.
Where are you from? I'm from Madrid.
* Imperative
• We form the affirmative imperative with the base form
• How are you?: We ask about someone's health or to find
out someone's news.
How are you? Fine, thanks.
of the verb.
• How old... ?: We ask about someone's age.
Listen to the CD!
How old are you? I'm thirteen years old.
• We use the imperative to ask someone to do
something. We can use "please" to be more polite.
Open your books, please!
* a/an
• We use a when the next word begins with a consonant
sound (s, t, x... ).
a book a student
Module 1 • We use an when the next word begins with a vowel
* The verb be
sound (a, e, i, 0, u, etc.).
an actor an electrician
Module 2
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
I am
You are
I'm
You're
FULL FORMS
I am not
You are not
SHORT FORMS
I'm not
You aren't
* this/that - these/those
He is
She is
He's
She's
He is not
She is not
He isn't
She isn't ~hiR'I!I~
thIS these
It is It's It is not It isn't that those
We are We're We are not We aren't • We use this/these to point out people, animals or things
You are You're You are not You aren't that are close to us.
They are They're They are not Thevaren't This is my pen. These are my pens.
• We use that/those to point out people, animals or
Ill ... Short answers things that are far from us.
That is a book. Those are books.
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
No, I'm not.
No, you aren't.
No, he isn't.
* Plural nouns
Is she? Yes, she is. No, she isn't. Regular nouns
Is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn't. • Most nouns take -so
Are we? Yes, we are. No, we aren't. bag .... bags,
Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren't. pen .... pens
Are they? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
• Nouns ending in -s, -ch, -sh,-x,
Irregular nouns
-0 take -es.
I'm not a teacher. I'm a police officer. box .... boxes, man .... men
• We use short forms when we speak and full forms when torch .... torches woman .... women
we write. child .... children
* Possessive Adjectives
• Nouns ending in a consonant
+ y, drop the -y and take -ies.
country .... countries
BUT
~~. P~rson~I ~"
Pronouns :~ 9i
boy .... boys
my
• Possessive Adjectives
you
he
she
your
his
her
go before nouns,
without articles.
* Whose ... ? - Possessive Case
• We use whose to ask about possession.
it its She is my friend.
A: Whose book is this?
we our Her name is Emma.
B: It's my book.
you your
they their • We use the possessive case to express possession.
We form the possessive case by adding's to a singular
noun.
This is Tom's book.
* Question Words (Who ... ? What ...? Where ...?
How... ?)
• Who .. .?: We ask questions about people.
This is my sister's pencil.
*
Has he got? Yes, he has. No, he hasn:t. B: On Sundays.
Has she got? Yes, she has. No, she hasn't.
Has it got? Yes, it has. No, it hasn't. Adverbs of frequency
Have we got? Yes, we have. No, we haven't. ** *** **** *****
Have you got?
Have they got?
Yes,
Yes,
you have.
they have.
No,
No,
you haven't.
they haven't.
I never Isometimes I often usually I always I
We use adverbs of frequen cy to talk about how often
We use the verb have got: we do something. We place them:
• to express possession. I've got a blue bag. I've got two brothers.
• before the main verb .
*
• to describe people, animals and things. Mary has got fair hair.
Adjectives
• We use adjectives before nouns and after the verb be.
John often plays football on Saturdays.
Peter doesn't always eat breakfast.
• after the verb be.
That's a beautiful jacket. That jacket is beautiful.
• Adjectives are the same in singular and in plural.
I've got a trendy shirt. I've got trendy shirts. * Sheryl is never late for school.
Prepositions of time (at, in, on) .
• at: at six o'clock/at two thirty
Module 3 at noon/at night/at midnight
I work
FUll FORMS
I do not work - I don't work
SHORT FORMS_ on Friday morning, etc.
Module 4
*
You work You do not work You don't work
He works He does not work He doesn't work
She works She does not work She doesn't work There is / There are
It works It does not work It doesn't work
We work We do not work We don't work Affirmative
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMSj FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
You work You do not work You don't work
They work They do not work They don't work Slngulal There is There's There is not There isn't
Affirmative ~-----------r------~
Listen to the CD. I Be careful!
I
Don't close. your books. Don't be late. Questions Short answers
127
The verb can is a modal verb. It doesn't take an -s in the • How about + -ing form of the verb?
third person singular, it doesn't form the negative and How about playing tennis?
question form with do/does, and it is always followed by How about + noun?
*
the base form of the verb. How about a game of tennis?
Present Progressive
Affirmative
Modul~7
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
• We use the Past StInple to talk about things that
I am playing I'm playing
happened in-thl\past.
You are playing You're playing
vis~ed ,c':lrlayesterday.
He is playing
She is playing
It is playing
We are playing
He's playing
She's playing
It's playing
We're playing
*,I
' \,\ V
imFle of regular verbs (Affirmative)
*
What is Kelly doing now? She's ta lking on the phone.
Irregular verbs don't take -ed in the Past Simple.
Formation of -ing
Look at the list of irregula r ve rbs on page 130.
Most verbs take -ing. talk ... talking
Verbs ending in -e, drop the -e before the -ing.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
come ... coming
Verbs with one syllable ending in one vowel + one yesterday / yesterday morning, etc.
consonant, double the consonant before the -ing. in + years / centuries
stop ... stopping last night / week / month / year
Verbs with two or more syllables ending in one stressed last Wednesday / Friday, etc.
vowel + one consonant, double the consonant before last summer / winter, etc.
the -ing. two days / a week / three months ago
begin ... beginning BUT answer ... answering
Verbs ending in one vowel +-~ double the -I before the -ing. Past Simple
travel ... travelling BUT sail ... sailing
Verbs ending in -ie take -ying. die ... dying
128
• TI', Short Answers Module 8
Did I like/eat?
Did yo u like/eat?
Yes, I did.
Yes, you did.
No, I didn't.
No, you didn't.
* Future going to
Did he like/eat?
Did she like/eat?
Yes, he did.
Yes, she did.
No, he didn't.
No, she didn't.
"-____.· .;lIfjh"uf"tk_
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
Did it like/eat? Yes, it did. No, it didn't.
Did we like/eat? Yes, we did. No, we didn't. I am going to work I'm going to work
Did you like/eat? Yes, you did. No, you didn't. You are going to work You're going to work
He is going to work He's going to work
* B: I stayed at home.
Past Simple of be
You are not going to work
He is not going to work
She is not going to work
It is not going to work
You aren't going to work
He isn't going to work
She isn't going to work
It isn't going to work
Affirmative Negative We are not going to work We aren't going to work
You are not going to work You aren't going to work
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
They are not going to work They aren't going to work
I was I was not I wasn't
You were You were not You weren't Short answers
He was He was not He wasn't !JIliWW'W
Am I going to work? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
She was She was not She wasn't
Are you going to work? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
It was It was not It wasn't
Is he going to work? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
We were We were not We weren't
Is she going to work? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
You were You were not You weren't Is it going to work? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
They were They were not They weren't Are we going to work? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are you going to work? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
'IIr. Short answers Are they going to work? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
Was I? Yes, I was. No, I wasn't. We use the Future going to to express future plans.
Ben is going to buy a car next week.
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
you were.
he was.
she was.
No, you weren't.
No, he wasn't.
No, she wasn't. TIME EXPRESSIONS
r'--------t
It isn't necessary to
say or write to go
Was it? Yes, it was. No, it wasn't. with the Future
Were we? Yes, we were. No, we weren't. tomorrow, tonight
next week/month/Monday, etc. going to.
Were you? Yes, you were. No, you weren't. Ted's going (to go)
soon
Were they? Yes, they were. No, they weren't. swimming next
in an hour/a year, etc.
weekend.
*
There was There wasn't No, there wasn't. Would you like to have a hot dog?
There were I There weren't Yes there were. The verb should
Were there (. I No,' there weren't.
' .15, ..