SYLLABUS FOR THE 2022 BAR EXAMINATIONS

REMEDIAL LAW and LEGAL ETHICS

NOTE: This syllabus is an outline of the key topics that fall under the core subjects
“Remedial Law and Legal Ethics”. Accordingly, all Bar candidates should be guided that
only laws, rules, issuances, and jurisprudence pertinent to these topics as of June 30, 2021
are examinable materials within the coverage of the 2022 Bar Examinations.

PART 1

FIRST LEVEL COURTS

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

A. Substantive law vs. remedial law

B. Rule-making power of the Supreme Court
C. Principle of judicial hierarchy
D. Doctrine of non-interference/judicial stability
E. Jurisdiction
1. Original vs. appellate
2. General vs. special
3. Exclusive vs. concurrent
4. Continuity of jurisdiction
5. Original Jurisdiction of various Philippine courts
6. Aspects of jurisdiction
a. Jurisdiction over the parties
b. Jurisdiction over the subject matter
c. Jurisdiction over the issues
d. Jurisdiction over the res or the property
in litigation
7. Jurisdiction vs. exercise of jurisdiction
8. Jurisdiction vs. venue
9. Jurisdiction over cases covered by Barangay
Conciliation, Small Claims Cases and cases covered
by Summary Procedure

II. CIVIL PROCEDURE

A. General provisions (Rule 1)

B. Cause of action (Rule 2)
C. Parties to civil actions (Rule 3)
D. Venue (Rule 4)
E. Pleadings
1. Kinds (Rule 6)
2. Parts and Contents of a pleading (Rule 7)
3. Manner of making allegations (Rule 8)
4. Effect of failure to plead (Rule 9)
5. Amended and supplemental pleadings (Rule 10)
6. When to file responsive pleadings (Rule 11)

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 7. Bill of Particulars (Rule 12)
8. Efficient use of paper rule; e-filing
F. Filing and service of pleadings, judgments, final orders,
and resolutions
1. Rules on payment of docket fees; effect of non-payment
2. Rule 13
G. Summons
1. Nature and purpose of summons in relation to actions in
personam, in rem, and quasi in rem
2. Rule 14
H. Motions
1. In general (Rule 15)
2. Non-litigious motions (Rule 15, Sec. 4)
3. Litigious Motions (Rule 15, Sec. 5)
4. Prohibited Motions (Rule 15, Sec. 12)
I. Dismissal of Actions
1. With prejudice vs. without prejudice; dismissals
which have an effect of an adjudication on the merits
2. Rule 17
J. Pre-trial (Rule 18)
K. Intervention (Rule 19)
L. Calendar of Cases (Rule 20)
M. Subpoena (Rule 21)
N. Computation of time (Rule 22)
O. Modes of discovery
1. Depositions (Rules 23 and 24)
2. Interrogatories to parties (Rule 25)
3. Admission by adverse party (Rule 26)
4. Production or inspection of documents or things
(Rule 27)
5. Physical and mental examination of persons (Rule 28)
6. Refusal to comply with modes of discovery (Rule 29)
P. Trial (Rule 30)
Q. Consolidation or severance (Rule 31)
R. Demurrer to Evidence (Rule 33)
S. Judgments and final orders
1. Judgment on the pleadings (Rule 34)
2. Summary judgments (Rule 35)
3. Rendition and entry of judgments and final orders
(Rule 36)
T. Motion for New Trial or Reconsideration
1. Rule 37
2. Remedy against denial and fresh-period rule
U. Execution, satisfaction, and effect of judgments (Rule 39)

III.PROVISIONAL REMEDIES

A. Nature, purpose, and jurisdiction over provisional remedies

B. Preliminary attachment (Rule 57)
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 C. Preliminary injunction (Rule 58)
D. Receivership (Rule 59)
E. Replevin (Rule 60)

IV. SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS

A. Jurisdiction and venue

B. Interpleader (Rule 62)
C. Declaratory relief and similar remedies (Rule 63)
D. Prohibition, Certiorari, and Mandamus
1. Certiorari as a remedy against grave abuse of any branch
or instrumentality of the government
E. Quo warranto (Rule 66)
F. Expropriation
1. Rule 67
2. Guidelines for expropriation proceedings of
National Government
3. Infrastructure Projects (Sec. 4, R.A. No. 8974)
G. Foreclosure of real estate mortgage
1. Judicial foreclosure (Rule 68)
2. Extrajudicial foreclosure (Act No. 3135, as amended)
3. The General Banking Law of 2000 (Sec. 47, R.A. No.
8791)
H. Partition (Rule 69)
I. Forcible entry and unlawful detainer
1. Differentiated from accion publiciana and accion
reivindicatoria
2. Rule 70
J.Contempt (Rule 71)

V.SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS AND SPECIAL WRITS

A. Settlement of estate of deceased persons

1. Venue and process (Rule 73)
2. Summary settlement of estates (Rule 74)
3. Allowance or disallowance of wills (Rule 76)
4. Claims against the estate (Rule 86)
5. Payment of the debts of the estate (Rule 88)
6. Sales, mortgages, and other encumbrances of property
of decedent (Rule 89)
7. Distribution and partition (Rule 90)
B. Escheat (Rule 91)
C. Guardianship
1. Venue (Rule 92)
2. Appointment of guardians (Rule 93)
3. General powers and duties of guardians (Rule 96)
4. Termination of guardianship (Rule 97)
D. Writ of Habeas Corpus
1. Rule 102
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 2. Writ of Habeas Corpus in relation to custody of
minors (A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC)
E. Change of name (Rule 103)
F. Cancellation or Correction of entries in the Civil
Registry (Rule 108)
G. Clerical error law (RA 9048)
H. Writ of Amparo (A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC)
I. Writ of Habeas Data (A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC)
J. Rules of Procedure on Environmental Cases (A.M. No. 09-6-8-
SC)
1. Temporary Environmental Protection Order (TEPO)
2. Writ of continuing mandamus
3. Writ of kalikasan

VI. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

A. General matters
1. Criminal jurisdiction; concept and requisites for exercise
2. When injunction may be issued
B. Prosecution of offenses (Rule 110)
C. Prosecution of civil action (Rule 111)
D. Preliminary Investigation
1. Executive vs. judicial determination of probable cause
2. Rule 112
E. Arrest (Rule 113)
F. Bail (Rule 114)
G. Arraignment and plea (Rule 116)
H. Motion to quash (Rule 117)
I. Pre-trial (Rule 118)
J. Trial (Rule 119)
K. Judgment (Rule 120)
L. Motion for New Trial or Reconsideration (121)
M. Search and seizure (Rule 126)
N. Provisional remedies in criminal cases (Rule 127)
O. Revised Guidelines on Continuous Trial (A.M. No. 15-06-10-
SC)
P. The Rule on Cybercrime Warrants (A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC)

VII. EVIDENCE

A. General concepts
1. Proof vs. evidence
2. Burden of proof vs. burden of evidence
3. Equipoise rule
B. Admissibility
1. Requisites (Rule 128)
2. Exclusionary rules
3. Judicial notice and judicial admissions (Rule 129)
C. Object (Real) Evidence (Rule 130, A)
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 D. Documentary Evidence (Rule 130, B)
1. Definition
2. Best Evidence rule
3. Secondary evidence
4. Parol Evidence rule
5. Interpretation of documents
E. Testimonial Evidence (Rule 130, C)
1. Qualification of witnesses
2. Testimonial privilege
3. Admissions and confessions
4. Previous conduct as evidence
5. Testimonial knowledge
6. Hearsay and exceptions to the hearsay rule
7. Opinion rule
8. Character evidence
F. Burden of proof and presumptions (Rule 131)
G. Presentation of evidence (Rule 132)
1. Examination of witnesses
2. Authentication and proof of documents
3. Offer and objection
H. Judicial Affidavit Rule (A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC)
I. Weight and sufficiency of evidence (Rule 133)
J. Rules on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)

PART 2:

APPELLATE PRACTICE, PROCEDURE IN THE COURT OF APPEALS,

COURT OF TAX APPEALS, AND THE SUPREME COURT

I. APPEALS; GENERAL PRINCIPLES

A. Nature of the right to appeal

B. Judgments and final orders subject to appeal
C. Matters not appealable; available remedies
D. Doctrine of finality/immutability of judgment; exceptions

II. POST-JUDGMENT REMEDIES OTHER THAN APPEAL

A. Petition for relief from judgment (Rule 38)

B. Annulments of judgment by the Court of Appeals (Rule 47)
C. Collateral attack on judgments, when proper
D. Rule 65 as a remedy from judgment

III. APPEALS IN CIVIL PROCEDURE: MODES OF APPEAL

FROM JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF VARIOUS
COURTS/TRIBUNALS

A. Rule 40 – Appeal from Municipal Trial Courts to the Regional

Trial Courts
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 B. Rule 41 – Appeal from the Regional Trial Courts
C. Rule 42 – Petition for Review from the Regional Trial Courts to
the Court of Appeals
D. Rule 43 – Appeals from the Court of Tax Appeals, Civil
Service Commission, and Quasi-Judicial Agencies
E. Rule 45 – Appeals by Certiorari to the Supreme Court
F. Rule 64 – Review of judgments or final orders of the
Commission on Audit and the Commission on Elections
G. Dismissal, reinstatement, and withdrawal of appeal

IV. APPEALS IN CRIMINAL CASES: MODES OF APPEAL

FROM JUDGMENTS OR FINAL ORDERS OF VARIOUS
COURTS/TRIBUNALS

A. Rule 122
1. Appeals from the Municipal Trial Courts
2. Appeals from the Regional Trial Courts
3. Appeals from the Court of Appeals
a.Section 13, Rule 124
B. Appeals from the Office of the Ombudsman
C. Appeals from resolutions of the Office of the City Prosecutor
D. Appeals from the Sandiganbayan

V. PROCEDURE IN TAX CASES

A. Tax Remedies under the National Internal Revenue Code of

1997, as amended
B. Tax Remedies under the Local Government Code of 1991
C. The Court of Tax Appeals (R.A. 1125, as amended, and
the Revised Rules of the Court of Tax Appeals)
1. Jurisdiction
2. Procedures
a. Civil Cases
i. Internal Revenue taxes
ii. Local taxes
iii. Injunction not available to restrain
collection; exceptions
b. Criminal Cases
3. Appeal to the CTA en banc
4. Petition for review on certiorari to the Supreme Court

VI. PROCEDURE IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

A. Rule 44 – Ordinary Appealed Cases

B. Rule 46 – Original Cases
C. Rule 47 – Annulment of Judgments or Final Orders
and Resolutions
D. Rule 50 – Dismissal of Appeal

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 E. Rule 51 – Judgment; harmless error
F. Rule 53 – New Trial

VI. PROCEDURE IN THE SUPREME COURT

A. Rule 56-A – Original Cases

B. Rule 56-B – Appealed Cases

LEGAL ETHICS

I. THE CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

A. To society (Canons 1 to 6)
B. To the legal profession (Canons 7 to 9)
C. To the courts (Canons 10 to 13)
D. To the clients (Canons 14 to 22)
E. Lawyer’s Oath

II. SUSPENSION, DISBARMENT AND DISCIPLINE OF

LAWYERS (Rule 139; Rule 139-B)

- NOTHING FOLLOWS -

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