Points to Remember

Cell junctions—In nearly all animal tissues, specialised junction provide

structural and functional links between its individual cells.
Three Types of Cell junctions—
1. Tight junctions : Plasma membranes of adjacent cells are fused at intervals.
They help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.
2. Adhering junctions : Perform cementing function to keep neighbouring
cells together.
3. Gap junction : Facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by
connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells for rapid transfer of ions, small
molecules and soometimes big molecules.
Types of Fundamental Animal Tissues

S.No. Type Location Functions

1. Epithelial Tissues Free Surfaces Protection, Secretion,
Excretion, absorption,
Sensory and reproduction
2. Connective Tissues Inside body, in organs Holding or binding, support,
other tissues and below transport and circulation,
skin protection and storage.
3. Muscular Tissues Inside movable parts Movements and locomotion
4. Nervous Tissues Central Nervous System Communication and control
& every organ Peripheral
Nervous System.

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 Animal Tissues

Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural

Epithelial Tissue
(A) Simple :  Composed of single layer of cells.
 Functions as lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes.
1. Squamous  single thin layer of flattened cells.
 found in walls of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs.
2. Cuboidal  single layer of cube like cells.
 found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephron.
3. Columnar  single layer of tall and slender cells.
 free surface may have microvilli.
 found in lining of stomach and intestine
4. Ciliated  columnar or cubolidal cells with cilia.
 move particles or mucus in specific direction, in
bronchioles, fallopian tubes.

(B) Compound :
 Made of more than one layer of cells.
 Provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses.
 Cover dry surface of skin, moist cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of
salivary glands and pancreatic ducts.

Glandular epithelium

Exocrine glands Endocrine glands

 secrete mucus, saliva,oil, milk  secrete hormones.

digestive enzymes
 products released through ducts.  secrete directly into the fluid
bathing the gland.

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 Connective tissue : Link and support other tissues/organs of the body.

Connective Tissues

roper Connective Tissues

P Specialised Connective Tissues

Loose connective Dense connective Skeletal Fluid Connective

Tissues Tissues Tissues Tissues

Areolar Adipose Dense Dense Bone Cartilage Blood Lymph

regular irregular
eg. Tendon
ligament
Loose Connective Tissue
(has cells and fibres loosely arranged in semi-fluid ground substance)
(i) Areolar Tissue :
 present beneath the skin.

 contains fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells.

 serves as a support framework for epithelium

(ii) Adipose Tissue :

 located beneath the skin.
 cells are specialised to store fats.

Dense Connective Tissue

Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed.
(i) Dense Regular
 Collagen fibres present in rows.
 Tendons attach skeletal muscle to bone.
 Ligaments attach bone to bone.
(ii) Dense Irregular
 Has collagen fibres and fibroblasts oriented differently.
 This tissue is present in the skin.
Specialised Connective Tissues
(i) Cartilage : made up of chondrocytes and collagen fibres; inter cellular
material is solid and resists compression. Present in tip of nose outer ear
joints, etc.

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 (ii) Bones : Ground substance is rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres Osteocyt
es are present in launae. Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs.
They interact with skeletal muscles to bring about movements. Bone marrow
in some bones is the site of blood cell formation.
(iii) Blood : Fluid coonective tissue, consists of plasma and blood cells.

Vascular Tissues

Blood Lymph

Plasma Formed Plasma Leucocytes

Elements

Blood Corpuscles Blood Platelets

Erythrocytes Leucocytes
(RBCs) (WBC)

Granulocytes Agranulocytes

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes

MUSCULAR TISSUES
(long, contractile cells called fibres, bring about movement and locomotion)

Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cordiac Muscle

 Striated  Non-striated  Striatedwithintercalated

disc for communication
 Closely attached to  Forms wall of  Occurs in heart wall

sekeletal bones.  Internal Organs  Short cyclindrical

like blood vessels uninucleated fibres

stomach, intestine
 long cylindrical  Spindle like
multinucleated fibres uninucleated fibres.

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Neural Tissues
 Neurons are the functional unit and are excitable cells.
 Neurogila cells make up more than half the volume of neural tissue.
They protect and support neurons.
Cockroach— Periplaneta americana (Phylum-Arthropoda, Class-Insecta)
Habitat : Cockroach is a terrestrial, nocturnal, ominivorous,unisexual,
oviparous insect. Body convered by a chitinous, hard exoskeleton of hard plates
called sclerities.
Morphology :
Head : Triangular, formed by fusion of 6 segments. Bears a pair of antennae,
compound eyes. Mouth parts consists of labrum (upper lip), a pair of mandibles,
a pair of maxillae,labium (lower lip), hypharynx (acts as tongue).
Thorax : 3 segments; prothorax, measothorax and metathorax.
Bears 2 pairs of wings :
Forewings : tegmina (mesothoracic).
Hindwings : transparent, membranous (metathoracic)
3 pairs of legs in thoracic segments. (one pair in each thoracic segment.)
Abdomen : 10 segments. Bears a pair of long, segmented   anal cerci in
both sexes and a pair of short, unjoined anal styles in males only 7th segment is
boat shaped.
Also has anus and genital aperture at the hind end. Genital aperture
surrouonded by external genitalia called gonapophysis or phallomere.
Male Cockroach Female Cockroach
1. Abdomen long and narrow 1. Abdomen short and broad
2. All nine sterna visible 2. Seven sterna visible. (7th sternum
fused with 8th and 9th sterna)
3. Anal style present 3. Anal style absent
Anatomy : Study of the morphology of internal organs.
Alimentary canal : Divided into foregut, midgut and hindgut.
Mouth → Pharynx → Oesophagus → Crop (stores food) → Gizzard (grinding
of food) → Hepatic caecae (at junction of fore and midgut; secretes digestive
juice) → Hindgut (ileum, colon, rectum) → Anus.
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 Alimentary Canal of Cockroach
Blood vascular system : Open type, visceral organs bathed in haemolymph
(colourless plasma and haemocytes).
Heart consists of enlongated muscular tube and differentiated into funnel
shaped chambers with ostia on either side. Blood from sinuses enters heart through
ostia and is pumped anteriorly to sinuses again. Blood is colourless (haemolymph).
Repiratory system : Network of trachea which open through 10 pairs of
spiracles. Spiracles regulated by sphincters. Oxygen delivered directly to cells.
Excretion and osmoregulation : by malpighian tubules; uricotelic (Uric
acid as excretory proudct).
Nervous system : Consists of series of fused segmentally arranged ganglia
joined by paired longitudinally connectives on the ventral side, three ganglia in
thorax, six in abdomen. Brain represented by supraoesophageal ganglion. Each
eye consist s of 200 hexagonal ommatidia.
Reproductive system :
Male reproductive system : Pair of testes (4th-6th segments) → vas deferens
→ ejaculatory duct → male gonophore.
Glands–Seminal vesicle (stores sperms), mushroom shaped gland (6th-7th
segment).

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Female reproductive system :
A pair of ovaries (with 8 ovarian tubules) → Oviduct → Genital chamber.
Sperms transferred through spermatophores female produces 9–10 Ootheca.
Fertilised eggs encased in capsules called oothecae (contains 14-16 eggs on
an average) development of P. americana paurometabolous incompleted
metamorphosis). Nymph grows by moulting 13 times to reach adult form.
Interaction with man
 Pests as destroy food and contaminate it.
 Can transmit a variety of bacterial diseases (Vector).

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