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2022-2023
E«¬Vp-®Xe¡Vp
Full syllabus
12
bio - zoology







TôPm TdL Gi

UNIT - I
1. .capupfspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; 2
2. kdpj ,dg;ngUf;fk; 7
3. ,dg;ngUf;f eyd; 14
UNIT - II
4. kuGf;flj;jy; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; khWghLfs; 21
5. %yf;$W kugpay; 28
6. gupzhkk; 36
UNIT - IIII
7. kdpj eyd; kw;Wk; Neha;fs; 42
8. kdpj eydpy; Ez;Zapupfs; 53
UNIT - IV
9. capup njhopy; El;g tpaypd; gad;ghLfs; 56
UNIT - V
10. capupdq;fs; kw;Wk; ,df;$l;lk; 63
11. capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mjd; ghJfhg;G 71
12. Rw;Wr; #yo; ,lu;ghLfs; 77
glq;fs; (Diagrams) 85

RVô¬l×
R.TjUSôTu M.SC.,BEd.,M.Phil.
KJfiy Mrpupau; - tpyq;fpay;
muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp – nts;sf;Fl;il, jpUg;gj;J}u; khtl;lk;
nry; 9943505485

R.Padmanaban M.SC.,BEd.,M.Phil. Govt Hrs School ,Vellakuttai, Tirupathur D.T cell.9943505485

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1. E«¬L°u C]lùTÚdLm
1.U§lùTi®]ôdLs
1.vt;tif fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; Mz; capupfs; kl;LNk cUthfpd;wd.
m) mu;upNdhNlhf;fp M) njypNlhfp ,) Mk;gpNlhfp <) m kw;Wk; , ,uz;Lk;.
2.ghf;upBupahtpy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; fPo;fz;l ve;j Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ.
m) Nfkpl; cUthf;fk; M) vz;Nl];Nghu; cUthf;fk; ,) ,izjy; < ) #];Nghu; cUthf;fk;
3.vt;tif ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; NtWghLfs; Njhd;Wk;.
m) ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; M) fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,) ghypdg;ngUf;fk; <) m kw;Wk; M
4.cWjpf; $ww;W kw;Wk; fhuz tpdhf;fs;.
fPo;fz;l tpdhf;fpspy; ,uz;L $w;Wfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Xd;W cWjpf; $w;W (c) MFk;.
kw;nwhd;W fhuzk; (fh).rupahd tpilia fP;o;fhZk; tifapy; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) ‘c’ kw;Wk; ‘fh’ ,uz;Lk; rupahdhy; ‘fh’ vd;gJ ‘c’ tpd; rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;.
M) ‘c’ kw;Wk; ‘fh’ ,uz;Lk; rupahdit.Mdhy; ‘f’ vd;gJ ‘c’ tpd; rupahd tpsf;fk;.
,) ‘c’ rupahdJ Mdhy; ‘fh’ jtwhdJ.
<) ‘c’ kw;Wk; ‘fh’ ,uz;Lk; jtwhdJ.
i. cWjpf;$w;W: NjdPf;fspd; r%fj;jpy; Mz; NjdPf;fisj; jtpu kw;w midj;Jk; ,Ukak;
nfhz;lit
fhuzk;: Mz; NjdPf;fs; fd;zp ,dg;ngUf;fk; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
m) M) ,) <)

II.cWjpf;$w;W: ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; cWthFk; Nra;fs; ngw;Nwhiu xj;j kugpay;

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
fhuzk;: ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; kiwKfg;gpupT kl;LNk eilngWfpwJ.
m) M) ,) <)

×jRL ®]ôdLs (2, 3 U§lùTiLs)

5.vt;Tapupdj;jpy; nry; gpupjNy ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwahfr; nray;GupfpwJ.

 mkPgh> ghukPrpak; > A+f;spdh

6.ngz; ,dr;nry; Neubahf tsr;rpaile;J Nra; capupahf khWk; epforpapd; ngaiuAk; mJ epfOk;
xU gwitapd; ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 ngz; ,dr;nry; Neubahf tsr;rpaile;J Nra; capupahf khWk; epfo;T fd;dp
1,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh - thd;Nfhop

7.fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? tpyq;FfspUe;J ,U vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf?

 mz;l nry;yhdJ fUTwhkNy KO capupahf tsu;rpailtJ fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh. tisjirg;GOf;fs; > NjdPf;fs;.

8.ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypdg;ngUf;fk; ,tw;Ws; vJ Nkk;gl;lJ Vd;?

 ghypdg;ngUf;fk; Nkk;gl;lJ
 Vnddpy; ghypdg; ngUf;fj;jpy; kugpay; NtWghLfs; cUthfpd;wd.
 ,jdhy; Gjpa kugZ Nru;;f;if Vw;gLfpwJ.
9.,U gpsTUjy; Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; xU nry; capupfs; moptw;wit epahag;gLj;J?
 ,k;Kiwapy; tsu;rpaile;j capupdk; nry; gFg;G Kiwapy; NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth
,U Nra; capupfshf gpupfpd;wd mjdhy; mit ,wg;gjpy;iy.
10.ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwapy; cUthFk; Nra;fs; Vd; gpujpfs; (clones) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
 ghypyp ,dg;ngUf; Kiwapy; cUthFk; Nra; capupfs; kuG gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; Gw mikg;gpy;
ngw;Nwhiug; Nghd;W fhzg;gLthjhy; ,it gpujpfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

R.Padmanaban M.SC.,BEd.,M.Phil. Govt Hrs School ,Vellakuttai, Tirupathur D.T cell.9943505485

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11.fhuzk; $W?
m) NjdPf;fs; Nghd;w capupfs; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;f tpyq;Ffs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
M) Mz; NjdPf;fspy; 16 FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk; ngz; NjdPf;fspy 32 FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 m.fhuzk;: NjdPf;fspy; fUTwhj Kl;ilfs; Mz; NjdPf;fshf tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd ,jdhy;
NjdPf;fs; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;f tpyq;Ffs; vd;fpNwhk.;
 M) fhuzk;: Mz; NjdPf;fs; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwapy; cUthtjhy; 16 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
fhzg;gLfpwd. ngz; NjdPf;fs; fUTw;w Kl;ilapypUe;J cUthtjhy; 32 NuhNkhNrhk;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

12.fPo;fz;ltw;iw NtWgLj;Jf.
m) mkpghtpd; ,Urkg;gpsTKiw kw;Wk; gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; gygpsT Kiw
M) gy;yp kw;Wk; gpsNdupahtpy; fhzg;gLk; ,og;G kPl;ly;

mkpghtpd; ,Urkg;gpsTKiw gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; gygpsT Kiw

1.,J xU vspa Kiw ,J rpf;fyhd Kiw irrhd;l; kw;Wk; Cirl;
epiyapy; eilngWfpwJ.
2.cl;fUkzp kiwe;JtpLk; irrhd;l; epiyapy; cUthFk; Nra; capupfs;
kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;
3.cl;fU ,Urkgpsthf gpupfpwJ Cirl; epiyapy; cl;fU gygpshf gpupfpwJ
cUthFk; Nra; capupfs; ];NghNuhNrhapl;Lfs;
vdg;gLk;

gy;yp ,og;G kPl;ly; gpsNdupahtpy; ,og;G kPl;ly;

1.,J ,oe;j cWg;ig kPz;Lk; cUthf;Fk; 1.,J rPuhf;fy; Kiw
Kiw
2.Jz;lhd thiy kPz;Lk; ngWjy; 2.clypy; Nrjkile;j jpRf;fis rupnra;jy;

13.,scapup epiy vt;thW ,dg;ngUf;f epiyapypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.

➢ ,scapup epiy vd;gJ capupapd; gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,dg;ngUf;f Kjpu;r;rpf;Fk;; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;
MFk;. v.fh. gR – fd;W> kdpjd; - Foe;ij.
➢ ,dg;ngUf;f epiy vd;gJ xU capupahdJ ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; Gjpa capupfis
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epiy MFk;.

14.xUq;fpizT kw;Wk; fUTUjy; NtWgLj;Jf.

xUq;fpizT fUTUjy;
,jpy; ,U xw;iw ka ,dr;nry;fs; ,jpy; Mz; ,dr;nry;;Yk; ngz; ,dr;nry;Yk;
,ide;J ,ul;il ka fUKl;il ,ize;J fUKl;ilia cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J
cUthfpwJ. ,Utifg;gLk; cl;fUTWjy;> ntspffUTUjy;

áÓRp ®]ôdLs (2.3 marks

1.ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

➢ jdpnahU ngw;Nwhwhy; ,dr;nry;fs; ,y;yhky; eilngWk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypyh
,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;;.
➢ ghf;Bupah kw;Wk; G+Q;irfspy; ghypdg;ngUf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
➢ gpsTWjy;>Kfpo;jy;>Jz;lhjy; kw;Wk; ,og;G kPl;ly; Mfpait tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk;;
ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs; MFk;.
.
2.ghypdg;ngUf;fk;; vd;why; vd;d?
➢ Mz;>ngz; ,dr;nry;fs; ,ide;J cUthFk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypdg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;
(v.fh) ,Utho;tpfs; > gwitfs;>kdpjd;
➢ ghypdg;ngUf;fj;jpy; kugpay; NtWghLfs; cUthfpd;wd.
R.Padmanaban M.SC.,BEd.,M.Phil. Govt Hrs School ,Vellakuttai, Tirupathur D.T cell.9943505485

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3.gd;kb gFg;G (Repeated fission) vd;why; vd;d?

 gygpsT Kiwapy; gpsTWjy; epfo;T KOikailAk; tiu Nra; capupfs; gpuptjpy;iy
 ,j;jifa gpuptpw;F gd;kb gFg;G vd;W ngau; (v.fh) nthu;bnry;yh
4.NfupNahifdrp];>irl;Nlhifdrp]; - NtWgLj;Jf.
 cl;fU gpupjy; NfupNahifdrp]; vdg;gLk;.
 irl;Nlhgpshrk; gpuptiljy; irl;Nlhifdrp]; vdg;gLk;.
5.gpsh];NkhNlhkp vd;gJ vd;d?
➢ gy cl;fUf;fisf; nfhz;l ngw;Nwhu; capupapd; cl;fUf;fs; gpupe;J gy cl;fUf;fisf;
nfhz;l Nra; capupfis cUthf;Fjy; gpsh];khNlhkp vdg;gLk;.
➢ v.fh - ,uhr;rj mkPghf;fs;

6.n[k;A+y;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

1. n[k;A+y;fs; vd;git flw;gQ;Rfspy; fhzg;gLk; cs;sik
nkhl;LfshFk;
2. ,it cWjpahd ge;J Nghd;w mikg;G cilajhFk;.
3. ,jd; cl;gFjpapy; czTg;nghUl;fs; jhq;fpa
Mu;f;fpNahirl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. rhjfkhd #oy; tUk;ghJ n[k;A+y;fs; nghupj;J gQ;Rfs;
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

7.mNghiyrp]; my;yJ (jw;rpijT) vd;why; vd;d?

 ehlhg;GOtpd; gOj;j fz;lq;fs; jdpahfNth my;yJ njhFg;;ghfNth gpupAk; nraYf;F
mNghiyrp]; vd;W ngau;.
8.,izTKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;(conjucation)vd;why; vd;d?
 xNu rpw;wpdj;ij rhu;e;j ,uz;L capupfs; jw;fhypfkhf ,iztJ ,izT Kiw
,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,izjypy; <LgLk; capupfs; ,iztpfs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh ghukPrpak;>Nthu;bnry;yh
9.ilNah]pa]; vd;gJ vd;d?
• kdpjdpy; Mz; ngz; capupfs; jdpj;jdpNa fhzg;gLfpwJ
• ,J ilNah]pa]; my;yJ xUghy; capupfs; vdg;gLk;.

10.fUTWjy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

• ,uz;L xw;iwka ,dr;nry;fs; ,ize;J ,ul;ilka fUKl;il cUthjy; fUTWjy;
my;yJ xUq;fpidT vdg;gLk;.
fUTWjy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;:
1. ntspf;fUTWjy; (external fertilization): Mz; ngz; ,dr;nry;fs; ,izjy; ngz; capupapd;
clYf;F ntspNa mit thOk; ePu; #oypy; epfo;e;jhy; mJ ntspf;fUTWjy; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - ,Utho;tpfs;> kPd;fs;> flw;gwQ;Rfs;.
2. cl;fUTWjy;( internal fertilization): Mz;>ngz; ,dr;nry;fs; ,izjy; ngz; capupapd;
clYf;Fs; epfo;e;jhy; mJ mff;fUTWjy; vdg;gLk;. v.fh- Cu;td> gwitfs;> ghY}l;bfs;.

11.,izTKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;(conjucation)vd;why; vd;d?

 xNu rpw;wpdj;ij rhu;e;j ,uz;L capupfs; jw;fhypfkhf ,iztJ ,izT Kiw
,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,izjypy; <LgLk; capupfs; ,iztpfs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh ghukPrpak;>Nthu;bnry;yh>ghf;Bupah.

12.gUtfhy ,dr;Nru;f;iahsu;fs;>njhlu;r;rpahd ,dr;Nru;f;ifahsu;fs; NtWgLj;J.

gUtfhy ,dr;Nru;f;iahsu;fs;:
✓ xU Mz;bd; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,dr;Nru;f;ifapy; <LgLk; capupfs;.
✓ v.fh – gwitfs;.
njhlu;r;rpahd ,dr;Nru;f;ifahsu;fs;:
✓ Mz;L KOtJk; (ghy; Kjpu;r;rpfhyk; KOtJk;) ,dr;Nru;f;ifapy; <LgLk; <LgLk; capupfs;
v.fh - NjdPfs;> Kay;

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3. ,og;G kPl;ly; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

 fhakile;j cly;gFjpapypUe;J cly; ghfq;fs; kW
tsu;r;rp miltJ ,og;G kPl;ly; vdg;gLk;.
 i`l;uhtpy; Mg;ufhk; l;uk;g;sp Kjd;Kjypy;
fz;lwpe;jhu;.

,og;G kPl;ly; tiffs;:

 KO cUtkPl;G: ,k;Kiwapy; clypd; xU rpwa Jz;bypUe;J KO clYk; kPz;Lk; tsu;fpwJ.
v.fh - i`l;uh.
 cWg;G kPl;G :: ,k;Kiwapy; ,Oe;j cly; cWg;Gf;fis kl;Lk; kPz;Lk; cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;fpwJ. v.fh – elrj;jpukPd;
 ,J ,uz;Ltifg;gLk; rPuhf;fy; kw;Wk; kPz;Lk; cUthf;Fjy;
 rPuhf;fy;: ,jpy; clypd; NrjKw;w rpy tifahd jpRf;fs; kl;Lk; rup nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
v.fh – kdpjd;.
 kPz;Lk; cUthf;Fjy;: ,k;Kiwapy; cly; ,oe;j my;yJ ntl;Lgl;l gFjp kPz;Lk;
KOikahf cUthfpwJ. v.fh- gy;ypapy; ,oe;j thy; cUthjy;.

14.capupfspd; tho;ifRow;rpapd; epiyfs; ahit?

❖ capupdq;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;if Row;rpapy; %d;W epiyfs; cs;sd.
❖ 1. ,sk; capupepiy/tsuhf;f epiy 2. ,dg;ngUf;f epiy/Kjpu;r;rp epiy 3. KJik epiy
1.,sk; capupepiy / tsuhf;f epiy: xU capupapd; gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,dg;ngUf;f Kjpu;r;rpf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l tsu;r;rpf; fhyk; ,sk; capup epiy MFk;..
2.,dg;ngUf;f epiy/Kjpu;r;rpepiy: xU capupahdJ ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;J topj;Njhd;wy;fis
cUthf;Fk; nray;fis nra;Ak; fhyk; ,dg;ngUf;f epiy MFk;.
3.KJik epiy: ,dg;ngUf;f epiy KbAk; fhyj;jpy; xU capupapd; cly; mikg;gpYk;
nray;ghLfspYk; rpijT Vw;gLk; fhyk; KJik epiy MFk;.

15. ,aw;ifahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd;; tiffs; ahit?

➢ rpytpyq;Ffspy; ,aw;ifahfNt fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; kl;LNk eilngWk; ,J ,aw;ifahd
fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
mjd; tiffs;
mu;upNdhNlhfp: ,t;tif fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; Mz; capupfs; kl;LNk cUthfpwJ. v.fh – NjdP
njypNlhfp: ,t;tif fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; ngz;capupfs; kl;LNk cUthfpwJ. v.fh.nrhyNdhgpah
Mk;/;gpNlhfp: ,t;tif fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; Mz; my;yJ ngz; capupfs; cUthFk;.v.fh.Vgp];.


1.fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffisf; gw;wp vOJf?
➢ mz;lnry;yhdJ fUTwhkNyNa KO capupahf tsu;rpailtJ fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
vdg;gLk;
➢ ,J “rhu;y]; ghdl;”; vd;gtuhy; Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; tiffs;
 ,aw;ifahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;: rpy tpyq;Ffspy; ,aw;ifahf fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;
kl;LNk eilngWfpwJ. ,J ,aw;ifahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk.;
 ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. KOikahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;> KOikaw;w fd;dp
,dg;ngUf;fk;
 KOikahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; Mz; capupfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ngz; capupfs;
kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;.
 KOikaw;w fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; ghypdg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,uz;LNk
eilngWfpwJ.
 v.fh - NjdPf;fspy; fUTw;w Kl;il ,uhzpj;NjdPahfTk; Ntiyf;fhu NjdPahfTk;
tsu;fpd;wd. fUTwhj Kl;ilfs; Mz; NjdPf;fshf tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd.
 nraw;ifahd fd;dp ,dg;ngUf;fk;:
 ,k;Kiwapy; mz;lnry;fs; Ntjpapay; my;yJ ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; J}z;lg;gl;L KO
capupahf tsu;r;rpailfpwJ. v.fh - tisjirg;GOf;fs; kw;Wk; fly; mr;rpd;fs;

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2.mkPghtpy; eilngWk; xOq;fw;w ,U rk gpsT Kiwia tpsf;fp vOJf?

(m) vspa xOq;fw;w ,UrkgpsT Kiwia ttupj;J vOJf.
➢ ,k;Kiwapy; RUq;F Ez;Fkpo;fs; kiwe;JtpLk; cl;fUkzp kiwe;J cl;fUthdJ kiwKf
gpsT Kiwapy; gpsTgLk;
➢ nry;ypd; eLtpy; RUf;fk; Vw;gl;L irl;Nlhgpsrhrk; gpupfpwJ. Kbtpy; ,U Nra; capupfs;
Njhd;WfpwJ.

3.Kfpo;jy; (budding) vd;why; vd;d.mjd; tiffs; ahit?

➢ ngw;Nwhu; capupfspd; clypy; xd;W my;yJ gy nkhl;Lfs; Njhd;wp xt;nthd;Wk; xU Nra;
capupahf tsu;fpwJ ,J Kfpo;jy; vdg;gLk;.
tiffs;:
1.GwKfpo;jy; -ngw;Nwhu; capupapd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; nkhl;Lfs; cUthdhy; mJ GwKfpo;jy; vdg;gLk;
v.fh - i`l;uh.
2.mfKfpo;jy; - ngw;Nwhu; capupapd; clYf;Fs;NsNa nkhl;Lfs; cUthdhy; mJ mfKfpo;jy;
vdg;gLk;. v.fh. ehf;bY}fh

4.capupdq;fspy; eilngWk; gy;NtW tifahd xUq;fpidT (fUTWjy;) Kiwfis vOJf?

1. Ra fUTWjy; - xNu capupapypUe;J cUthfpd;w ,dr;nry;fs; ,ize;J fUKl;ilia
cUthf;Fjy;. v.fh – Mf;bNdh];Nghupak;> ghukPrpak;
2. may;fUTWjy; : ,U jdpj;jdp ngw;Nwhu;fspypUe;J cUthfpd;w ,dr;nry;fs; ,ize;J
fUKl;ilia cUthf;Fjy;.v.fh – kdpjd;
3. KONru;f;if: rpy rkaq;fspy; Kjpu;e;j capupfs; ,dr;nry;fis cUthf;fhky;
mt;TapupfNs ,dr;nry;fs; Nghd;W nray;gl;L xd;wpide;J Gjpa capupfis
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; v.fh – biuNfhepk;/gh.
4. ,sk; nry; Nru;f;if: ,sk; Nra;nry;fs; ,dr;nry;fs; Nghd;W nray;gl;L xd;wpide;J
Gjpa capupfis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
5. khWgl;l nry; Nru;f;if: mikg;gpy; khWgl;l ,U rpw;wpdq;fs; xd;wpizAk; Kiw
6. xj;j nry; Nru;f;if: mikg;gpYk; nraypYk; xNu khjpupahd ,U ,dr;nry;fs;
xd;wpizjy; v.fh – NkhNdhrp];b];
7. NtWgl;l nry; Nru;f;if: Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l ,U ,dr; nry;fs; xd;wpidAk; Kiw
NtWgl;l nry; Nru;f;if vdg;gLk;. v.fh – KJnfYk;gpfs;

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2 . U²R C]lùTÚdL SXu

1.U§lùTi®]ôdLs
1.Kjpu;e;j tpe;J nry;fs; Nrfupf;fg;Lk; ,lk;
m) tpe;J Ez;Foy;fs; M) tpe;J ehsk; ,) tpe;jf Nky; RUs; Foy; <) tpe;Jg;ig
2.Mz;ghy; `hu;Nkhdhd nl];Nlh];Buhd; Ruf;Fk; ,lk;
m) nru;Nlhyp nry;fs; M) yPbf; nry;fs; ,) tpe;J Nky; RUs; Foy; <) GNuh];Nll; Rug;gp

3.tpe;J jputj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik gFjpia Ruf;Fk; Jizr; Rug;gp

m) tpe;Jg;ig M) gy;NghAupj;uy; Rug;gp ,) GNuh];Nll; Rug;gp <) Nfhior;Rug;gp
4.ngz;zpd; Rkup Mzpd; vt;TWg;Gf;F xg;ghdJ.
m) tpe;Jg;ig M) Mz;Fwp ,) rpWePu; tbFoy; <) tpe;jfk;
5.fU gjpAk; ,lk;
m) fUg;ig M) tapw;Wf;Fop ,) fytpf;fhy;tha; <) /ngy;Nyhgpad; Foha;
6.njhg;Gs; nfhbia cUthf;Fk; fU #o; glyj;jpd; mbg;gil
m) Myd;lha;]; M) Mk;dpahd; ,) Nfhupahd; <) fU czTg;ig
7.Foe;ij gpwg;Gf;Fg;gpd; ghy; Ruj;jiyj; njhlq;fp itg;gJk; njhluu;r;rpahfr; Ruf;f itf;fTk;
cjTk; Kf;fpa `hu;Nkhd;
m) <];l;Nuh[d; M) FSH ,) GNuhyhf;bd; <) Mf;]pNlhrpd;

8.ghY}l;bapd; Kl;il
m) kPNrhnyrpj;jy;> xlw;wJ M) ikf;Nuhnyrpj;jy; xlw;wJ ,) Vnyrpj;jy; xlw;wJ
<) Vnyrpj;jy; xLilaJ
9.mz;l nry;yiyj; Jisj;J nry;tjw;F Kd; tpe;J nry;ypy; eilngWk; epfo;T
m) ];ngu;kpNard; M) fhu;bfy; tidfs; ,) ];ngu;kpNahn[dprp];; <) jpwNdw;wk;
10.Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; cldbahf Ruf;Fk; ghypd; ngau;
m) Nfhio M) rPk;ghy; ,) yhf;Nlh]; <) Rf;Nuh];
11.rPk;ghypy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ
m) IgE M) IgA ,) IgD <) IgM
12.Mz;l;Nuh[d; ,izT Gujj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;git
m) yPbf; nry;fs; M) i`Nghjyhk]; ,) nru;Nlhyp nry;fs; <) gpl;bA+l;lup Rug;gp
13.jtwhd ,iziaf; fz;Lgpb
m) ,uj;jg;Nghf;F epiy - <];l;Nuh[d; kw;Wk; Gu[];l;uhd; Fiwjy;
M) Ez;ig nry;fs; /ghypFyhu; epiy - <];l;Nuh[d; mjpfupj;jy;
,) Y}l;ba]; epiy – FSH mjpfupj;jy;; <) mz;lk; tpLgL epiy – LH vOr;rp
gpd;gUk; tifahd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp
$w;W (A) kw;Wk; fhuzk; (R)
m) A kw;Wk; R cz;ik R vd;gJ A apd; rupahd tpsf;fk;
M) A kw;Wk; R cz;ik R vd;gJ A apd; rupahd tpsf;fk; ,y;iy
,) A cz;ik R ngha;
<) A kw;Wk; R ,uz;Lk; ngha;
14. A - Mzpy; tpe;jfq;fs; tapw;Wf;F ntspNa tpijg; igapDs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
R - tpijg;ig ntg;g newpg;gLj;jpahfr; nray;gl;L tpe;jfj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia 200C
Fiwj;J ,a;ghd tpe;jZ cw;gj;jpf;F cjTfpwJ.
m) A kw;Wk; R cz;ik R vd;gJ A apd; rupahd tpsf;fk;
M) A kw;Wk; R cz;ik R vd;gJ A apd; rupahd tpsf;fk; ,y;iy
,) A cz;ik R ngha;
<) A kw;Wk; R ,uz;Lk; ngha;
15. A – mz;lk; tpLgLjy; vd;gJ fpuh/gpad; Ez;igapypUe;J mz;lk;ntspNaWk; epfor;rpahFk;
R - ,J khjtplhha; Row;rpapd; Ez;ig (ghypFyhu;) epiyapy; ekilngWfpwJ.
M) A kw;Wk; R cz;ik R vd;gJ A apd; rupahd tpsf;fk; ,y;iy
,) A cz;ik R ngha; <) A kw;Wk; R ,uz;Lk; ngha;
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16. A -tpe;J nry;ypd; jiyg;gFjpapy; mf;NuhNrhk; kw;Wk; ikl;Nlfhz;l;upahitf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

R - mf;NhuNrhk; jpUF tbtpyike;j ikl;Nlfhz;l;upaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
M) A kw;Wk; R cz;ik R vd;gJ A apd; rupahd tpsf;fk; ,y;iy
,) A cz;ik R ngha;
<) A kw;Wk; R ,uz;Lk; ngha;


17.];ngu;kpNahn[dprp]; kw;Wk; ];ngu;kpNlhn[dprp]; - NtWgLj;Jf.
];ngu;kpNahn[dprp]; ];ngu;kpNlhn[dprp];
];ngu;khl;bl;Lfs; Kjpu;e;j tpe;J nry;fshf tpe;J Ez;Foy;fspy;; tpe;J nry;fs; cUthFk;
khWk; nray; ];ngu;kpNahn[dprp]; vdg;gLk;. nray; ];ngu;kNlhn[dprp]; vdg;gLk;.
18.Gjpajha; gpwe;j Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; Foe;ijfspy; fUtsu;rpapd; ve;j epiyapy; ,dr;nry;fs;
cUthFk;?
➢ Mz; Foe;iffspy; G+g;nga;Jk; tajpy; ,dr;nry;fs; cUthFk;.
➢ ngz;Foe;ijfspy; G+g;nga;Jk; tajpy; Kjy;epiy mz;l nry;fis cUthf;fp gpd;du;
,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; Kjpu;e;j mz;lj;ij cUthf;Fk;.
19.tpupthf;fk; jUf
m) FSH– Ez;ig nry; J}z;Lk; `hu;Nkhd; M) LH– Y}l;bidrpq; `hu;Nkhd;
,) hCG–kdpjNfhupNahdpf; nfhdNlhbNuhgpd;; <) hPL – kdpj gpshrd;ly; yhf;Nlh[d;

20.kdpjdpy; gytpe;Jnry; fUTWjy; vt;tpjk; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

❖ fUTWjy; Kbe;jgpwF mz;lj;ijr;Rw;wp ‘fUTWjy; rt;T’ vd;Dk; xU jilia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
❖ ,J NkYk; tpe;J nry;fs; cs;Ns Eiotijj; jLf;fpwJ.
21.rPk;ghy; vd;why; vd;d;? mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
❖ Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; ngz;zpd; clypy; cw;gj;jpahFk; kQ;rs; epw ghy; rPk;ghy; vd;g;gLk;.
❖ ,jpy; Gujk; kw;Wk; itl;lkpd; - A rj;J mjpfk; cs;sJ.
❖ ,J Foe;iffSf;F Neha;vjpu;;g;G rf;jpia jUfpwJ.
❖ rPk;ghypy; mjpf msT IgA tif Neha; vjpu;g;G nghUs;fs; cs;sJ.
❖ rPk;ghy; Foe;iffSf;F vspjpy; nrupf;ff;$ba czthFk;.

22.jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj;jpR xU ehskpy;yh Rug;Gj;jpR – vt;thW epahag;gLj;J?

(m) fg;gfhyj;jpy; jw;fhypf ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahf nray;gLtJ vJ?
❖ jha;Nra; ,izg;Gj;jpR vd;gJ fu;gfhyj;jpy; jw;fhypfkhf cUthf;fg;gLk; ehskpy;yhr;
Rug;gpahFk.;
❖ ,J tsUk; fUtpw;F czT+l;lk;> Rthrk;> fopTePf;fk; Nghd;w nray;fis nra;fpwJ.
❖ ,J fw;gfhyq;fspy; hCG (kdpj NfhupNahdpf; nfhdNlhbNuhgpd;)>
❖ hPL (kdpj gpshrd;ly; yhf;Nlh[d;) Nghd;w `hu;Nkhd;fis Rug;gjhy; ,J xU ehskpy;yh
Rug;gp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

23.Kjpu;e;j tpe;jZtpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf;Fwp

(m) tpe;J nry;ypd; mikg;ig tptup?
(m) Mf;NuhNrhk; tpid vd;gJ vd;d?
➢ kdpj tpe;J nry; jiy>fOj;J>thy; vd %d;W gFjpfs;
cs;sd.
➢ ,jd;jiyg;Fjpapy; mf;NuhNrhk; xU njhg;gp Nghy;
mike;Js;sJ.
➢ mf;NuhNrhkpy; cs;s `ahYuhdpNl]; vd;Dk; nehjp
fUTWjypd;NghJ Kl;ilia Jisj;J nry;y cjTfpWJ. ,J
mf;NuhNrhk; tpid vdg;gLk.;;
➢ tpe;J nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bupaq;fs; jpUF
tbtpy; mike;Js;sd ,jw;F negd;fd; vd;W ngau;.
➢ thy; gFjp tpe;J nry; efu;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
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24.,d;`pgpd; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gzpfs; ahit?

1. tpe;J nry; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ nru;Nlhyp nry;fshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; `hu;Nkhd; ,d;`pgpd;
vdg;gLk;.
2. ,J tpe;J nry; cw;gj;jpia fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

25.tpe;jf miktplj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fwpg;gpL?

(my;yJ) tpijg;ig xU ntg;g newpg;gLj;jpahf nray;gLfpwJ – vt;thhW?
1. ,ay;ghd kdpj ntg;gepiyapy; tpe;J nry;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;aKbahJ.
2. vdNt tpijg;igahdJ tapw;wiuapd; ntspapy; mike;J ,ay;ghd ntg;gepiyiatpl
20C Kjy; 30CFiwthd ntg;gepiyia jUfpwJ.
3. ,jdhy; tpijg;igahdJ xU ntg;g newpg;gLj;jpahf nray;gLfpwJ.

26.tpe;J jputj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghUl;fs; ahit? (m) tpe;J jputk; vd;gJ vd;d?
1. Guh];Nll; Rug;gp Ruf;Fk; tpe;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nrkpdy; gpsh];kh Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l ghy;
Nghd;w ntz;ik epw jputNk tpe;J jptuk; vdg;gLk;.
2. ,J tpe;J nry;ypw;F czT kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ig jUfpwJ . ,jpy; nehjpfs;> m];fhu;gpf;
mkpyk; kw;Wk;> g;uf;Nlh]; cs;sJ.

27.fw;gfhyj;jpy; jha;Nra; ,izg;Gj;jpRtpypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; `hu;Nkhd;fs; ahit?

➢ kdpj NfhupNahdpf; nfhdNlhbNuhgpd; - hcG
➢ kdpj NfhupNahdpf; nrhkNlhbNuhgpd; - hcs
➢ kdpj gpshrd;ly; yhf;Nlh$d; - hpL
➢ <];l;Nuh[d;> Gu[];l;uhd; kw;Wk; upyhf;]pd;

28.,dr;nry; cUthf;fk; - tiuaW?

➢ ,dr;nry;fshd tpe;Jf;fs;; kw;Wk; mz;lfq;fs; cUthFk; epfo;r;rp ,dr;nry; cUthf;fk;
vdg;gLk;.

29.mz;lnry;ypd; mikg;ig glj;Jld; tptup?

➢ kdpj mz;lnry;yhdJ Ez;zpa Xlw;w fUTzT mw;w nry; MFk;.
➢ ,jDs; fhzg;gLk; ngupa cl;fUtpw;F tsu;r;rpg;ig vd;W ngau;.
➢ mz;lnry; 3 ciwfis nfhz;lJ cl;Gw tpl;lypd;rt;T >eLg;gFjpapy; Nrhdhngyprplh
ntspg;Gw fNuhdhNubNal;lh.
➢ tpl;lypd; rt;tpw;Fk; Nrhdhngyprplh Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilapy; FWfpa tpl;lypd; Gw ,ilntsp
cs;sJ.

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10

5- U§lùTi ®]ôdLs
30.kdpj tpe;Jnry; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; mz;l nry; cUthf;fk; epfo;Tfis tiuglk; %yk;
tpsf;Ff?

tpe;J nry; cUthf;fk;: mz;l nry; cUthf;fk;:

 tpe;jfq;fspy; tpe;jf Ez; Foy;fspy;  mz;lfq;fspypUe;J ngz; ,dr;nry;yhd
tupirahf eilngWk; nray;fspdhy; mz;lk; cUthFk; epfo;r;rp mz;l nry;
tpe;J nry;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtJ cUthf;fk; vdg;gL
tpe;J nry; cUthf;fk; vdg;gLk;

31.khjtplha; Row;rpapd;; gy;NtW epiyfs; ahit?

 ngz;fspy; G+g;giljy; Kjy; khjtplha; epiwT tiuapy; eilngWk; Row;rp khjtplha; Row;rp
vdg;gLk;.
 ,J 28\29 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw eilngWfpwJ.
khjtplha; Row;rpapd; gy;NtW epiyfs;
1. khjtplha; epiy - (5-3 ehl;fs;)
2. Ez;ig epiy (m) ngUF epiy - (5-14 ehl;fs;)
3. mz;lnry; tpLgLepiy (14 tJ ehs;)
4. y}l;ba]; my;yJ Rug;G epiy
1.khjtplha; epiy - (5-3 ehl;fs;)
,e;epiyapy; fUg;igapd; cl;Rtu; cile;J ,uj;jk; ntspNaWfpwJ. ,J Gu[];l;uhd;><];l;Nuh[d;
`hu;Nkhd;Fiwthy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2.Ez;ig epiy (m) ngUF epiy - (5-14 ehl;fs;)
khjtplha; Row;rpapd; 5 k; ehspy; ,Ue;J mz;lk; tpLgLk; tiu cs;s fhyk; Ez;ig epiy
vdg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; Kjpu;e;j fpuh/gpad; Ez;ig nry;fs; tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.
3.mz;lnry; tpLgLepiy (14 tJ ehs;)
,J khjtplha; Row;rpapd; 14 tJ ehs; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; mjpf mstpy; LH
cw;gj;jpaHfpwJ ,J LH vOr;rp vdg;gLk;. ,jdhy; Kjpu;e;j fpuh/gpad; Ez;ig cile;J
mz;lnry; mz;lfr;Rtu; topahf tapw;;Wf;Fopia milfpwJ. ,J “mz;lk; tpLgLjy;” vdg;gLk;.
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11

4.Y}l;ba]; my;yJ Rug;G epiy

vQ;rpAs;s fpuh/gpad; ghypf;fps; fhu;g];Y}l;bak; vDk; ,ilf;fhy ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahFk;.
fUg;ig cl;Rtu; Cl;lr;rj;J epiwe;j jputj;ij fUtpw;F cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ mjdhy; ,J Rug;G
epiy vdg;gLk;. fUTWjy; epfohtpby; fhu;g];Y}l;bak; fhu;g]; my;gpfd;]; vDk; tLthfkhWfpJ.

32.Foe;ij gpwg;G kw;Wk; ghY}l;Ljypy; Mf;]pNlhrpd; kw;Wk; upyhf;rpd; `hu;Nkhd;fspd gq;fpid

tpsf;Ff?
➢ upyhf;]pd; - ,Lg;ngYk;G kw;Wk; %l;Lf;fis jsu;tilar;nra;fpwJ. fUg;igapd; tha;
gFjpia tpuptilar; nra;fpwJ.
➢ Mf;]pNlhrpd;-ghy; Rug;gpapypUe;J tpirAld; ghiy ntspj;js;s Mf;]pNlhrpd;
gad;gLfpwJ. ,J epu;ge;j mdpr;ir nray; vdg;gLk;.
➢ ,J fUg;igia fu;gfhyj;jpw;F Ke;ijia epiyf;F khw;WfpwJ.

33.nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij fz;lwpe;J M>M>, kw;wk; < vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghfq;fspd;

ngau;fisf; Fwpf;f.

34.


1.,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; ahit?
 ,dr;nry;fshd tpe;J kw;Wk; mz;l nry;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
 ,t;tpjk; cUthd nry;fis flj;Jjy; kw;Wk; jf;fitj;jy;.
 tsUk; fUtpw;F Njitahd Cl;lkspj;jy;
 `hu;;Nkhd;is cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

2.kiw tpe;jfk; vd;gijg;gw;wp eP mwptJ vd;d?

➢ tpe;jfq;fSs; VNjDk; xd;Nwh my;yJ ,uz;LNkh tpijg;igapDs; ,wq;fhky;
clYf;Fs;NsNa jq;fp tpLfpd;wd ,jw;F kiw tpe;jfk; vd;W ngau;

3.nru;Nlhyp nry;fs; (m ) nrtpyp nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

➢ nru;Nlhyp nry;fs; tpe;J Ez;Foypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it tpe;Jf;fs; Kjpu;r;rpailAk; tiu
mtw;wpw;F czT+l;lk; mspf;fpwJ.
➢ ,it ,d;`pgpd; vDk; `hu;Nkhid Ruf;fpwJ.

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4.fd;dpj;jpiu vd;gJ vd;d? (m) fd;dpj;jpiu xU ngz;zpd; fd;dpj;jd;ikia fhl;lhJ – tpsf;F?

➢ ngz;zpd; fytpf;fhy;tha; Jisapd; ntspg;gFjp xU nky;ypa tisa tbtj;jpRtpdhy;
%lg;gl;Ls;sJ ,J fd;dpj;jpiu vdg;gLk;.
➢ Kjy; fytpapd;NghJ ,J fpope;JtpLk; rpyUf;F fPNotpOjy;> kpjptz;b Xl;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;why;
,J ghjpf;fg;glyhk.; vdNt fd;dpj;jpiu xU ngz;zpd; fd;dpj;jd;ikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
,Uf;fhJ.
5.tpe;J nry; jpwNdw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
➢ ngz;zpd; ,dg;ngUf;ff; fhy;thapy; nrYj;jg;gLk; tpe;J nry;fs; jpwNdw;wk; vDk; capu;
Ntjpa nray;ghl;bd; %yk; mz;l nry;iyj; Jisj;J mijf; fUTwr; nra;fpd;wd.

6.negd;nfd; vd;why; vd;d? ,jd; gzpahJ?

✓ tpe;j nry;ypy; ikl;Nlhfhz;Bupahf;fs; jpUF tbtpy; mike;Js;sd ,jw;F negd;nfd; vd;W
ngau;.
✓ ,J tpe;J nry; efu;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Mw;wiy ATP tbtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.

7.fUtpd; mf mLf;fpypUe;J cUthFk; cWg;Gfs; ahit?

 ,iug;ig> rpWFly;>  fy;yPuy;>fizak;>  ijuha;L> ghuhijuha;L

8.PCOS–vd;why; vd;d? (m) mz;lff; fl;bfs; vd;why; vd;d? (PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome)
 ngz;fspy; ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; NfhshWfshy; mz;lf fl;bfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
ghyprp];bf; vd;why; gy fl;bfs;; my;yJ $Lfs; vd;W ngau;.

9.,ul;ilf;Foe;ijfs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wdu;? (m) ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfs; vd;dwhy; vd;d?

➢ xNu fu;gj;jpy; cUthFk; ,uz;L Foe;ijfs; ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfs; vdg;gLk;.
tiffs;: 1.cUtnkhj;j ,ul;ilau;fs; 2.cUtk; khWgl;l ,ul;ilau;fs; 3.rhkpah ,ul;ilau;
 1.cUtnkhj;j ,ul;ilau;fs;: ,tu;fs; xU fUKl;il ,ul;ilau;fs;.,tufs; xNu
ghypdk;>cUtmikg;G kw;Wk; kugZf;fisf; nfhz;ltu;fshf fhzg;gLtu;.
 2.cUtk; khWgl;l ,ul;ilau;fs;: ,tu;fs; ,U NtW mz;l nry;fs; ,U NtW tpe;J
nry;fshy; fUTw;wjhy; cz;lhd fUKl;ilapypUe;J cUthdtu;fs;.xNu ghypdj;jtuhfNth
my;yJ NtWgl;l ghypdj;jtuhfNth ,Ug;gu;. Mdhy; cUtj;jpy; khWgl;bUg;gu;.
 3.rhkpah ,ul;ilau;fs;: ,tu;fs; xl;bg;gpwe;j ,ul;ilau;fs;.

10.cyf jha;g;ghy; Cl;Lk; thuk; vg;NghJ? jha;g;ghypd; mtrpak; vd;d?

 Mf];L Kjy; thuk; cyf jha;g;ghy; thuk; MFk;.
 jha;g;ghy; Neha; vjpu;g;G rf;fjp mjpfk; cilaJ kQ;rs; fhkhiy> epNkhdpah> fhyuh Nghd;w
Neha;fisj; jLf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ.

11.fU#o; glyq;fs; ahit? mjd; gzp vd;d?

➢ Mk;dpahd;> Nfhupahd; >Myd;lhap]; kw;Wk; fUTzTg;ig Mfpait fU#o; glyq;fs; MFk;.
➢ ,it fU cye;e;J Nghfhky; ghJfhj;jy; mjpu;Tfis jhq;Fjy; rj;Jg;nghUl;fis
cwpQ;Rjy; Mfpa gzpfis nra;fpwJ.

12.fUf;Nfhsk; vd;gJ vd;d?

➢ fUg;igapy; fUthdJ Rkhu; 100 nry;fisf;nfhz;l xU cs;sPlw;w ge;J Nghd;w
mikg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpwjJ ,jw;F fUf;Nfhsk; vd;W ngau;.

13.ngu;F]d; mdpr;ir nray; my;yJ ntspj;js;sy; mdpr;irr; nray; vd;why; vd;d?

➢ fUg;ig RUf;fq;fs; fU fPo; Nehf;fp ,lk; ngau cjTfpwJ. ,e;j ,lg;ngau;r;rpapd;
fhuzkhf fUg;ig tha; kw;Wk; fytpf;fhy;tha; Mfpait tpuptiltjd; tpisthf
epA+Nuh`pNkhuy; mdpr;ir nray; eilngWfpwJ.
➢ ,e;j mdpr;ir nray; fU ntspj;js;sy; mdpr;ir nray; my;yJ /ngu;F]d; mdpr;ir
nray; vdg;gLk;.
14.epu;ge;j mdpr;ir nray; vd;gJ vd;d?
➢ ghy; Rug;gpapd; kPr;rpW fJg;GfspypUe;J tpirAld; ghiy ntspj;js;s Mf;rpNlhrpd;
cjTfpwJ. ,J epu;ge;j mdpr;ir nray; vdg;gLk;.
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15.kdpj fU tsu;r;rp fhyk; vj;jid ehl;fs;.(m) fu;g fhyk; vd;why; vd;d?

 kdpjupy; fU tsu;r;rp fhyk; 280 ehl;fs; my;yJ 40 thuq;fshFk;. ,e;j fhyj;ij fu;g
fhyk; vd;fpNwhk;

16.%tLf;F fUf;Nfhsk; (Gastrulation) - Fwpg;G tiuf.

XuLf;F fUf;Nfhsk; %tLf;F fUf;Nfhskhf khWk; epfo;r;rp %tLf;F fUf;Nfhskhf;fk; vdg;gLk;

17.NkhUyh vd;gJ vd;d?

fUTw;w 72 kzp Neuj;jpw;F gpwF jsu;thf ,izf;fg;gl;l 16 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nry;fisf;
nfhz;l nry; njhFg;G cUthfpwJ. ,jw;F NkhUyh vd;W ngau;.

18.tpe;J nry; ntspNaw;wk; vd;gJ vd;d?

tpe;J Ez; Foy;fspd; cl;gFjpapy; Kjpu;e;j tpe;J nry;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpf;F tpe;J nry;
ntspNaw;wk; vd;W ngau;.

19.fUTWjy; vd;why; vd;d?

Mz; ,dr;nry;Yk; ngz; ,dr;nry;Yk; ,ize;J fUKl;ilia cUthf;FtJ fUTWjy; vdg;gLk;

20.%y ,dr;nry; mLf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J cUthFk; cWg;Gfis vOJf. .

(m) %y ,dr;nry; mLf;F – Fwpg;G vOJf.
%y ,dr;nry; mLf;Ffs; 3 tifg;gLk; Gwg;gil>eLg;gil>mfg;gil
Gw mLf;fpypUe;J ika euk;G kz;lyk;> Gw mikT euk;G kz;lyk;> khu;gf Rug;gpfs;
cUthfpd;wd.
eL mLf;fpypUe;J ,izg;Gj; jpR>FUj;njYk;G kw;Wk; vYk;G> jirfs;>rpWePufk;>rpWePu;
ehsk;>,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; Mfpait cUthfpd;wd.
mf mLf;fpypUe;J ,iug;ig rpWFly; ghij kw;Wk; Rthrg; ghijapd; vgpjPypak;> fy;yPuy;>
fizak;> ijuha;L kw;Wk; ghuhijuha;L Mfpa cWg;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd.

21.kdpj fUg;igapd; mikg;ig glj;Jld; tptup?

1. cs;sPlw;w jirahyhd jbj;j Rtiuf; nfhz;l
,uj;jf;Foha;fs; epiwe;j jiyfPohd Ngupf;fha;
tbtj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; cWg;G fUg;ig MFk;.
2. ,J ,Lg;Gf;FopapDs; rpWePu;g;igf;Fk; kyf;FlYf;Fk;
,ilapy mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,J xU FWfpa thapd; topahf fytpf;fhy;thapy;
jpwf;fpwJ.
4. fUg;ig RtuhdJ %d;W mLf;F jpRf;shy; MdJ.
5. ntspg;Gw nky;ypa mLf;F ngupnkl;;upak;> jbj;j eL
mLf;F ikNahnkl;upak;> cl;Gw Rug;G mLf;F
vz;Nlhnkl;upak; MFk;.
22.jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpR (placenta) – Fwpg;G vOJf.
(m) jha;Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpR vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fis vOJf.
 tsUk; fUtpw;Fk; jhapd; fUg;ig RtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; jpR jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj;
jpR vdg;gLk;.
 ,J tsUk; fUtpw;F Cl;lkspj;jy; kw;Wk; fopTg;nghUl;fis ntspNaw;Wjy; Mfpa
gzpfis nra;fpwJ.
23.fUgjpjy; (implantation) ,lk; khwpa fu;gk; (ectopic pregnancy) Mfpatw;iwg;gw;wpa cdJ
fUj;J vd;d?
(my;yJ) fU gjpjy;> ,lk; khwpa fu;gk; - NtWgLj;Jf.
fU gjpjy:;
 fU fUg;igapd; cl;Rtupy; gjpfpwJ ,jw;F fU gjpjy; vd;W ngau;.,jd; Kbtpy; fu;gk;
njhlq;FfpwJ.
,lk; khwpa fu;gk;:
 fUTw;w mz;lk; fUg;igf;F ntspNa gjpe;J tsu;tJ ,lk; khwpa fu;gk; vdg;gLk;.,jpy; fU
fUg;igf;F gjpyhf mz;lehsj;jpy; gjpfpwJ.
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3. C]lùTÚdL SXu

1- kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.fPo;tUtdtw;Wd; HIV `pghbb]; B, ntl;il Neha; kw;Wk; biuNfhNkhdpah]p]; gw;wpa
rupahd $w;W vJ?
m) ntl;il Neha; kl;Lk; ghy;tpid Neha; gpw midj;Jk; ghy;tpid Neha;fs; my;y.
M) biuNfhNkhdpah]p]; xU itu]; Neha; gpw midj;Jk; ghf;Bupah Neha;fs;
,) HIV vd;gJ Neha;f;fpUkp gpw midj;Jk; Neha;fs;.
<) `pghbb]; kl;Lk; KOikahf xopf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ Mdhy; gpw mg;gbay;y.
2.fPo; cs;s FOf;fOs; ghf;Bupah ghy;tpid Neha;f; FOitf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) fpuhe;jp> ntl;ilNeha;> kw;Wk; Nfd;bah]p];
M) fpue;jp> fpshkpbah]p];> ntl;ilNeha;
,) fpue;jp>nfhNdupah> biuNfhNkhdpah]p];
<) fpue;jp> biuNfhNkhdpah]p];> ngbFNshrp];
3.fPo; tUtdtw;Ws; rupahd $w;W vJ.
m) fplhkpbah]p]; xU itu]; Neha;
M) bupNghdpkh ghyplk; vDk; ];igNuhfPl; ghf;Bupaj;jhy; ntl;il Neha; Njhd;WfpwJ.
,) fpuhe;J Nehapd; Neha; ntspg;gL fhyk; Mz;fspy; d2 Kjy; 14 ehl;fs; ngz;fspy; 7
Kjy; 21 ehl;fs;
<)vjpu; capup nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L fpuhe;jp kw;Wk; ntl;il Nehia vspjpy; Fzg;gLj;j ,aYk;
4.xU fUj;jil khj;jpiu mz;l nry; ntspaPl;il vt;thW jLf;fpwJ.
m) mz;lehsj;jpy; milg;G Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
M) FSH kw;Wk; LH `hu;Nkhd;fs; Ruj;jiy jLg;gjd; %yk;.
,) FSH kw;Wk; LH `hu;Nkhd;fs; Ruj;jiy J}z;;Ltjd;%yk;
<) mz;l nry; tpLgl;lTld; mjid cldbahf mopj;JtpLtjd; %yk;
5.fPo;tUk; mZF Kiwfspy; vJ fUj;jil rhjdq;fspd; nray;ghLfisg; gw;wp tiuaWj;Jf;
$wtpy;iy.

m `hu;Nkhd; top tpe;J nry;fs; cs; Eiotij jilnra;Ak>; mz;lnry;

fUj;jilfs; ntspNaw;wk; kw;Wk; fUTWjiyj; jilnra;Ak;
M Tpe;J Foy; jil tpe;J nry;yhf;fj;ij jilnra;Ak;
, jLg;G Kiwfs; fUTWjiyj; jilnra;Ak;
< cs; fUg;ig tpe;J nry;fs; tpOq;fg;gLjiy mjpfupf;Fk;> tpe;J nry;fspd;
rhjdq;fs; efu;r;rpia xLf;fp fUTwr; nra;Ak; jpwidf; Fiwf;Fk;

6.nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wfisg; gbj;J rupahdij Nju;T nra;f.

$w;W m: ,ug;guhy; nra;ag;gl;l jpiur; rt;Tfs; fUg;ig tha; %bfs; kw;Wk; kiwg;Gj; jpiufs;
Nghd;wit ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghijapy; fUg;ig thapid fytpf;F Kd; %lg;g gad;gLfpd;wd.
$w;W M: Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba Ntjpg;nghUs; jLg;Gfs; MFk;.
m) $w;Wfs; m kw;Wk; M rupNa NkYk; $w;W M $w;W m tpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
M) $w;Wfs; m kw;Wk; M rupNa NkYk; $w;W M $w;W m tpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkpy;iy.
,) $w;Wfs; m rup Mdhy; $w;W M jtW
<) $w;Wfs; m kw;Wk; M ,uz;LNj jtwhdit.
7.tupir I kw;Wk; tupir II I nghUj;jp rupahd tpilj; njhFg;ig njupT nra;aTk;.
tupir I tupir II
A jhkpuk; ntspaPL IUD i. LNG - 20
B `hu;Nkhd; ntsptpL ii. ypg;gs; tisa IUD
IUD
C kUe;jpy;yh IUD iii. rhn`yp
D khj;jpiufs; iv. Multiload - 375

m) A (iv) B (ii) C (i) D (iii) M) A (iv) B (i) C (iii) D (ii)

,) A (i) B (iv) C (ii) D (iii) <) A (iv) B (i) C (ii) D (iii)

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8.fPo; tUtdtw;Ws; `hu;Nkhd; fUj;jil khj;jpiufspd; nray;ghLfs; gw;wpa jtwhd $w;W vJ?
m) tpe;J nry;yhf;fj;ij jilnra;jy;.
M) mz;l nspg;ghl;il jilnra;jy;.
,) fUg;igtha; Nfhioapd; jd;ik khw;wj;jhy; tpe;Jnry; EioAk;; ghij kw;Wk; tpe;J nry;
efu;tij gytPdg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
<) fUg;ig cl;Nfhiog; glyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; fUg;gjptpw;F vjpuhd #oiy Vw;gLjJfpd;wJ.

×jRL ®]ôdLs 2,3 marks

9.gdpf;Flj; Jisg;G vd;gJ ahJ? ,j;njhopy; El;gj;jpw;F rl;lg;glb jil tpjpg;gJ Vd;?
1.gdpf;Flj; Jisg;G vd;gJ fUtpd; FiwghLfis fu;gfhyj;jpy; fz;lwpAk;; xU njhopy;El;gkhFk;
2.,jd; %yk;tsUk; fUtpy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk; FiwghLfisf; fz;lwpayhk;
3.ePz;l Crpia gdpf;Flg;igf;Fs; nrYj;jp gdpf;Fl jputk; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpwJ
4.Foe;ij Mzh my;yJ ngz;zh vd;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;L rpR nfhiy nra;a tha;g;G cs;sjhy;
,j;njhoy; El;gk; jilnra;jy; mtrpak;.

10.milg;Gf;Fs; ,Ue;J rupahd gjq;fis NjuT nra;J fpisj;j kuj;jpYs;s ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gf.

11.fPo;tUk; $w;Wfspd; gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf

m) nfhilahspaplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l mz;lj;ij fUg;ig ehsj;jpw;Fs; ,lkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Kiw
ZIFT MFk;;.
M) 8 fUf;Nfhsr; nry;fSf;F Nky; cs;s fUit fUg;igf;Fs; nghUj;Jk; Kiw GIFT vdg;gLk;.
,) ky;bNyhl; 375 vd;gJ xu; `hu;Nkhd; ntsptpL IUD MFk;.
tpil:
m) nfhilahspaplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l mz;lj;ij fUg;ig ehsj;jpw;Fs; ,lkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Kiw
GIFT
M) 8 fUf;Nfhsr; nry;fSf;F Nky; cs;s fUit fUg;igf;Fs; nghUj;Jk; Kiw ZIFTvdg;gLk;.
,) ky;bNyhl; 375 vd;gJ xu; jhkpuk; ntspapLk; cs; fUg;ig rhjdk; MFk;;

12. Foe;ij Ntz;Lk; jk;gjpaupy; Mz; tpe;J ePu;kj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;a ,ayhky; NghdhNyh my;yJ
kpff; Fiwe;j tpe;Jnry; nfhz;l ePu;kj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;jhNyh mj; jk;gjpau; Foe;ij ngw
vk;Kiw gupe;Jiw nra;tPu;?
 fUg;igapDs; tpe;J nry;fis cl;nrYj;Jk; Kiw (IUI) gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk;

13.m) ZIFT M) ICSI tpupthf;fk; jUf?

m) ZIFT - (Zygote Intra FallopianTransfer) fUKl;ilia mz;lehsj;jpDs; nrYj;Jjy;
M) ICSI - (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) mz;l irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpDs; tpe;J nry;iy
nrYj;Jjy;.

14. ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;by; KOikahd ,dg;ngUf;f MNuhf;fpaj;ij mila Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
cj;jpfs; ahit?
1. ey;y rKjhak; mika kf;fspilNa tpop;gGzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;
2. ghypay; fy;tp mspj;jy;
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3. FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfis njuptpj;jy;

4. POCSO rl;lk; %yk; ghypay; Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jy;.

15.fUf;nfhiy kw;Wk; rpRf;nfhiy NtWgLj;Jf?

fUf;fnfhiy rpRf;nfhiy
fUit jhapd; tapw;wpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj gpwe;jgpd; gr;rpsk; ngz; Foe;ijia
fiyj;jy; fUf;nfhiy vdg;gLk; nfhy;Yjy; rpRf;nfhiy vdg;gLk;

16.Kf;fpa ghy;tpid Neha;fisAk; mtw;wpd; mwpFwpfisAk; tpsf;Ff?

itu]; ghy;tpdj;njhw;W Neha;fs;; rpytw;iw gl;baypL.
Nehapd; ngau; Neha;ff
; huzp mwpFwpfs; Neha; ntspg;gLj;Jk;
fhyk;
fy;yPuy; mow;rp n`ghbb]; Nrhu;T>kQ;rs; fhkhiy>fha;r;ry; 30-80 ehl;fs;
B itu]; fy;yPuy; nraypog;G
va;l;]; (AIDS) epzePu; Kbr;Rfs; ngupjhjy;> fha;r;ry;> 2-6 thuq;fs; Kjy; 10
vr;.I.tp (HIV)
cly; vil Fiwjy;> ,utpy; Mz;LfSf;F NkYk;.
tpau;j;jy;.
17.ghy;tpid Neha;fs; vt;thW guTfpwJ.
 ghJfhg;gw;w clYwT  njhw;Ws;s Crpfs;>  ,uj;jk; nrYj;Jjy;
 Neha;njhw;W cs;s jhaplkpUe;J Nra;f;F guTjy;.

18.ghy;tpidj;njhw;W Neha;fisj; jLf;Fk; Kiwfis vOJf?

1. Kd; gpd; njupahj gyUld; ghYwit jtpu;j;jy; 2. fUj;jil ciwfis gad;gLj;Jjy;;
3. kUj;JtUld; cupa MNyhrid ngWjy;

19.GIFT Kiwap;y; ngz;; ,dr;nry;fs; mz;lehsj;jpDs; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ ,dr;nry;fis

fUg;igf;Fs; ,lkhw;wk; nra;jhy; ,Nj KbT Njhd;w tha;g;Gs;sjh? tpsf;Ff.
 tha;g;G cs;sJ>
 Vnddpy; fztu; my;yJ tpe;J nfhilahspaplkpUe;J tpe;J jputk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L gpd;du;
ngz;zpd; fytpfhy;ftha; topahf fUg;igf;Fs; nrYj;Jk;NghJ ,ay;ghd fu;gk; Vw;gLk;.

20.gdpf;Flj; Jisg;G vDk; tsu;fU ghy; fz;lwpAk; Ma;T ek; ehl;by; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
Njitjhdh? fUj;ijj; njuptpf;fTk;.
➢ mtrpak; Njit Vnddpy; ,J tsUk; fUtpy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk; FiwghLfisf;
fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.
➢ Foe;ij Mzh> ngz;zh vd fz;lwpa gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ,J jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

21.MNuhf;fpakhd ,dg;ngUf;fk; rl;lg;gb fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gpwg;Gf;fl;Lg;ghl;L topKiwfs; kw;Wk;

Kiwahd FLk;g eyj;jpl;lk; Nghd;wd kdpj tho;tpw;F Kf;fpakhdit - $w;iw epahag;gLj;J.
☺ MNuhf;fpakhd ,dg;ngUf;fk; ey;y Foe;ijfis rKjhaj;jpw;F ngw;Wj;jUfpwJ
☺ ghypay; fy;;tpia tpliyg; gUtkhztu;fSf;F toq;Fjy;
☺ jw;fhypf kw;Wk; epue;ju fUj;jil Kiwfisg;gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it kf;fspilNa Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

áÓRp ®]ôdLs (2.3 marks)

1.FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;why; vd;d?

 fUj;jil Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp fUTWjiyNah my;yJ fUg;igapy; fU gjpj;jiyNah
jLf;Fk; Kiw FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;.
 ,jd;%yk; kf;fs; njhifia Fiwf;fyhk;.

2..jhkpuk; ntspapLk; cs;fUg;ig rhjdq;fs; rpytw;iw vOJf? (m) v.fh.jUf?

CuT- 380 A, CuT-380 Ag, CuT, Multiload375

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3.fUg;ig tha; Gw;WNeha; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?

1.,J kdpj ghg;gpy;Nyhkh itu]hy; Vw;gLfpwJ
2.,jdhy; fUg;ig nry;fs; ,ay;gpw;F khwhd tsu;r;rpia milfpd;wd
3.mwpFwpfs;:,Lg;Gtyp> fytpf;fhy;tha; jputk; mjpfkhjy;.mjpf uj;jg;Nghf;F cz;lhjy;
4. GIFT , ZIFT NtWgLjJf.
GIFT ZIFT
mz;lehsj;jpDs; ,dr;nry; ,lkhw;wk; fUKl;ilia mz;lehsj;jpDs; nrYj;Jjy;
8 gpsh];Nlhkpau; nfhz;l fUKl;il mz;l mz;lj;jpypUe;J Kl;ilfs; tpe;J nry;yfSld;
ehsj;jpDs; itf;fg;gLk; Nru;f;fg;gLk;
fUKl;il fUg;igia Nehf;fp nrd;W gjpfpwJ fUf;Nfhsk; fUg;igia Nehf;fp nrd;W gjpfpwJ

5.kyl;Lj;jd;ik vd;why; vd;d? kyl;Lj; jd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

1.Foe;ijia cUthf;f ,ayhj; jd;ik kyl;Lj;jd;ik vdg;gLk;
2.,J Mz; ngz; ,UtuplKk; fhzg;gLk;.
kyl;Lj;jd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;: (m) kyl;Lj;jd;ikf;fhd gpw fhuzq;fs;.
1. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspy; fl;bfs; cUthjy; 2. `hu;Nkhd; FiwghL 3.Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghL
4.,Uf;fkhd cilfs;mdpjy; 5. tpijg;ig tPf;fk;. 6.tpe;jfk; kw;Wk; mz;lfq;fspd; Fiwtsu;r;rp
7.ngz;fspy; tpe;J nry;fSf;F vjpuhf vjpu;g;G nghUs; cUthjy;.

6.Nkau; Nuhlhd;];fp vd;gJ vd;d?

1.midj;J ngz;fSk; mz;lq;fSld; gpwf;fpd;wdu;
2.Mdhy; rpyUf;F fUg;ig ,Uf;fhJ ,e;jepiyf;F Nkau;Nuhlhd;];fp Neha;f;FiwghL vd;W ngau;.

7.thlifj;jha; vd;gJ vd;d? (my;yJ) xU ngz;zpw;fhf kw;nwhU ngz; Foe;ij ngw;Wj;ju

KbAkh?
➢ jha;ik milaKbahj ngz;zpw;F NtnwhU ngz;; xg;ge;j Kiwapy; fUit Rke;J
Foe;ijia ngw;Wj;jUk; Kiw thlifj; jha;ik vdg;gLk;
➢ ,k;Kiwapy; ntspf;fUTWjy; Kiwapy; fU cUthf;fg;gl;L thlifj; jhapd; fUg;igf;Fs;
itj;J tsu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

8.jw;fhypf fUj;jil Kiwfs; ahit?

 ,aw;if jLg;G Kiw>  Ntjpg;nghUs; gad;ghl;L Kiw>  `hu;Nkhd; gad;ghl;L Kiw

9. tpe;J Foy; jil > fUf;Foy; jil NtWgLj;J? (my;yJ) thrf;lkp ba+gf;lkpapy; NtWgLj;Jf?
tpe;J Foy; jil (thrf;lkp) fUf;Foy; jil (ba+gf;lkp)
1. ,J mWit rpfpr;ir %yk; Mz;fspy; ,J mWit rpfpr;ir %yk; ngz;fspy;
nra;ag;gLk; fUj;jil Kiw MFk; nra;ag;gLk; fUj;jil Kiw MFk;.
2. tpijg;igapy; Jisapl;L tpe;J ehsq;fs; ngz;fspd; tapw;Wg; gFjpapy; Jisapl;L
ntl;lg;gl;L Kbr;rplg;gLfpd;wd mz;l ehsq;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L
Kbr;rplg;gLfpd;wd
10.Nrhjidf;Foha; Foe;ij vd;gJ vd;d?
➢ ,k;Kiwapy; mz;lnry;fs; kw;Wk; tpe;J nry;fs; clYf;F ntspapy; Ma;tfj;jpy; ,iza
itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
➢ gpd;du; fUTw;w Kl;il ngz;zpd; fUg;igapDs; nrYj;jp tsu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
11.,dg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; Foe;ijeyk; ghJfhg;G jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gzpfs; ahit?
 cly;eykpf;f rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f Njitahd tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
 tpliyg;gUt khztu;fSf;F ghypay; fy;tpia gs;spfspy; nfhz;L tUjy;.
 jpUkz taJ Fwpj;j fl;Lg;ghLfis njuptpj;jy; kw;Wk; FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfis gw;wp
mwpTWj;Jjy;
 jha; Nra; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; jha;g;ghy; Cl;Ljypd; mtrpak; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;
12.POCSO - rl;lk; vd;gJ vd;d?
ghypay; Fw;wq;fspypy; ,Ue;J Foe;ijfis jLg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lkhFk;.
,r;rl;lk; 2013k; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
gzpGupAk; ,lq;fspy; ghypay; jhf;Fjy;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gll;lJ.
Mz;>ngz; ,UghyUf;Fk; ghJfhg;ghd #o;epiyia cUthf;FtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
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13.vd;id epidtpy; nfhs; cq;fSf;F cjTNtd;.

kyl;Lj;jd;ikf;F vjpu; itl;lkpd; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - itl;lkpd; E,
cyf kf;fs; njhif jpdk; - [Piy 11. cyf va;l;]; jpdk; - brk;gu;
ru;tNjr Neha;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - fpuhe;jp kw;Wk; ntl;il Neha;

5 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs
1.,dg;ngUf;f Jiz njhopy; El;gq;fs; (Assisted reproductive technlolgy -ART) Fwpj;J fl;Liu
tiuf.
 ,dr;nry;fs; my;yJ fUKl;ilfis clYf;F ntspapy; ifahz;L fu;gkilar; nra;Ak;
nray;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;f Jiz njhopy; El;gk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,J kyl;Lj; jd;ikAila jk;gjpfspd; fUjupf;Fk; tha;g;Gfis mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 fPo; fz;lit ,dg;ngUf;f Jiz njhopy; El;gq;fs; MFk;.
1. fUg;igapDs; tpe;J nry;fis cl;nrYj;Jjy; (IUI)
2. cly; ntspf; fUTWjy; my;yJ Nrhjidf; Foha; Foe;ij (IVF)
3. fUKl;ilia mz;lehsj;jpDs; nrYj;Jjy; (GIFT)
4. fUg;ig cs; ,lkhw;wk; (IUT)
5. mz;lehsj;jpDs; ,dr;nry; ,lkhw;wk;. (GIFT)
6. mz;l irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpDs; tpe;J nry;fis nrYj;Jjy;. (ICSI)
7. thlifj; jha;ik (Surogacy)

2.fUtpd; FiwghLfis fu;gfhyj;jpy; fz;lwpAk; njhopy; El;g Kiwfis tptup?

• kPnahyp tupNahl;lk;:,J xU Mgj;jpy;yh KiwahFk;. Kjy; %d;W khj fU
tsu;r;rpapd;NghJ nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; fUtpd; vz;zpf;if gpwg;G Njjp Mfpatw;iw
mwpayhk;.
• gdpf;Flj;Jisg;G: ,J 15 Kjy; 20 thu fUtsu;r;rpapy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gdpf;Fl jput
khjpupia Nrfupj;J FNuhNkhNrhk;; FiwghLfis fz;lwpayhk;.
• Nfhupahd;; Ez;ePl;rp khjpup Ma;T: ,k;Kiwapy; jha;Nra; ,izg;Gj;jpRit Muha;e;J
FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwo;rpfisf fz;lwpayhk;.
• fU fz;fhzpg;G fUtp: ,J tsUk; fUit fz;fhzpf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp MFk;. ,jd;
%yk; fUtpd; ,jajJbg;G kw;Wk; gpurt typ Nghd;wtw;iw fz;lwpayhk;.
• lhg;su; fUtp: ifalf;fkhd ,f;fUtp %yk; fUtpd; ,jajJbg;G tPjk; fz;lwpayhk;.

3.jw;fhy fUj;jil Kiwfs; ahit?

(my;yJ) xUtu; rpy tUlq;fSf;F Foe;ij Ntz;lhk; vd epidf;fpwhu; fU cz;lhfhky; ,Uf;f
mtUf;F cdJ mwpTiu vd;d?
 fUj;jil Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp fUTWjiy jLj;jy; FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;.
 jw;fhypf Kiw epue;ju Kiw vd fUj;jil Kiwfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
jw;fhypf Kiwfs;:
1.,aw;if fUj;jil Kiw: ,k;Kiwapy; tpe;J nry;fSk; mz;l nry;Yk; re;jpg;gJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,jd; tiffs;:
m) rPupaf;f Kiw my;yJ fhy ,ilntsp Kiw:– khjtplha; Row;rpapd; 14 k; ehs; mz;l
ntspNaWjy;; eilngWk; ,e;j fhyj;jpy; fytpia jtpu;g;gjd; %yk; fUTWjiy jLf;fyhk;.
M) ghYzu;T njhlu; jtpu;g;G Kiw: - ,J kpfTk; vspa Kiw MFk; fytpia Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpw;F jtpu;g;gjd; %yk; fUj;jupj;jiy jtpu;f;fyhk;
,) tpyfy; Kiw: ,J goikahd Kiw MFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; fytpapd;NghJ Mz;fs; tpe;J
jputk;; ntspNaWk; Kd; tpyfpf;nfhs;thu;fs;.
<) ghY}l;Lk; fhy khjtplhapd;ik: – ngz;fspy; gpurtj;jpw;F gpd; ghY}l;Ltjhy; ,ay;ghd
mz;lnry;yhf;f Row;rp kPz;Lk; njhlq;f jhkjkhFk;. ,e;j jhkj epiyf;F ghY}l;Lk; fhy
khjtplhapd;ik vd;W ngau;. ,J xU ,aw;ifahd fUj;jil KiwahFk;.
2.jLg;G Kiw: ,k;Kiwapy; mz;lnry; kw;Wk; tpe;J nry; re;jpg;G jLf;fg;gLtjhy; fUTWjy;
eilngwhJ.
,jd; tiffs;:
m)Ntjpg;nghUs; jLg;G Kiwfs;- Ntjpg;nghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fUTWjy; eilngWtjpy;iy
v.fh - Eiuf;Fk; khj;jpiufs;> n[y;ypfs;> kw;Wk; fspk;Gfs;

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M) ,af;fKiwj; jLg;G:- ,k;Kiwapy; fUj;jil ciwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpJ. ,J fytpapd;NghJ

nspNaWk; tpe;J jputk; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fg; ghijapy; EiotJ jLf;fpwJ.
,) `hu;Nkhd; topjLg;G :- ,g;nghUl;fs; mz;lnry;fs; tpLgLjiyj; jLf;fpwJ. NkYk; fUg;ig
tha; jputj;ij nfl;bahf;fp tpe;J nry;fs; mz;l nry;Yld; ,iztJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rh`yp vDk; tha;top fUj;jil khj;jpiu fUTWjiy jLf;fpwJ.
<)cs;fUg;ig rhjdq;fs;IUD:-,it ngz;fspd; fUg;igapy; nghUj;jg;gLk; fUtpahFk;.,f;fUtpfs;
fUg;igapy; tpe;Jnry;fspd; ,af;fj;ij jilnra;fpwJ.
(v.fh) CuT-380A, CuT-80Ag, CuT , Multiload375
3.epue;ju gpwg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL: ,J Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;fhd epue;ju fUj;jil KiwahFk;..
ngz;fspy; mz;lehsq;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L Kbr;rplg;gLk; ,jw;F fUf;Foy; jil my;yJ ba+gf;lkp
vd;W ngau;. Mz;fspy; tpe;J Foy; ntl;lg;gl;L Kbr;rplg;gLk; ,J tpe;Jf;Foy; jil my;yJ
thrf;lkp vdg;gLk;.

4.ghy;tpid Neha;fs; VNjDk; Ie;jpd; mwpFwpfs; kw;Wk; guTk; Kiwfis vOJf.

1.ghf;Bupah ghy;tpid Neha;fs;

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3.itu]; ghy; tpid Neha;fs;

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3.G+Q;ir kw;Wk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth ghy;tpid Neha;fs;
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R.Padmanaban M.SC.,BEd.,M.Phil. Govt Hrs School ,Vellakuttai, Tirupathur D.T cell.9943505485

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

1-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. ,uj;jf;frpT Neha; Mz;fspy; nghJthf fhzg;gLk; fhuzk; vd;d?
m)Y – FNuhNkhNrhkpy; xLq;F gz;G nfhz;Ls;sjhy;
M) Y – FNuhNkhNrhkpy; xq;F gz;G nfhz;Ls;sjhy;
,) X – FNuhNkhNrhkpy; xq;F gz;G nfhz;Ls;sjhy;
<) X – FNuhNkhNrhkpy; xLq;F gz;G nfhz;Ls;sjhy;
2. kdpjdpy; ABO ,uj;j tifis fl;Lg;gL;JtJ
m) gy;$l;L my;yPy;fs; M) nfhy;yp kugZf;fs; ,)ghy;rhu;e;j kugZf;fs; <) Y rhu;e;j kugZ
3. xU FLk;gj;jpy; %d;W Foe;ijfs; A, AB kw;Wk; B vd;w ,uj;j tiffis
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.,tu;fspd; ngw;Nwhu;fs; vt;tifahd kuGtif tpfpjj;ij nfhz;bUg;ghu;fs;?
m) IAIB kw;Wk; IOIO M) IAIo kw;Wk; IBIO ,) IBIB kw;Wk; IAIA <) IAIA kw;Wk; IOIO
4. fPo;fz;ltifspy; jtwhdit vJ?
m),uz;L my;yJ mjw;FF Nkw;gl;l my;yPy;fs; Xu; capupd njhifapy; fhzg;gl;lhy; mit
gy;$l;L my;yPy;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
M),ay;ghd kugZf;fs; jpBu;khw;wk; mile;J gy my;yPy;fis cUthff;Ffpd;wd.
,)gy;$l;L my;yPy;fs; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ntt;NtW ,lj;jpy; mike;Js;sd.
<)gy;NtW capupdj;njhifapy; ,ul;ilka capupfs; ,uz;L my;yPy;fs; kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;sd.
5. fPof;zl ve;j Gwj;Njhw;w re;jjpfs; ngw;Nwhu;fs; A x B fSf;fpilNa gpwf;f rhj;jpak; cz;L?
m) A kw;Wk; B kl;Lk; M) A,B kw;Wk; AB kl;Lk; ,) AB kl;Lk; <) A,B, AB kw;Wk; O kl;Lk;
6. fPo;fz;l ve;j Gwj;Njhw;w re;jjp ngw;Nwhu;fspd; kuGtifahd IAIo X IAIB fSf;fpilNa gpwf;f
rhj;jpakpy;iy?
m) AB M) O ,) A <) B
7. ngw;Nwhu;fshd Dd x Dd fSf;fpilNa gpwf;Fk; re;jjpfspy; Rh fhuzpia gw;wp gpd;tUtdtw;wpy;
vJ rupahdit?
m) middtUk; Rh- thf ,Ug;ghu;fs; M) ,uz;by; xU gq;F Rh- thf ,Ug;ghu;fs;
,) ehd;jpy; %d;W gq;F R thf ,Ug;ghu;fs;
h- <) ehd;fpy; xU gq;F Rh- thf ,Ug;ghu;fs;
8. ,uz;L ngw;Nwhu;fspd; ,uj;jtifAk; AB ahf ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ re;jjpfspd; ,uj;j tif
vd;dthf ,Uf;fKbAk;.?
m) AB kl;Lk; M) A,B kw;Wk; AB ,) A,B, AB kw;Wk; O <) A kw;Wk; B kl;Lk;
9. Foe;ijfspd; ,uj;j tif O vd;why; A ,uj;jtif nfhz;l je;ijAk; B ,uj;j tif nfhz;l
jhAk; vt;tifahd kuGtifiaf; nfhz;bUg;ghu;.
m) IAIA kw;Wk; IBIO M) IAIo kw;Wk; IBIO ,) IAIO kw;Wk; IOIO <) IOIO kw;Wk; IBIB

10. XOtif ghy; epu;zak; kw;Wk; XY tif ghy; epu;zak; vjw;F cjhuzkhf $wyhk;.
m) NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; Mz; M) NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; ngz;
,)xj;j ,dr;nry; Mz; <)M kw;Wk; <
11. xU tpgj;jpy; kpfg;ngupa mstpy; ,j;j ,og;G Vw;gl;L kw;Wk; ,uj;jtifia ma;T nra;a Neuk;
,y;yhjNghJ ve;j ,uj;jtif ghJfhg;ghf xU egUf;F cldbafh Vw;w KbAk;?
m) O kw;Wk; Rh- M) O kw;Wk; Rh+ ,) B kw;Wk; Rh- <)AB kw;Wk; Rh+
12. xU Foeijapd; je;ij epwf;FUlhfTk; kw;Wk; jha; epwf;FUL flj;jpahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ
Foe;ijapd; epwf;FULf;fhd tha;g;G vt;tsT?
m) 25% M) 50% ,) 100% <) 75%
13. xU epwf;FUL Mz; ,ay;ghd ngz;iz jpUkzk; nra;fpd;w NghJ gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; vt;thW
,Uf;Fk;.
m) kfs;fs; midtUk; flj;jpfshfTk; kw;W kfd;fs; ,ay;ghfTk; ,Ug;ghu;fs;
M) 50% kfs;fs; midtUk; flj;jpfshfTk; kw;W 50% ,ay;ghd ngz;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;
,) 50% epwf;FUL Mz;fshfTk;; kw;W 50% ,ay;ghd Mz;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;
<) midj;J re;jjpfSk; flj;jpfshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
14.lTd; rpd;l;Nuhk; vd;gJ xU kugpay; FiwghL MFk;. ,J ve;j FNuhNkhNrhkpd; vz;zpf;if$Ljy;
fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpwJ?
m) 20 M) 21 ,) 4 <) 23
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15. fpisd;/ngy;lu; rpz;l;Nuhk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; vt;thW tifgLj;;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m) XYY M) XO ,) XXX <) XXY
16. lu;du; rpd;l;Nuhk; nfhz;l ngz;fsplk; fhzg;gLtJ
m) rpwpa fUg;ig M) tsu;r;rpailahj mz;lq;fs;
,) tsu;r;rpailahj khu;gfk; <) Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;
17. gl;lht; rpd;lN ; hhk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) 13 – biuNrhkp M) 18 – biuNrhkp ,) 21 – biuNrhkp <) Nkw;fz;l vJTk; ,y;iy
18. nghJf;nfhilahsu; kw;Wk; nghJg; ngWeu; MfpNahupd; ,uj;jtif KiwNa --------------- kw;Wk;
---------------- MFk;.
m) AB,O M) O,AB ,) A,B <) B,A
19. ZW-ZZ tif ghy; epu;zak; vjpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) kPd;fs; M) Cu;td ,) gwitfs; <) Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;
20. ,iz Xq;Fj;jd;ik ,uj;j tif vJ
m) A M) AB ,) B <) O
21. ZW-ZZ tif ghy;epu;zaj;jpy; fPo;fz;litfs;py; jtwhdJ vJ.
m) gwit kw;Wk; rpy Cu;tdtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
M) ngz;fs; xj;japdr;nry;iyAk; Mz;fs; NtWgl;l ,dr;nry;iyAk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;
,) Mz;fs; xj;j ,dr;nry;iy cw;j;jp nra;fpd;wdu; <),it [pg;rp me;jp G+r;rpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

×jRL ®]ôdLs
22..xw;iwka - ,ul;ilka epiy vd;why; vd;d?
• NjdPf;fs; vWk;Gfs; kw;Wk; Fstpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• fUTw;w Kl;ilfs; ,ul;ilka epiynfhz;lit ,it ngz; capupfshf tsu;fpwJ.
• fUTwhj Kl;ilfs; xw;iwka epiy nfhz;lit ,it Mz; capupfshf tsu;fpwJ.
23.NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; kw;Wk; xj;j,dr;nry; ghy; epu;zaj;jpw;Jk; ,ilNa cs;s; NtWghLfis
vOJf.
xj;j ,dr;nry; ghy; epu;zak; NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; ghy; epu;zak;

xj;j ,dr;nry; ghy;epu;zaj;jpy; kdpjupy; NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; ghy; epu;zaj;jpy;

ngz;fspy; xNutifahd X FNuhNkhNrhk; Mz;fspy; X kw;Wk; Y FNuhNkhNrhk;
nfhz;l Kl;ilfs; cUthfpd;wd. nfhz;l ,uz;L tifahd tpe;J nry;fs;
cUthfpd;wd.

24.iyaNdhirNrrd; vd;why; vd;d?

 Nkup ypNahd; vd;gtu; nrayw;w FNuhNkhNrhNk ghu; cly;fshf cs;sd vd;gij
Kd;nkhope;jhu;.
 xU nry;ypy; cs;s ghu; cWg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if mr;nry;ypy; cs;s X FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia tpl xd;W FiwthFk;.
 XO tif ngz; capupfspy; ghu; cWg;Gfs; fpilahJ. khwhf X X Y tif Mz; capupfs; xU
ghu; cWg;;ig ngw;Ws;sd. ,jw;F iyaNdhirNrrd; vd;W ngau;.

25.FWf;F kWf;F kuGf;flj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

➢ epwf;FUL gz;ghdJ je;ijaplkpUe;J flj;jpfshf
cs;s kfs; top NguDf;F flj;jg;gLtJ
➢ FWf;F kWf;F kuGf; flj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
➢ v.fh. epwf;FUL> `PNkh/gpypah

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26.ghy;rhu; rhu;e;j xLq;F gz;G kuG flj;jy; Mz;fspy; Vd;

mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ?
➢ Vnddpy; Mz;fs; n`kp irf]; jd;ik
nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ug;gjhy;
➢ xU jpBu;khw;w my;yy
P ; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F
flj;jg;gLk; NghJ mjw;fhd gz;ig ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

27.N`hyhd;bupf; kugZf;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

➢ Y FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; kugZf;fs;
➢ Y rhu;e;j kugZf;fs; my;yJ N`hyhd;bupf; IPd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

28.gpidy; fpA+l;NlhepA+upahtpd; mwpFwpfs; ahit? (m) gpidy; fpA+l;NlhepA+upah vd;gJ vd;d?

 ,J gpidy; myidd; tsu;rpij khw;wf; Fiwghl;L Neha; MFk;;.
mwpFwpfs; :
1. mjpjPtpu %is Fiwhgl;L Neha;
2. Njhy; kw;Wk; Kbfspy; Fithd epwkpfs; cz;lhjy;.
3. igUtpf; mkpyk; rpWePu; topahf ntspNaWjy;.

29.lTd;rpd;l;Nuhkpd; mwpFwpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf? (m) lTd; rpd;l;Nuhk; vd;gJ vd;d?

(m) 21- biuNrhkpf;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
• ,J kdpjupy; cly; FNuhNkhNrhk; rhu;e;J Fiwghl;L Neha; MFk;.
• 21-tJ FNuhNkhNrhk; biuNrhkp epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ lTd; rpd;l;Nuhk; vdg;gLk;.
• mwpFwpfs;: %is tsu;r;rp FiwghL> jl;ilahd %f;F> nrtp FiwghL> ehf;F ntspNa
ePz;bUj;jy; Nghd;wit.
30.kuG mbg;gilapy; kdpjdpd; ,uj;j tiffis tptup?

1.kuG mbg;gilapy; kdpj ,uj;jk; ehd;F tiffshf cs;sd.

2. mit A,B,AB,O.

31.kdpjdpy; ghy; vt;thW epu;zak; nra;ag;gLfpwJ?

ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; my;yJ my;NyhNrhk;fs; vd;why; vd;d.?
1. kdpjdpy; ghy; epu;zak; nra;Ak; FNuhNkhNrhk;fSf;F ghy;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; my;yJ “my;NyhNrhk;fs;” vd;W ngau;.
2. Mz; ngz; ghy; epu;zak; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;
NtWghLfshy; eilngWfpwJ.
3. ngz;fs; (XX) FNuhNkhNrhk; fisAk; Mz;fs; (X Y)
FNuhNkhNrhk;fisAk; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
4. kdpjdpy; tpe;J nry;ypd; tifNa ghypdj;ij
epu;zak;nra;fpwJ.
5. (X) FNuhNkhNrhik nfhz;l tpe;J nry;yhy; fUTw;why;
ngz; capupahfTk; (Y) FNuhNkhNrhk; nfhz;l tpe;J
nry;yhy; fUTw;why; Mz; capupahfTk; khWfpd;wd.

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32.NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; Mz; caupfis tptup?

,k;Kiwapy; Mz; capupfs; NtWgl;l ,dr;nry;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. ,it ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;; 1. X X – XO kw;Wk; 2. X X – XY
1.X X – XO tif :
⬧ fug;ghd;G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; ntl;Lf;fpspfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
⬧ ngz; capupfs; ,uz;L X FNuhNkhNrhk; nfhz;l xj;j ,dr;
nry;fis cUthf;Fk;. Mz; capupfs; xU X FNuhNkhNrhikf;
nfhz;L NtWgl;l ,dr;nry;iy cUthf;Fk; (XO).
⬧ ,izapy;yhky; ,Uf;Fk; X FNuhNkhNrhk; Mz; ghypdj;ij
epu;zapf;fpwJ.
2.X X – XY tif (iyNfa]; tif) :
⬧ kdpjd; kw;Wk; gog;G+r;rpfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
⬧ ,jpy; Mz; capufs; NtWgl;l ,dr;nry;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. X
FNuhNkhNrhk; nfhz;ltpe;Jf;fSk;Y FNuhNkhNrhk; nfhz;l
tpe;Jf;fSk; fhzg;gLk;.
⬧ ngz; capupfs; ,uz;L X FNuhNkhNrhk; nfhz;l xj;j ,dr; nry;fis cUthf;Fk;.
⬧ Kl;ilahdJ X FNuhNkhNrhk; nfhz;l tpe;Jnry;yhy; fUTw;why; mit ngz; capupahfTk;
Y FNuhNkhNrhk;nfhz;l tpe;Jnry;yhy; fUTw;why; Mz; capupahfTk; khWfpd;;wd.

33.NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; ngz; caupfisg;gw;wp tptup?

 kPd;fs;> Cu;td gwitfspy; ngz; capupfs; NtWgl;l ,dr;nry;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wd.
1.(ZO)- (ZZ) tif:
 ,J tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp kw;Wk; tPl;Lf;Nfhop Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ngz;capupfs; NtWgl;l ,dr;nry; tif (ZO) cilait. ,uz;L tifahd Kl;ilfis
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; rpy Kl;ilfspy; Z FNuhNkhNrhk; ,Uf;Fk; rpy Kl;ilfspy; Z
FNuhNkhNrhk; ,Uf;fhJ.
 Mz; capupfs; xj;j ,dr;nry; tif ,uz;L (ZZ) FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

2.(ZW)- (ZZ) tif:

 ,J IPg;rp me;Jg;G+r;rp>kPd;fs; Cu;td kw;Wk; gwitfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ngz; capupfs; ,U tifahd Kl;ilia cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. xU Z FNuhNkhNrhikAk;
xU W FNuhNkhNrhikAk; ngw;Ws;sd.
 Mz; capupfs; xNu tifahd tpe;J nry;fis xj;j ,dr;nry; (ZZ) Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wd.

34.Rh fhuzpapd; kuGf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff?

➢ /g~u; kw;Wk; Nu]; fUJNfhs;:
1. Rh fhuzpapd; %d;W ntt;NtW my;yPy; ,izfs; FNuhNkhNrhk;
,izfspd; neUf;fkhd %d;W ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; mike;Js;sd.
2. ,J nghJthf cde vd;w ngau;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. xt;nthU FNuhNkh NrhKk; xU C my;yJ c, xU D my;yJ d, xU
Emy;yJ e, tha;g;Gf;fhd kuig ngw;wpUf;Fk;;.

➢ nta;dupd; fUJNfhs;:
xU Rh- Dila ,Ug;gplj;jpy; vl;L my;yPy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gij fz;lwpe;jhu; mit
(R1,R2,R0,Rz,r,r1,r11,ry)

35.NjdPf;fspy; ghy; epu;zak; eilngWk; Kiwia tptup?

(m) xw;iwka - ,ul;ilka ghy; epu;zak; vd;why; vd;d?
➢ NjdPf;fspy; xw;iwka-,ul;ilka Kiwapy; ghy; epu;zak; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
➢ ,k;Kiwapy; Nra; capupfspd; ghypdk; mit ngWfpd;w FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpapd;
vz;zpf;ifia nghUj;J mikfpwJ.
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➢ fUTw;w Kl;ilfs; ngz; capupfshfTk; fUTwhj Kl;ilfs; Mz; NjdPf;fshf fd;dp

,dg;ngUf;f Kiwapy; cUthfpd;wd.
➢ Mz; NjdPf;fspy; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if ghjpahf cs;sJ ,J xw;iwkak; MFk;.
➢ ngz; NjdPf;fspy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,Uklq;fhf cs;sJ ,J ,ul;ilkak; MFk.;
36.FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; (Karyotype) vd;dwhy; vd;d? mjd; gad;fis vOJf?
☺ xU nry;ypy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpia KOikahf gpupj;njLj;J mtw;iw ,izfshf
tupirg; gLj;Jk; njhopy; El;gk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; vdg;gLk;.
☺ FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; cs;s gl;il mikg;gpd; %yk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk;
NtWghl;il mwpayhk;.
FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglj;jpd; gad;fs;:;
1. ghypdq;fis milahsk; fhz gad;gLfpwJ.
2. FNuhNkhNrhk; ePf;fk; ,ul;bg;ghjy; kw;Wk; gpwo;rpfisf; fz;lwpayhk;
3. xOq;fw;w gd;kak; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ
4. rpw;wpdq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s gupdhk cwTfis fzlwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
5. kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; kugpay; Neha;fis fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.

37.kdpjdpy; ghy;rhu;e;j kuGf;flj;jypy; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfis vOJf?

➢ VjhtJ xU ghy; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; mike;Js;s kugZ rpy kuGf;flj;jypd; gz;Gfis
epu;zapf;fpwJ ,JNt ghy; rhu;e;j kugZf;flj;jy; vdg;gLk.;
➢ X my;yJ Y FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; ghy; rhu;e;j kugZf;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
➢ ghy;rhu;e;j kuGf;flj;jy; ngz;fis tpl Mz;fspy; mjpfk; Vnddpy; Mz;fs; n`kpirf];
jd;ik nfhz;ltu;fs;.
➢ ntt;Nt gFjpfspy; cs;s X my;yJ Y rhu;e;j kugZf;fs; Fd;wy; gpuptpd;NghJ ,iz
Nru;tNjh my;yJ FWf;nfjpu; khw;wj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;tNjh ,y;iy.
➢ vdNt X my;yJ Y rhu;e;j kugZf;fs; flj;jg;gLjy; ghy;rhu;e;j kuGf;flj;jy; vdg;gLfpwJ.

áÓRp ®]ôdLs
1.gy;$l;L my;yPy;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
➢ xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l my;yPy;fs;
➢ gy;$l;L my;yPy;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh.kdpj ,uj;j tiffs;
2.,iz Xq;F jd;ik vd;why; vd;d?
➢ Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjj;jpy; IA kw;Wk; IB my;yPy;fs; IO tpw;F Xq;F jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
➢ Mdhy; ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Xq;Fjd;ikAld; (IA=IB) ,Ug;gjhy; ,J ,iz
Xq;Fjd;ik vdg;gLk;.

3.tsu;fU ,uj;j rptg;gZ rpijT Neha; vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ?

(m) vupj;Nuhgpsh];Nlhrp]; /gPlhyp\]; vd;why; vd;d? (my;yJ) rpR `PNkhiybf; Neha; vd;why; vd;d?
➢ xU Rh- ngz; xU Rh+Miz kze;Jnfhs;Sk; NghJ mtu;fspd; Kjy; Foe;ijf;F ve;j
ghjpg;G ,Uf;fhJ.
➢ Mdhy; mNj jha; ,uz;lhtJ fUit Rkf;Fk;NghJ vjpu;nghUl;fs; jha; Nra;
,izg;Gj;jpR %yk; fUtpd; ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; fye;J fUtpd; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fis
mopf;fpd;wd.
➢ ,jw;F tsu;fU ,uj;j rptg;gZ rpijT Neha; my;yJ rpR `PNkhiybf; Neha; vd;W
ngau;.

4.kdpjdpd; ,uj;j tiffs; ahit:

 kdpjdpy; 4 tifahd ,uj;j tiffs; cs;sd.mit A,B,AB,O.
 ,jpy; O tif nfhz;ltu;fs; nghJf;nfhilahsu;fs; vd;gu; Vnddpy; mtu;fspd; ,uj;jj;jpy;
vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;b ,y;iy.
 AB tif nfhz;ltu;fs; nghJg; ngUeu;fs; vd;gu; Vnddpy; mtu;fspd; ,uj;jj;jpy;
vjpu;g;nghUl;fs; A kw;Wk; B cs;sJ.

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5. Rhfhuzp my;yJ uPr]; vd;gJ vd;d?

➢ Rhfhuzp vd;gJ ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
➢ ,ij fhu;y;Nyz;l;];nla;du; kw;Wk;; mnyf;rhz;lu; nta;du; ,UtUk; Kjypy; kfhuPr];
vd;Dk; Fuq;fpYk; gpwF kdpjdpYk; fz;Lgpbj;jdu;.

6..cwtpdu; Nju;T (kin selection) vd;gJ vd;d? mJ vq;F eilngWfpwJ?

➢ NjdPf;fspy; fUTw;w Kl;ilapypUe;J cUthFk; gpw ngz; NjdPf;fs; ,uhzpj; NjdP ,Lk;
Kl;ilfis guhkupg;gjw;Fk; mjd; ,dg;ngUf;f ntw;wpf;Fk; kiwKfkhf jq;fSf;fhfTk;
gq;fspf;fpd;wd.
➢ vdNt ,j;jifa epfo;T cwtpdu; Nju;T vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,uhzpj;NjdP xU tif
`hu;Nkhid Rug;gjd;%yk; kw;w NjdPf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

7.,uj;jf;frpT Neha; my;yJ `PNkh/gpypah vd;gJ vd;d?

➢ ,J xLq;ffpa X rhhu;e;j kugZthy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
➢ Neha; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; ,uj;jj;jpy; ,uj;j ciwT nghUs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
➢ ,jdhy; rpW fhak; Vw;gl;lhYk; ,uj;jk; njhlu;r;rpahf ntspNawp ,wf;f NeupLk;. ,J FWf;F
kWf;F kuGf;flj;jiy gpd;gw;WfpwJ.

8.epwf;FUL vd;why; vd;d? (m) epwf;FUL vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ fhuzk; $W?

➢ ,J kdpjupy; X rhu;e;j kugZf;fs; XLq;fpa epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; ,tw;why; $k;G nry;fis
cUthf;f Kbtjpy;iy
➢ ,e;j ghjpg;G nfhz;l ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fshy; rptg;G kw;Wk; gr;ir epwq;fis
NtWgLj;jp ghu;f;f KahJ ,jw;F epwf;FUL vd;W ngau;.

9.kuGf;fhy;topj;njhlu; gFg;gha;T (Pedigree Analysis) vd;why; vd;d?

➢ ,J kuGf; FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;L tiuag;gl;l xU FLk;g kukhFk;.
➢ xU FLk;gj;njhlupy; gz;Gfs; vt;thW fle;j gy jiyKiwfshf Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gijg;
gw;wpa gbg;Ng kuGf;fhy; topj;njhlu; gFg;gha;T vdg;gLk;.

10.jhyhrPkpah vd;why; vd;d?

➢ ,J cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s xU xLq;F gz;G kugZtpd; jpBu;khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk;
Neha; MFk;.
➢ ,jpy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; mjpfkhf rpijf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ay;gpw;;F khwhd `PNkhFNshgpd;
%yf;$Wfs; cUthtNj ,jw;Ffhuzk; MFk;.
➢ jhyhrPkpah Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; My;gh my;yJ gPl;lh rq;fpypfspy; Vjhtnjhd;W
ghjpf;fg; gl;Ls;sjhy; ,ay;gpw;F khwhd `PNkhFNshgpd; cUthfp ,uj;jNrhifaia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

11.epwkpf;Fiwghl;L Neha; my;yJ my;gpdprk; vd;why; vd;d?

➢ ,J xU tsu;rpijkhw;w gpwtp Fiwghl;L Neha; MFk;. ,it cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s
xLq;fpa [Pdhy;Vw;gLfpwJ.
➢ nkyhdpd; epwkp ,y;yhj epiy epwkpf;Fiwghl;L Neha; vdg;gLk;.
➢ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; Njhy; kapu; Iup]; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; epwkpfs; ,Uf;fhJ. ,jdhy;
ntz;ikahf fhzg;gLk;.

12.`d;bq;ld; Nfhupah vd;gJ vd;d?

 ,J kdpjdpy; cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Xq;F jd;ik nfhz;l nfhy;yp kugZthy;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
 cly;eLf;fk;> euk;Gkz;ly rpijT> kdepiy ghjpg;G Nghd;wit ,jd; mwpFwpfs; MFk;;.

13.gl;lht; rpd;l;Nuhk; (13-biuNrhkp) vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

 13-tJ FNuhNkhNrhk; biuNrhkp epiyapy; ,Ug;gjdhy; gl;lht; rpd;lN
; uhk; cUthfpwJ.
mwpFwpfs;: kdeyf;FiwghL> rpwpa fz;fSld;$ba rpwpa jiyfs; >gpsTw;w mz;zk;> %is
tsu;r;rp FiwghL Nghd;wit Vw;gLk;.
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

1.xU ,ay;ghd ghu;itAila ngzZf;Fk; xU epwf;FUL MZf;Fk; ,ilapyhd jpUkzk;

F1 jiyKiw vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;?
(my;yJ) ,ay;ghd ghu;itAila ngz; epwf;FUW Miz
kzf;Fk;nghOJ cz;lhfpd;w epwf;FUL kuGf;flj;jYf;fhd
tiuglk; (Flow chart ) tiuf?
➢ xU ,ay;ghd ghu;itAila ngz; epwf;FUL Miz
kzf;Fk;NghJ F1 jiyKiwapy; Mz; ngz;
midtUk; ,ay;ghd ghu;itAld; gpwf;fpd;wdu;.
➢ ,Ug;gpDk; F1 jiyKiwapy; ngz;fs; flj;jpfshf
cs;sdu;.
➢ epwf;FUL gz;ghdJ je;ijaplkpUe;J flj;jpfhsf
cs;s kfs; top NguDf;F flj;jg;gLtJ FWf;F
kWf;F kuGf;flj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

2.xU ,ay;ghd ghu;itAila Mz; epwf;FUL cila ngz;iz kzf;Fk;NghJ cz;lhfpd;w

epwf;FUL kuGf; flj;jYf;fhd tiuglk; tiuf.?

3.nkd;lypd; FiwghLfis vOJf?

➢ xU kugZtpy; Vw;gLk; jplBu;khw;wk; nkd;lypd; Fiwghl;il Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
➢ jhyhrPkpah> my;gpdprk; gpidy; fPl;NlhepA+upah> kw;Wk; `d;bq;ld;Nfhupah Nghd;wit
nkd;lypd;FiwghLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

1. jhyhrPkpah: ,J cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s xU xLq;F gz;G kugZtpd;

jpBu;khw;wj;jpdhy;Vw;gLk; Neha; MFk;. ,e;Nehapdhy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; mjpfkhf
rpijf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mwpFwpfs;: ,ay;gpw;;F khwhd `PNkhFNshgpd; %yf;$Wfs; cUthjy;>,uj;jNrhif Nghd;wit
2. my;gpdprk;:,J xU tsu;rpijkhw;w gpwtp Fiwghl;L Neha; MFk;.,it cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpy;
cs;s xLq;fpa [Pdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. nkyhdpd; epwkp ,y;yhj epiy epwkpf;Fiwghl;L Neha;
vdg;gLk;..
mwpFwpfs; :Njhy; kapu; Iup]; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; epwkpfs; ,y;yhky; ntz;ikahf fhzg;gLk;.
3. gpidy; fpA+l;NlhepA+upah: ,J gpidy; myidd; tsu;rpij khw;wf; Fiwghl;L Neha; MFk;;.
mwpFwpfs; : 1. mjpjPtpu %is Fiwhgl;L Neha; 2. Njhy; kw;Wk; Kbfspy; Fithd
epwkpfs; cz;lhjy; igUtpf; mkpy; rpWePu; topahf ntspNaWjy;.
4.`d;bq;ld; Nfhupah: ,J kdpjdpy; cly;FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Xq;F jd;ik nfhz;l nfhy;yp
kugZthy;; Vw;gLfpwJ.
mwpFwpfs; : cly;eLf;fk;> euk;Gkz;ly rpijT> kdepiyghjpg;G Nghd;witahFk;.
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4.kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; cly;FNuhNkhNrhk; rhu;e;j xOq;fw;w gd;kaq;fis tptup?

1.lTd;rpd;l;Nuhk; (21- biuNrhkp):
➢ ,J kdpjupy; cly; FNuhNkhNrhk; rhu;e;J Fiwghl;L Neha; MFk;. 21-tJ FNuhNkhNrhk;
biuNrhkp epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ lTd; rpd;lN
; uhk; vdg;gLk;.
mwpFwpfs; :
jPtpu %is tsu;r;rp FiwghL>jl;ilahd %f;F nrtp FiwghL> ehf;F ntspNa ePz;bUj;jy;.
2.gl;lht; rpd;l;Nuhk;(13-biuNrhkp)
➢ 13-tJ FNuhNkhNrhk; biuNrhkp epiyapy; ,Ug;gjdhy; gl;lht; rpd;lN
; uhk; cUthfpwJ.
mwpFwpfs;:
kdeyf;FiwghL> rpwpa fz;fSld;$ba rpwpa jiyfs;>gpsTw;w mz;zk;>%is tsu;r;rp
FiwghL.

5.kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; ghy; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ,ay;G khw;wq;fis tptup? (my;yJ)

kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk; rhu;e;j Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; ahit ?
➢ Fd;wy; gpuptpd;NghJ FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ruptu gpupahjjhy; ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk; Fiwghl;L
Neha;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd.
➢ mit 1.fpisd;/ngy;lu; rpz;l;Nuhk; 2.lu;du; rpz;l;Nuhk;

1. fpisd;/ngy;lu; rpz;l;Nuhk; (XXY –Mz;fs;)

 Mz;fspy; XU X FNuhNkhNrhk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gNj fhuzkhFk;.,tu;fspd; FNuhNkhNrhk;
44XAA+XXY vdnkhj;jk; 47 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; cs;sd.
 ,f;FiwghL cilatu;fs; kyl;L Mz;fshfTk; ePz;l iffhy;fs; kw;Wk; cuj;j xyp
nfhz;ltu;fs;. Mz; ghypd cWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; khu;gf tsu;r;rpAld; fhzg;gLtu;.
2. lu;du; rpz;l;Nuhk; (XO –ngz;fs;):
 ngz;fspy; xU X FNuhNkhNrhk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gNj fhuzkhFk;.
 ,tu;fspy;; FNuhNkhNrhk; 44Xvd nkhj;jk; 45 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
 ,jdhy; ngz;fSf;F kyl;Lj;jd;ik> Fiwkhu;gf tsu;r;rp> mz;lr;Rug;gp tsu;rpapd;ik
kw;Wk; gUtkilAk; NghJ khjtplha; Row;rp Vw;glhJ.

5. %yf;$W kugpay;

1-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.n`u;Nr kw;Wk; Nr]; MfpNahu; ghf;BupNah/Ng[py; nra;j Ma;T vjidf; fhl;LfpwJ.
m) Gujk; ghf;Bupa nry;Yf;Fs; EiofpwJ M) b.vd;.V xU kuGg;nghUs;
,) b.vd;.V tpy; fjpupaf;f jd;ikAs;s fe;jfk; cs;sJ. <) itu];fs; cUkhw;wk; milAk;
2.b.vd;.V kw;Wk; RNA tpy; xw;Wik fhzg;gLtJ.
m) ijakpd; vd;w iel;u[k; fhuj;ij nfhz;bUj;jy; M) Xupio cila RUz;l tbtk;
,) ru;f;fiu iel;u[d; fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gh];Ngl; Mfpait cila epA+f;spNahilLfs;
<) gPidy; myidd; vDk; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpy; cs;s xj;j tupirapy; mike;j
epA+f;spNahilLfs;.
3.J}J RNA %yf;$W vk;Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ
m) ,ul;bg;ghjy; M) gbnaLj;jy; ,) efyhf;fk; <) nkhopngau;j;jy;
4.kdpj kugZj; nfhFjpapy; cs;s nkhj;j iel;u[d; fhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if Rkhu;
m) 3.5 kpy;ypad; M) 35000 ,) 35 kpy;ypad; <) 3.1 gpy;ypad;
5. N Clfj;jpy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; v.Nfhiy
13 14N Clfj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;L ,uz;L jiyKiwfs;
ngUf;fkila MDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;nry;fspypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; b..vd;.V rPrpak;; FNshiuL
mlu;T thl;;lj;jpy; Ez;ika tpyf;F nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,r;Nrhjidapy; b.vd;.V tpd; vt;tif mlTg;
gutiy eP vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;?;
m) xU cau;; kw;WK; xU Fiw mlu;Tf; fw;iw M) xU eLj;ju mlu;Tf;fw;iw
,) xU cau; kw;Wk; xU eLj;ju mlu;Tf;fw;iw <) xU Fiw kw;Wk; xU eLj;ju mlu;Tf;fw;iw
6.njhlf;f kw;Wk; gpd;jq;Fk; b.vd;.V ,iofs; cUthf;fj;jpy; cs;s NtWghL vd;d?
m) b.vd;.V %yf;$wpd; 5’Kidapy; kl;LNk ,ul;lbg;giljy; Njhd;Wk;
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M) b.vd;.V iyNf]; nehjp 5 → 3’ jpirapNyNa nray;gLk;

,) b.vd;.V ghypkNu]; nehjp tsu;e;J tUk; ,ioapd; 3’Kidg; gFjpapy; kl;LNk Gjpa
epA+f;spNahilLfis ,izf;Fk;.
<) n`ypNf]; nehjpfs; kw;Wk; xw;iw ,io ,izg;G Gujk; Mfpait 5’KidapNyNa nray;gLk;.
7.Gujr; Nru;f;if epfo;r;rp ika nray;jpl;lj;jpd; rupahd tupiriaf; fz;lwpf.
m) gbnaLj;jy;> nkhopngau;j;juy;> ,ul;bg;ghjy;
M) gbnaLj;jy;> ,ul;bg;ghjy; >nkhopngau;j;juy;
,) efyhf;fk;> nkhopngau;j;ju;> gbnaLj;jy;.
<) ,ul;bg;ghjy;> gbnaLj;jy;> nkhopngau;j;jy;
8.b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy; Fwpj;j fPo;fz;l ve;j fUj;J jtwhdJ
m) i`l;u[d; gpidg;G ciltjhy; v.vd;.V %yf;$W gpuptilfpwJ.
M) xt;nthU iel;u[d; fhuKk; mNjNghy; cs;s kw;NwhU fhuj;Jld; ,iztjhy; ,ul;bg;ghjy;
eilngWfpwJ.
,) ghjp gioad fhj;jy; Kiw ,ul;bg;hjyhy; Gjpa b.vd;.V ,oapy; xU gioa ,io ghJfhf;fg;
gLfp;wJ.
<) epug;Gf;$W fhu ,izfs; i`l;u[d; gpidg;gpdhy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
9.GNuhNfupNahl;LFfspy; eilngWk; b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy; Fwpj;j ve;j thf;fpak; jtwhdJ?
m) b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy; xw;iw %yj;jpypUe;J Jtq;Fk;
M) b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy; mjd; %yj;jpypUe;J ,U jpirfspYk; epfOk;
,) xU epkplj;jpy; 1 kpy;ypad; fhu ,izfs; vd;w tPjj;jpy; ,ul;bg;ghjy; epfo;fpwJ.
<) Vuhskhd ghf;Bupa FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; xt;nthd;wpYk; ,ul;bg;ghy; xNu rkaj;jpy; ekpfo;fpwJ.
10.Kjd; Kjypy; nghUs; fz;lwpag;gl;l Nfhlhd; -------------MFk;.,J ------------ mkpNdh mkpyj;jpw;fhd
FwpaPL MFk;.
m) AAA,GNuhiyd; M) GGG,myidd; ,) UUU/gpidy; myidd; <)TTT,mu;[pidd;
11.nkry;rd; kw;Wk; ];lhy; Nrhjid epUgpg;gJ
m) flj;Jif khw;wk; (Transduction) M) Njhw;w khw;wk; (Transformation)
,) b.vd;.V xU kuGg;nghUs;
<) ghjpgioad fhj;jy; Kiw b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy;
12.upNghNrhk;fspy; ,U Jiz myFfs; cs;sd. rpwpa Jiz myF xU ----------- ,iztjw;fhd
,izg;gplj;ijAk; ngupa Jiz myF -------------- ,iztjw;fhd ,uz;L ,izg;gplq;fisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
tpil mRNA,tRNA
13.xU Xguhd; vd;gJ.
m) kugZ ntspg;ghl;il jilnra;Ak; Gujk; M) kugZ ntspg;ghl;il J}z;Lk; Gujk;
,) njhlu;Gila nray;fis cila mikg;G kugZf;fspd; njhFg;G
<) gpu kugZf;fspd; ntspg;ghl;ilj; J}z;Lk; my;yJ jilnra;Ak; kugZ
14.tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; yhf;Nlh]; ,Ug;gJ vijf; fhl;LfpwJ?
m) yhf; y yhf; z yhf; a kugZf;fs; gilnaLj;jyf; eilngWjy;
M) mlf;fp kugZ ,af;fp kugZTld; ,iza Kbahj epiy
,) mlf;fp kugZ ,af;fp kugZTld; ,izAk; epiy <) ‘m’ kw;Wk; ‘M’ Mfpa ,uz

×jRL ®]ôdLs

15.kugZf;FwpaPL cyfk; KOtJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ –fhuzq;fisf;F $W?

1.kugZf;FwpaPLfs; cyfk; KOtJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ Vnddpy; vy;yh capupdq;fSk;
mkpNdh mkpyq;fspypUe;J Gujj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.
2.J}J Mu;.vd;.v tpy; cs;s UUU FwpaPL vy;yh capupdq;fspYk; gpidy; mydpidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

16.fPo;fz;l gbnaLj;jy; myfpy; A kw;Wk; B vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;stw;iw vOJf.

A - Cf;Ftpg;ghd;
B - thu;g;G ,io

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17.Kjd;ik ,io kw;Wk; gpd;jq;F ,io – NtWgLj;Jf.

Kjd;ik ,io gpd;jq;F ,io
,J njhlu; ,io my;yJ topfhl;L ,io ,J 5’ -3’ jpir nfhz;l ,ioapd; ,ul;bg;ghjy;
vdg;gLk; njhlw;rpaw;wjhFk;. ,J gpd;jq;F ,io vdg;gLk;.
ypNf]; nehjp Njitapy;iy ypNf]; nehjp Njit

18.NtWgLj;Jf thu;g;G ,io> FwpaPl;L ,io.

thu;g;G ,io FwpaPl;L ,io.
njhlUk; ,io epWj;Jk; ,io
,J 3’ -5’ jpir nfhz;lJ ,J 5’ -3’ jpir nfhz;lJ
gbnaLj;jy; njhlu;r;rpahf eilngWk; gbnaLj;jy; njhlu;r;rpahf eilngwhJ.

19.kdpj kugZj njhFfpapy; fz;lwpag;gl;l xw;iw epA+f;spNahilL gy;YUt mikg;gpd; %yk;

(SNPs) capupay; kw;Wk; kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; Gul;rpfu khWghLfisf; nfhz;LtUk; ,uz;L topfis
$Wf?
1.kdpjdpy; gy;NtWgl;l xw;iw fhu b.vd;.Vf;fs; fhzg;glf;$ba 1.4 kpy;ypad; ,lq;fs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
2.,e;j gy;YUt mikg;gpd; %yk; Neha;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;wpw;F %yf;$W kUj;Jt
mbg;gilapy;; rpfpr;ir msp;j;jy; kw;Wk; mdpkpah>jhyrpkpah Nghd;w Neha;fis [Pd; rpfpr;ir
%yk;; Fzg;gLjyhk;.

20.kdpj kugZ njhFjp jpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs; %d;wpidf; $W?

➢ kdpj DNA y; cs;s midj;J 30.000 kugZf;fisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
➢ kdpj DNA y; cs;s 3 gpy;ypad; fhu ,izfspd; tupiria jPu;khdpj;jy;.
➢ ,e;j jfty;fis juT jsq;fspy; Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;Jjy;

21.v.Nfhiyapy; cs;s %d;W nehjpfshd B.Nfyf;Nlh];> ngu;kpNa]; kw;Wk; buhd;]; mrpl;ilNy];

Mfpait yhf;Nlh]; Kd;dpiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. ,e;nehjpfs; yhf;Nlh]; ,y;yhj epiyapy;
cw;gj;jpahtjpy;iy – tpsf;Ff?
➢ yhf;Nlh]; ,y;hj epiyapy; mlf;fp Gujk; Xguhdpd; ,af;fp gFFjpapy; gpiztjhy;
nkhopngau;g;G jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
➢ ,jdhy; B Nfyf;NlhrpNl]; cw;gj;jpahtjpy;iy. Nyf;Nlh]; J}z;bahf nray;gl;L
mlf;fpAld; ,ize;J mjid nrayw;wjhf khw;WfpwJ.

22.mikg;G kugZf;fs;>newpg;gLj;Jk; kugZf;fs;>kw;Wk; ,af;fp kugZf;fis NtWgLj;Jf.

mikg;G kugZf;fs;:
 ,it ghyprp];luhdpf; mikg;G cilait. ,jpy; 3 tifahd kugZf;fs; cs;sd mit
Nyf; Z Nyf; Y kw;Wk; Nyf; a MFk;;.
newpg;gLj;Jk; kugZf;fs;:
 ,it mlf;fp Gujj;ij FwpaPL nra;fpd;wd. ,J Xguhdpd; ,af;fpg; gFjpapy;
gpidfpwJ.gpd;du; Cf;Ftpg;ghid jLj;J mikg;G kugZf;fs; gbnaLj;jiy jLf;fpwJ.
,af;fp kugZf;fs;:
 ,it mikg;G kugZf;fSf;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;G kugZf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa mike;Js;sd.
Xguhdpd; ,af;fp gFjpapy; mlf;fp Gujk; gpidfpwJ.

23.jho;epiy yhf; Xguhd; ntspg;ghL gy;NtW kuG Neha; rpfpr;irf;Fk; gad;gLk; - ,t;thf;fpaj;ij
epUgp.
❖ yhf;Nlh]; nry;ypDs; Eioa Kbatpy;iy vdpy; mJ J}z;bahf nray;glhJ. ,jdhy;
Xguhd;
gbnaLj;jy; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
❖ ,jdhy; jho;epiy yhf; Xguhd; ntspg;ghL gy;NtW kuG Neha; rpfpr;irf;F gad;gLfpwJ>

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24. kdpj Ndhk; jpl;lk; gy;NtW kuG Neha;fspd; rpfpr;irf;F toptFf;fpwJ. ,f;$w;iw epahag;gLj;J.
➢ kdpj FNuhNkhNrhk; tiuglk; xUtupd; DNA; it Ma;T nra;tjw;Fk; kugpay; NfhshUfis
fz;lwpaTk; cjTfpwJ
➢ Neha;fis fz;lwptjw;Fk; Foe;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jpl;lkplTk; kugpay; MNyhridfis
toq;Ffp;wJ.

25.kdpj kugZjpl;lk; Vd; kfh jpl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

• kdpj kugZjpl;lk; 1990 Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ> ,j;jpl;lk; epiwTngw 13 Mz;LfshdJ.
• kw;w capupdq;fis tpl kdpj [PNdhk; 25 klq;F ngupaJ
• Kjd;Kjypy; epiwT nra;ag;gl;l KJnfYk;gpapd; kugZ kdpj kugZ MFk;.
• kdpj kugZtpy; 3X109 fhu ,izfs; cs;sd ,e;j juTfis Nrkpj;jy; fbdk; ,jdhy; kdpj
kugZjpl;lk; xU kfh jpl;lk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

26.thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf; MfpNahu; b.vd;.v mikg;igg; gupNrhjid nra;j ; jd; %yk; b.vd;.v
,ul;bg;ghjy; FwpaPL jpwd; kw;Wk; jpBu; khw;wk; Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk; Kiw Fwpj;J vd;d
KbTf;Fte;jdu;?
thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf; MfpNahu; b.vd;.v mikg;igg; gupNrhjid nra;;jjd; %yk; ghjp gioad
fhj;jy; Kiw ,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiwia fz;lwpe;jdu;. ,ul;il ,io gpupe;J i`l;uId; gpidg;G ePqf ; p
gpupe;j ,io thu;g;ghf nra;y;gLfpwJ. fhu ,izapy; cs;s mkpNdh mkpyf; FwpaPLfs; khWthjhy;
jpBu;khw;wkilAk;.
27.flj;J Mu;.vd;.V(tRNA) ,izg;G %yf;$W vd Vd; miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
▪ flj;J Mu;.vd;.V nry;ypd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; rpjwp fhzg;gLk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fis
vLj;JtUk; flj;jpfshf nray;gLfpwJ
▪ J}J Mu;.vd;.Vtpy; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l FwpaPLfisg; gbg;gJk; ,jd; NtiyahFk; vdNt ,it
,izg;G %yf;$W vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
28.Mu;.vd;.V kw;Wk; b.vd;.v Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s mikg;G rhu;e;j NtWghLfis vOJf?
Mu;.vd;.V b.vd;.v
1.xw;iw ,ioahy; Mdit 1.,ul;il ,ioahy; Mdit
2.upNgh]; tif ru;f;fiu 2.b-Mf;]p upNgh]; tif ru;f;fiu
3.iel;uId; fhuq;fshf mbidd; Ftidd; 3.iel;uI;d; fhuq;fshf mbidd; Ftidd;
A+Nuhrpy; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhird; cs;sJ. jakpd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhird; cs;sJ

28.fPo;fz;l FwpaPLfis ,dq;fz;lwpAk; vjpu; FwpaPLfis vOJf. AAU,CGA,UAU, kw;Wk; GCA

FwpaPLfs; AAU CGA UAU GCA
vjpu; FwpaPLfs; UUA GCU AUA CGU

29. (m) fPo;fz;l tiuglj;ij fz;lwpf.

DNA - ,ul;bg;ghjy;

M) ,t;tiuglj;ij ,ul;bg;ghjy; gpsthff; nfhz;L tiuf mjd; ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;

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,) ,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiwf;F Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy; %yk; ahJ? ,e;epfo;rpapy; <LgLk; nehjpfs; ahit?
b-Mf;]p epA+f;spNahilL biugh];Ngl; ,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiwf;F Njitg;gLk; Mw;wiyj; jUfpwJ.
nehjpfs;:DNA ghypkNu];> DNA n`ypNf];> DNA ypNf];.

<),uz;L thu;g;GU ,iofspd; JUtj;jd;ik mbg;gilapy; Gujr;Nru;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf?
DNA ,U ,iofspy; xd;W 5’ -3’ jpir Nehf;fpAk; kw;nwhd;W 3’ -5’ jpirNehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLk;
,jdhy; Gujk; jahupj;jYf;fhd gbnaLj;jypy; ,U ,iofSk; gq;Nfw;f ,ayhJ.

31.fPo;fhZk; gbnaLj;jy; myfpw;fhd FwpaPl;L tupirapd;gb cUthf;fg;gLk; J}J Mu;.vd;.Vtpy;

cs;s epA+f;spNahilL tupirapid vOJf?

➢ DNA tpd; FwpaPl;l tupir - 5’TGCATGCAT GCA TGC ATG CAT GCA TGC3’
➢ mRNAtpd; epA+f;spNahilL tupir -3’ACG UAC GUA CGU ACG UAC GUA CGU ACG5’

32.,uz;L gbepiy Gujr;Nru;f;if epfo;rpapd; mD$yq;fs; ahit?

o Gujr;Nru;f;if ,uz;L gbepiyfspy; eilngWfpd;wd. mit gbnaLj;jy;> nkhopngau;j;jy;.
o gbnaLj;jy;: b.vd;.V tpd; xU ,ioapypUe;J Mu;.vd;.V ,iof;F nra;jpfs; efnyLf;Fk;
nray; KiwfNs gbnaLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
o nkhopngau;jy;: J}J Mu;.vd;.Vtpy; cs;s jfty;fs; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s
Mu;.vd;.Vf;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW nehjpfSld; Nru;e;J nkhopngau;jy; eilngWfpwJ.
33.n`u;N] kw;Wk; Nr]; MfpNahu; fjpupaf;f Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l gh];gu]; kw;Wk; fe;jfj;ij Vd;
gad;gLj;jpdu;? mtu;fs; fhu;gd; kw;Wk; iel;u[id gad;gLj;jpdhy; mNj Kbit ngwKbAkh?
 epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fspy; gh];gu]; fhzg;gLk; Mdhy; Gujq;fspy; ,y;iy.mNjNghy;
Gujq;fspy; fe;jfk; fhzg;gLk; Mdhy; epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fspy; ,y;iy.
 ,jid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L n`u;N] kw;Wk; Nr]; MfpNahu; fjpupaf;f Kiwapy;
Fwpg;gpl;l gh];gu]; kw;Wk; fe;jfj;ij gad;gLj;jpdu;.
 fhu;;gd; kw;Wk; iel;u$id gad;gLj;jpdhy; mNj Kbit ngw KbahJ.
34.epA+f;spNahNrhk; cUthFk; Kiwia tptup?
❖ A+NfupNahl;Lfspy; cl;fU cUthf;fk; mjpf rpf;fyhdJ.
❖ njhlu;r;rpahd kPs; Njhd;W myFfshd epA+f;spNahNrhk;fshy; FNuhNkl;bd;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
❖ epA+f;spNahNrhk; khjpupia Nfhu;d; ngu;f; vd;gtu; Kd;nkhope;Js;shu;.
❖ mjpy; H2A>H2B>H3 kw;Wk; H4 vDk; ehd;F `p];Nlhd; Gujq;fspd; ,uz;L %yf;$Wfs;
tupirahf mike;J vl;L %yf;$Wfis cila myif cUthf;Ffpd;wd ,jw;F
`p];Nlhd; vz;kk; vd;W ngau;.
❖ Neu;kiw kpd;jd;ik nfhz;l `p];Nlhd; vd;kj;ijr; Rw;wp vjpu;kiw kpd;jd;ik nfhz;l
b.vd;.V ciwahf mike;J epA+f;spNahNrhk; vd;Dk; mikg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
❖ khjpup epA+f;spNahNrhk; xd;wpy; b.vd;.V ,ul;il tl jpUF Row;rpapd; 200 fhu ,izfs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
❖ `p];Nlhd; vz;kk; neUf;fkhf mike;J epA+f;spNahNrhkpd; ntspg;gwj;jpy;; b.vd;.V #o;e;J
RUshf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

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35.Kjd;Kjyhf cUthd kuGg;nghUs; Mu;.vd;.V (RNA) jhd; vd epUgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ –

fhuzq;fSld;
epUgp
➢ khjpup nry; xd;wpy; DNAit tpl gj;J klq;F mjpf mstpy; RNA ,Uf;fpwJ
➢ rpy itu];fspy; RNA kuGg;nghUshf cs;sJ
➢ tho;tjw;Fk; ,ul;bg;ghjYf;Fk; Njitahd midj;J %yf;$Wfspd; tpidA+f;fpahfTk; RNA
,Ue;jJ
➢ gupdhkj;jpd; Kjy; epiyahf RNA fUjg;gl;lJ thy;lu; fpy;gu;l; vd;gtu; G+kpapd; Kjy;
kuZg;nghUs; RNA jhd; vd;whu;.
➢ ,tu;jhd; Mu;.vd;.V cyfk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jdhu;. ,jdhy; G+kpapy; cUthd
Kjy; kuZg;nghUs; RNA jhd; vd;gJ epUgdkhfpwJ>

áÓRp ®]ôdLs
1.kugZf;fs; (my;yJ) IPd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 kugZf;fs; vd;gJ FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; epiyahd ,lj;jpy; mike;J Gwg; gz;Gfspd;
ntspg;ghl;bw;F fhuzkhf mikfpd;w Jfs;fs; MFk;.
2.xU kugZ xU nehjp Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $W?
 ,f;Nfhl;ghL [hu;[;gPly; kw;Wk; vl;tu;L lhlk; MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 xt;nthU nehjpapd; cw;gj;jpiaAk; xU kugZ fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ vdgjhFk;.

3. xU kugZ xU ghypngg;ilL Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $W?

,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb xt;nthU kugZTk; nehjpapd; %yf;$wpy; cs;s xNunahU ghypngg;ilL
rq;fpypapd; cw;gj;jpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; vd;gjhFk;.

4. upNghirk; (Ribozyme) vd;gJ vd;d?

1.gy capu; Ntjp tpidfSf;F Mu;.vd;.V tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
2.,j;jfa tpidA+f;fp Mu;.vd;.Vf;fSf;F upNghirk; vd;W ngau;.

5.gbnaLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

 b.vd;.Vtpd; xU ,ioapypUe;J Mu;.vd;.V ,iof;F nra;jpfs; efnyLf;Fk; nray;Kiwfs;
gbnaLj;jy; vdg;gLk;
6.kugZf;FwpaPLfs; vd;git vit?
 kugZf;FwpaPL vd;gJ kugZtpy; cs;s epA+f;spNahilLfSf;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;igAk;
mit FwpaPl nra;af;$ba mkpNdh mkpyq;fisAk; Fwpf;ff; $bajhFk;.

7.njhlf;ff;FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; epiwTf;FwpaPLfs; ahit?

AUG vd;gJ njhlf;ff; FwpaPlhFk;.
UAA,UAG kw;Wk; UGA MfpaitepWj;Jf; FwpaPLfshFk;.

8.flj;J Mu;;.vd;.V (m) tRNA tpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwp?

(m) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; ghfq;fisf; Fwp

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9.Xguhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 njhlu;Gila Ntiyfisr; nra;fpw kugZ $l;lj;jpw;;F Xguhd;fs; vd;W ngau;.
 75 ntt;NtW Xguhd; FOf;fs; cs;sd ,it kugZ ntspg;ghl;bw;fhd myF MFk;.

10.kuGg;nghUs; my;yhj Mu;.vd;.Vf;fspd; tiffs; ahit?

J}J Mu;.vd;.V (mRNA) upNghNrhk; Mu;.vd;.V(rRNA) kw;Wk; flj;J Mu;.vd;.V(tRNA) vd %d;W
tifg;gLk;.
3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.A+FNuhNkl;bd;> n`l;bNuh FNuhNkl;bd; - NtWgLj;Jf?

A+FNuhNkl;bd; N`l;bNuh FNuhNkl;bd;

1.khjpup cl;fUtpy; FNuhNkl;bdpd; rpy gFjpfs; 1.khjpup cl;fUtpy; FNuhNkl;bdpd; rpy gFjpfs;
jsu;thf nghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd ,Wf;fkhf nghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
2.,jw;F A+FNuhNkl;bd; vd;W ngau; 2.,jw;F N`l;bNuh FNuhNkl;bd; vd;W ngau;
3.gbnaLj;jy; eilngWk; 3.gbnaLj;jy; eilngwhJ.

2.Mu;.vd;.V (RNA) cyfk; - Fwpg;G tiuf?

➢ thy;lu; fpy;gu;l; vd;gtu; Mu;.vd;.V cyfk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
➢ khjpup nry; xd;Wf;Fs; DNAit tpl gj;J klq;F mjpf mstpy; RNA ,Uf;fpwJ
➢ rpy itu];fspy; RNA kuGg;nghUshfTk; cs;sJ
➢ tho;tjw;Fk; ,ul;bg;ghjYf;Fk; Njitahd midj;J %yf;$Wfspd; tpidA+f;fpahfTk; RNA
cs;sJ
➢ G+kpapd; Kjy; kugZg;nghUs; RNA jhd; ,jdhy; Mu;.vd;.V (RNA) cyfk; vd;g;gLfpwJ.
3.b.vd;.V (DNA) Nuif mr;rply; njhopy; El;gk; vd;why; vd;d? (m) xU Fw;wthspapd; Fw;wj;ij
cWjp nra;a b.vd;.V (DNA) Nuif mr;rply; njhopy; El;gk; jtpu;f;f KbahjJ – tpsf;Ff?
➢ b.vd;.V Nuif njhopy; El;gk; mnyf;N$/g;Nu]; vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
➢ b.vd;.V tupirapy; fhu ,izfspy; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd NtWghLfs; cs;sd ,J ek;kpilNa
jdpj;jd;ikia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
➢ xt;nthUtupd; b.vd;.V Tk; mtupd; if NuiffSk; jdpj;Jtk; cilait
➢ xU Fw;wthspapd; Fw;wj;ij cWjp nra;a ,j;njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLfpwJ
➢ ,j;njhopy; El;gj;jpy; FWfpa kWnjhlup epA+f;spNahilL tupirfs; kw;Wk; khwp vz; ,iz
kW njhlupfs; kugpay; Fwpg;ghd;fshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
4. Nyf; Xguhd; vd;why; vd;d? Nyf; Xguhd; khjpupia tptup?
1. N$Nfhg; kw;Wk; NkhdhL MfpNahu; kugZ ntspg;ghL kw;Wk;
newpg;gLj;Jjiy tpsf;f yhf; Xguhd; khjpupia v.Nfhiyapy;
cUthf;fpdu;.
2. Nyf; Xguhd; khjpup ghhyprp];l;uhdpf; mikg;G kugZ>
J}z;bkugZ kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L kugZ Mfpatw;why
fl;;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,it jtpu Nyf; z Nyf; y kw;Wk; Nyf; a vd %d;W mikg;G
kugZf;fs; cs;sd

5.kugZf; FwpaPLfspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; ahit?

➢ kugZf;FwpaPLfs; Kf;Fwpaq;fs; MFk;
➢ kugZf;FwpaPLfs; nghJthdit MFk;
➢ xNukhjpupahd vOj;Jf;fs; ntt;NtW Kf;Fwpaq;fSf;F gad;gLj;;jg;gLtjpy;iy
➢ 5’ ---- 3’ jpirapNyNa vg;NghJk; FwpaPLfs; gbf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
➢ .AUG njhlf;f FwpaPlhf cs;sd.nkj;jpNahdpd; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpw;fhd FwpaPlhfTk; cs;sJ.
6.kdpj kugZj; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
➢ kdpj kugZ 3 kpy;ypad; epA+f;spNahilL fhu %yq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
➢ ,jpy; 5% kl;LNk Gujj;ij FwpaPL nra;af;$bait

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➢ kpfg;ngupa kdpj kugZ b];l;Nuhgpd; MFk;.

➢ kugZf;fs; 24 FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; gutpAs;sd ,jpy; 19tJ FNuhNkhNrhkpy; mjpfkhfTk; 13
kw;Wk; Y- FNuhNkhNrhkpy; FiwthfTk; cs;sd.
➢ 5.kdpj kugZf;fs; gy;tifj; jd;ik nfhz;lit. UAA,UAG kw;Wk; UGA Mfpait epiwT
Nfhlhd;fs;.

5.kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.b.vd;.V (DNA) Nuif mr;rply; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fs; ahit?
➢ b.vd;.V (DNA) Nuif mr;rply;: ,J mnyf;];N$/g;Nu]; vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ>
kdpju;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLis b.vd;.V mstpy; fz;lwpa gad;gLk; njhopy;
El;gk; MFk;.
➢ gad;fs;:
1. Fw;w eltbf;if nfhz;l egiuf; fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
2.Foe;ijapd; jha; je;if gpur;ridapy; jPu;Tfhd gad;gLfpwJ.
3.kugpay; Jiwapy; jiyKiwfs; topahf kugZf;fs; flj;jg;gLtij mwpaTk; kw;Wk;
ghuk;gupa Neha;fisf; fz;lwpaTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
4.td capupfis ghJfhf;fTk; ,we;j jpRf;fis milahsk; fhz cjTfpwJ.
5.kdpj ,df$l;lj;jpd; Njhw;wk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Mfpatw;iw fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
2.flj;JMu;;.vd;.V (m) tRNA tpd; mikg;ig tptup? (m) nry;ypd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; rpjwpfhzg;gLk;
mkpNdh mkpyq;fis vLj;JtUk; flj;jp vJ mjd; mikg;ig tptup?
1. ,J uhgl;N`Ny vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. fpuhk;G ,io
tbtk; cilaJ.
2. ,jpy; %d;W fuq;fs; cs;sd mit DHU fuk;> eLfuk;
kw;Wk; TyC fuk;
3. ,U Kidfs; cs;sd mit 5’ Kid 3’ Kid MFk;.
4. ,J irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; rpjwp fhzg;gLk; kpNdhmkpyq;fis
vLj;J tUfpwJ.
5. J}J Mu;.vd;.V tpy; cs;s FwpaPLfis gbg;gJk; ,jd;
NtiyahFk.; ,jdhy; ,J ,izg;G %yf;$W vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

3.thl;rd; fpupf; cUthf;fpa b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff?

(m) ghjp gioad fhj;jy; b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy; vd;why; vd;d?
➢ thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf; MfpNahu; ghjp gioad fhj;jy; b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjiy fz;lwpe;jdu;.
➢ ,k;Kiwapy; b.vd;.Vtpd; ,U ,iofSk; xU KidapypUe;J njhlq;fp gpupaj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
➢ gpupf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU ,ioAk; Gjpa ,ioapd; thu;g;GUthf nray;gLfpwJ.
➢ ,jpypUe;J xU ngw;Nwhu; ghypepA+f;spNahilL rq;fp;yp ,ioAk; xU Gjpa ghypepA+f;spNahilL
rq;fp;yp ,ioAk; cUthfpd;wd.

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4.fPo;fz;l glk; vijf;Fwpf;fpwJ.mjd; Kf;fpaj; Jtj;ij vOJf?

1. glk; b.vd;.V ,ul;bg;ghjy; gpsit Fwpf;fpwJ.
2. b.vd;.V tpd; jpUFRoypy;. rpW jpwg;gpd; top ,J njhlq;FfpwJ.
,j;jpwg;gpw;F ,ul;bg;ghjy; gpsT vd;W ngau;. b.vd;.Vtpd;
RUis ePf;f b.vd;.V n`ypNf]; nehjp gad;gLfpwJ.
3. 3’ 5’ jpir nfhz;l thu;g;GU ,ioapy;
,ul;bg;ghjy;njhlu;r;rpahf eilngWk; ,e;j ,iof;F topfhl;L
,io vd;W ngau;.
4. kw;nwhU 5’ 3’ jpir nfhz;l ,ioapd; ,ul;bg;ghjy;
njhlu;r;rpaw;wjhFk; ,t;tpiof;Fgpd;jq;fpa ,io vd;W ngau;
5. gpd;jq;F ,ioahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l njhlu;r;rpaw;w Gjpa
Jz;lq;fs; xNfrhfpJz;lq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
6. Gjpa ,ioapd; cUthf;fk; njhlq;f Mu;.vd;.V tpd; rpW
gFjpahd njhlf;f ,io Njitg;gLfpwJ>

6 T¬QôUm

1-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.G+kpapy; Kjy; capupdq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ.
m) fhw;wpy; M) epyj;jpy; ,) ePupy; <) kiyg;gFjpapy;
2.,aw;ifj; Nju;T top rpw;wpdj; Njhw;wk; vd;w E}iy ntspapl;ltu;
m) rhu;y]; lhu;tpd; M) yhkhu;f; ,) tP]N
; kd; <) `pA+Nfh btpup];
3.fpo;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ `pA+Nfh btpup]pd; gq;fsp;g;G
m) jpBu; khw;wj; Nju;Tf; Nfhl;ghL M) ,aw;ifj Nju;Tf; Nfhl;ghL
,) Kad;W ngw;wgz;G kuGg;gz;ghjy; Nfhl;ghL <) tsu;fU gpshrf; Nfhl;ghL
4.gwitfs; kw;Wk; tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpfspd; ,wf;iffs; fPo;fz;l vjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshffFk;.
m) guty; Kiw M) Ftpg;gupzhkk; ,) tpupg;gupzhkk; <) khWghLfs;
5.njhopw;rhiy nkyhdpdhf;fk; vd;w epfo;T fPo;fz;l vjid tpsf;FfpwJ.
m) ,aw;ifj; Nju;T M) J}z;lg;gl;l jpBu;khw;wk;
,) ,dg;ngUf;f jdpikg;gLj;Jjy; <) Gtpapay; jdpikg;gLj;jy;
6.lhu;tpd; FUtpfs; fPo;fz;l vjw;F vLjJfhl;Lfs; MFk;?
m),izg;G capupfs; M)gUtfhy tyirNghjy; ,) jftikg;G guty; <)xl;Lz;zp tho;f;if Kiw
7.tsu;fU gpshrf; (Germplasm)Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $wpatu;
m) lhu;tpd; M) Mf];l; tP]N ; kd; ,) yhkhu;f; <) My;/g;ul; thyh];
8.Gijg;gbtq;fspd; taij jPu;khdpf;f cjTtJ
m) kpd;dD Ez;Nzhf;fp M) Gijgbtq;fspd; vil
,) fhu;gd; Kiw taJ fz;lwpjy; <) gbtq;fspd; vYk;Gfis Muha;jy;.

9.Gijgbtq;fs; nghJthf vq;Nf fhzg;gLfpwJ?

m) ntg;gg; ghiwfs; M) cUkhWk; ghiwfs; ,) vupkiyg; ghiwfs; <) gbTg;ghiwfs;
10.xU capupdj;jpd; gupzhk tuyhW vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
m) %jhijj; jd;ik M) Mz;Nlhn[dp ,) igNyhn[dp (,dtuyhW) <) njhy;Yapupay;
11.Cu;td ,djjd; nghw;fhyk;
m) kPNrhNrhapf; ngUq;fhyk; M) rPNdhNrhapf; ngUq;fhyk;
,) NgypNah Nrhapf; ngUq;fhyk; <) GNuhl;bNuhNrhapf; ngUq;fhyk;
12.ve;j fhyk; kPd;fspd; fhyk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) ngu;kpad; M) biuNahrpf; ,) bNthdpadd; <) Mu;Nlhtpprpad;
13.etPd kdpj ,dk; ve;j fhyj;jijr; Nru;e;jJ?
m) Fthu;lu;dup M)fpNul;Nlrpa]; ,)irY}upad; <)Nfk;g;upahd;
14.epahd;lu;jy; kdpjdpd; %isapd; msT
m) 650 – 800 f.nr.kP M) 1200 f.nr.kP ,) 900 f.nr.kP <) 1400 f.nr.kP
15.lhu;tpd; $w;Wg;gb fupd gupzhkj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.
m) rpw;wpdq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Nghuhl;lk; M) xNu rpw;wpdj;jpw;Fs; Nghuhl;lk;
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,) neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila rpw;wpdq;fSf;Fs; Nghl;b

<) ,ilA+W nra;Ak; rpw;wpdk; fhuzkhf czT cz;Zk; jpwd; Fiwjy;
16.xU ,df;$l;lk; `hu;b tPd;ngu;f; rkepiyapy; vg;NghJ ,Uf;fhJ?
m) capupdq;fs; Nju;T nra;J fytdpapy; <LgLk;NghJ M) jpBu;khw;wk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;
,) tyir Nghjy; ,y;yhj epiyapy; <) ,df;$l;lj;jpd; msT ngupjhf ,Ue;jhy;

×jRL ®]ôdLs (2.3,5 marks)

17.njhd;ikahd G+kpapy; fhzg;gl;l thAf;fs; ahit?

mNkhdpah> kPj;Njd;> i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; ePuhtp Nghd;w thAfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
18.%d;W tifahd Gijgbtkhf;fy; tiffis tptup?
1.vQ;rpa cly; gFjpfs; 2.fy;yhjy; 3.,aw;ifahd mr;Rf;fSk; thu;g;GfSk;.
1. vQ;rpa cly; gFjpfs;:
tpyq;Ffs; ,we;jgpd; mtw;wpd; fbdkhd gFjpfshd vYk;Gfs;>gw;fs;.XLfs; Mfpait G+kpapd;
mLf;Ffspy; Nrjkilahky; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd ,it vQ;rpa cly; gFjpfs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh – irgPupahtpy; 22 Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tho;e;j khk;%j; ahidfspd; cly; gbtq;fs;.
2.fy;yhjy;:
tpyq;Ffs; ,we;j gpd; mtw;wpd; cz;ikahd clw;gFjpfspd; %yf;$Wfs; jhJ cg;Gf;fspd;
%yf;$Wfshy; gjpyPL nra;ag;gl;L Gijg;gbtkhf khWfpwJ ,jw;F fy;yhjy; vd;W ngau.;
,jpy; ,Uk;G igiul;Lfs;>rpypfh>fhy;rpak;>nkf;dPrpak; Nghd;w jhJ cg;Gf;fs; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpd.
3.,aw;ifahd mr;Rf;fSk; thu;g;GfSk:;
,we;j tpyq;Ffspd; cly; gFjpfs; rpije;J nkd;ikahd NrW Nghd;w gFjpapy; mopahj
gjpit cUthf;fFfpd;wd. gpd;du; ,it fbdkhf khWfpwJ ,jw;F mr;Rf;fs; vd;W ngau;.
mr;Rf;fspd; cl;Gwk; cs;s Fopfs; jhJ cg;Gfshy; epug;gg;gl;L gbtkf khWfpd;wd ,it
thu;g;Gfs; vdg;gLk.;
v.fh- tpyq;Ffspd; fbdkhf;fg;gl;l kyg;nghUl;fs; Nfhg;Nuhiyl;Lfs; vd;Dk; rpW
cUz;ilfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

19.Ftpg;gupzhkk;>tpupg;gupzhkk; - NtWgLj;Jf?
Ftpg;gupzhkk; tpupg;gupzhkk;
nranyhj;j cWg;Gfs; Ftpg;gupzhkj;jij mikg;nghj;j cWg;Gfs; tpupg; gupzhkj;jij
Vw;gLj;Jk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
mikg;ghy; NtWgl;lit Mdhy; xNu mikg;ghy; xNukhjpupahdit Mdhy; ntt;NtW
nraiy nra;af;$bait nraiy nra;af;$bait
v.fh-G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; gwitfspd; v.fh- epy tho; KJnfYk;gpfspd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs;
,wf;iffs;

20.`hu;b – tPd; ngu;f; rkd;ghL (p2+2pq+q2=1) ,df;$l;lj;jpy; rkepiy ,Ug;gij vt;thW

tpsf;FfpwJ. (m) kugpay; rkepiyia ghjpf;Fk; VNjDk; ehd;F fhuzpfisg; gl;baypLf.
✓ xU ,df;$l;lj;jpy; kugZ Xl;lk;> jpBu;khw;wk;> kugZNru;f;if kw;Wk; ,aw;ifj; Nju;T
Mfpait ,y;yhj epiyapy; my;yPy;fspd; epfo;ntd; mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwfspYk; kwhky;
,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f; rkepiy vdgLk;.
✓ `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f; rkepiy nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,df;$l;lj;jpy; gupzhkk; epfohJ.
✓ v.fh - tz;Lfs; ,df;$l;lj;jpy; fUQ;rhk;gy; kw;Wk; ntspu; rhk;gy; Mfpa ,uz;L epwq;fs;
,Ug;gjhf nfhs;syhk;. AA kw;Wk; Aa kugZthf;fk; cs;s tz;Lfs; fUQ;rhk;gy;
epwKilait.
✓ aa kugZthf;fk; cs;s tz;Lfs; ntspu; rhk;gy; epwKilajhfTk; cs;sd.
,t;tpdf;$l;lj;jpy; A my;yy
P pd; epfo;ntz; (p) 0.3 vdTk; kw;;Wk; a my;yPypd; epfo;ntz; (q)
0.7 vdTk; ,Ue;jhy; p+q=1 MFk;. ,jd; kugZthf;f epfo;ntz;iz `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f;
rkd;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L fzf;fplyhk;.
✓ `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f; rkd;ghL:
(p+q)2 = p2+ 2pq+q2
p2 =AAd; epfo;ntz;
2pq =Aa d; epfo;ntz;
q2 =aa d; epfo;ntz;
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p = 0.3, q=0.7 vdpy;

p2= (0.3)2= 0.09= 9% AA
2pq = 2 (0.3) (0.7) =0.42 =42%Aa
q2 = (0.7)2 0.49 = 49%aa
,jdhy; tz;Lfs; ,df;$l;lk; `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f; rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gij mwpayhk;.
✓ `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f; rkepiyia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;:
jpBu; khw;wk;> rPww;w ,dr;Nru;f;if> kugZ Xl;lk;> ,aw;ifj; Nju;T Mfpait.

21.jpBu;khw;wk; ,aw;ifj; Nju;T kw;Wk; kugpay; efu;T Mfpa epfo;Tfs; `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f;
rkepiyia vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 xU ,df;$l;lj;jpy; jpBu;khw;wk; ,aw;ifj;Nju;T kw;Wk; kugZ efu;jy; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fshy; my;yPyfspy;; khWghLfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ
 gupzhkk; eilngw;W Gjpa capupfs; Njhd;Wk;NghJ mJ `hu;b – tPd; ngu;f; rkepiyapy;
,Uf;fhJ.

22.capupdq;fspd; jFjp epiyia lhu;tpd; vt;thW tpsf;Ffpwhu;.

 lhu;tpd; capupdq;fs; mitfs; thOk; #oYf;Nfw;g jfitkg;Gfis ngw;wpUg;gijf;
fz;lwpe;jhu;.
 mt;thW jFjp ngw;w capupdq;fs; jFjp ngwhj capupdq;fis tpl ed;F thOk; vd;;Wk;
mit mjpf thhpRfis cUthf;Fk; vd;whu; ,jw;F fhuzk; ,aw;ifj; Nju;T vd epUgpj;jhu;.
 v.fh-me;Jg;G+r;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; njhopw;rhiy nkyhdpdhf;fk;.
23.lhu;tpd; Nfhl;ghl;bw;fhd Kf;fpa vjpu; fUj;Jf;fs; ahit?
 khWghLfs; Njhd;Wk; Kiw Fwpj;J lhu;tpd; rupahf tpsf;ftpy;iy.
 jFjpAilad gpioj;jy; vd;gij kl;Lk; tpsf;FfpwJ Mdhy; mit vt;thW mj;jFjpia
ngw;wd vd;gij tpsf;ftpy;iy.
 mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;glhj rpW khWghLfis kl;LNk ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lhu;.
 vr;r cWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mope;J tpl;l tpyq;Ffs; ngw;wpUe;j rpwg;Gfis lhu;tpdhy;
tpsf;Kbatpy;iy.

24.,aw;ifj; Nju;;T nray;gLjiy fUk;Gs;sp me;Jg;G+r;rpapid vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

,e;epfo;rpapid vt;thW miof;fyhk;.
(m) njhopw;rhiy nkyhdpdhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
 fUk;Gs;sp me;Jg;G+r;rpay; ,aw;ifj; Nju;T eilngWk; nray; ‘njhopw;r ; hiy nkyhdpd’;
Mf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; njhopy;kakhf;fYf;F Kd; nts;is kw;Wk; fUg;G epw me;Jg;G+r;rpfs;
fhzg;gl;ld
 nts;is epw me;Jg;G+r;rpfs; nts;is epw Rtupd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; kiwe;J jd;id nfhd;W
jpd;Dk; capupfsplkpUe;J jg;gpj;jd.
 njhop;w;rhiyfs; cUthfpa gpd; Gif kw;Wk; fupahy; fupa epwkhf khwp kuj; jz;Lfspy;
kiwe;J tho;tjw;fhd jftikg;G ngw;wd.
 nts;is epw me;Jg;G+r;rpfs; nfhz;W jpd;Dk; capupfshy; vspjpy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld.
 mjdhy; fupa epw me;Jg;G+r;rpfs; ,aw;ifahy; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;L mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;if
nts;isg; G+r;rpfis tpl mjpfupj;jd.

25.lhu;tpd; FUtpfs; kw;Wk; M];jpNuypa igg;ghY}l;bfs; Mfpait jftikg;Gg; gutYf;fhd rpwe;j

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;. nrhw;nwhliu epahag;gLj;Jf.
lhu;tpd; FUtpfs;:
 lhu;tpd; FUtpfspd; %jhijau;fs; 2 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; fhyghf]; gFjpf;F te;J
Nru;e;jit.
 lhu;tpd; Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ cly; msT> myfpd; tbtk; kw;Wk; czTg;gof;fk;
Mfpatw;wpy; NtWgl;l 14 tif rpw;wpdq;fshf ,Ue;jd.

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 mtw;wpd; cly; msT kw;Wk; myfpd; tbtk; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gl;l jftikg;G khWghLfshy;
mit ntt;NtW tif czTfshd G+r;rpfs; tpijfs;>fs;spjhtuj;jpd; kfue;jj; Njd;
Mfpatw;iw cz;zKbfpwJ.,J ,aw;ifj; Nju;T %yk; eilngw;wJ.
 lhu;tpd; FUtpfspy; cs;s b.vd;.V f;fspy; cs;s kugZf;fspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wNk mtw;wpd;
ntt;NtW tif myF tbt mikg;gpw;F fhuzk; MFk;.
igg;ghY}l;bfs;:
 M];jpNuypahtp;y; mjpf mstpy; igg;ghY}l;bfSk; xU rpy rpw;wpdq;fshd eQ;Rf;nfhb
ghY}l;bfSk; tho;fpd;wd.
 ,e;j igg;ghY}l;bfs; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; cs;s eQ;Rf;nfhb ghY}l;bfs; NghyNt jftikg;G
guty; %yk; M];jpNuypahtpy; tho;fpd;wd.

26.yhkhu;f;fp;d; ngwg;gl;l gz;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;bid jtnwd ep&gpj;jtu; ahu;? vt;thW ep&gpj;jhu;.

1. Mf];L tP]N ; kd; yhkhu;f;fp;d; ngwg;gl;l gz;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;bid jtnwd ep&gpj;jhu;. ,tu;
jd;Dila Nrhjidia Rz;nlypay; nra;jhu;.
2. ,tu; Rz;nlypfspy; 20 jiyKiwfspy; thiy Jz;bj;J ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;aitj;jhu;
Kbtpy; midj;J Rz;nlypfSk; thYlNd gpwe;jd.
3. ,jd;%yk; cly;nry;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;lg;gLtjpy;iy
,dr; nry;fsy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fNs mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;lg;gLwJ vd;gij ep&gpj;jhu;.

27.Gjpa rpw;wpdj; Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;Fk; btpup];rpd; jpBu; khw;wf; Nfhl;ghL vt;thW yhkhu;f; kw;Wk;
lhu;tpdpaf; Nfhl;ghLfspypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.
 btpup];rpd; jpBu;khw;wf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb ngupa kw;Wk; cldbahf Vw;gLk; khWghLfs; %yk;
Gjpa rpw;wpdq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;.
 Mdhy; yhkhu;f; kw;Wk; lhu;tpd; fUj;Jg;gb capupdq;fspy; Vw;gLk; gbg;gbahd khWghLfs;
xd;W Nru;e;J Gjpa rpw;wpdk; cUthfpwJ vd;gjhFk;.
28.epiyg;gLj;Jjy; Nju;T ,yf;F Nehf;fpa Nju;T kw;Wk; cilj;jy; Kiwj;Nju;T Kiwfis
cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

epiyg;gLj;Jjy; Nju;T ,yf;F Nehf;fpa Nju;T cilj;jy; Kiwj;Nju;T

1.epiyahd Rw;Wr;#oy; 1.khw;wk; ngWk; Rw;Wr;#oy; 1.gy;tif Rw;Wr;#oy; epiyapy;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ eilngWfpwJ. ,Uf;Fk;NghJ eilngWfpwJ ,Uf;Fk;NghJ eilngWfpwJ
2.ruhrupahd Gwj;Njhw;wg; 2. ruhrupahd Gwj;Njhw;wg; 2. ruhrupahd Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;Gfs;
gz;Gfs; cs;s capupfs; gz;Gfs; cs;s capupfs; cs;s capupfs; gbg;gbahf
jg;gpg; gpiof;Fk; gbg;gbahf ePf;ffg;gLk;. ePf;ffg;gLk;.
3.Gjparpw;wpdq;fs; cUthfhJ 3.Gjpa rpw;wpdq;fs; cUthFk; 3. Gjpa rpw;wpdq;fs; cUthFk;

4.v.fh - Gaypd;NghJ rpl;Lf; 4.v.fh - Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; 4.v.fh - lhu;tpd; FUtpfspd;
FUtpfspd; vz;zpf;if rpl;Lf;FUtpfspy; cly; myFfspd; ePsk;
mstpy; cs;s NtWghLfs;.
29.kdpj ,dj;jpd; gupzhkj; Njhw;wj;jpd; epiyfis fPo;Nehf;F tupirapy; tupirg;gLj;Jf.
M];lu; Nyhgpj;jpf]; - N`hNkhvuf;l]; - N`hNkhNrg;gpad;]; - uhkhgpj;jpf]; - N`hNkh`hgpyp];
uhkhgpj;jpf]; M];l;uNyhgpj;jpf]; `hNkh`hgpyp]; `hNkhvuf;l]; N`hNkh
nrgpad;];.

30.epahd;lu;jhy; kdpjd; kw;Wk; etPd kdpjDf;fpilNa cs;s Njhw;w NtWghLfs; ahit?

1.ghjp epkpu;e;j epiy> jl;ilahd kz;ilXL>rha;thd new;wp>nkypjhd ngupa fz; Fopfs;
2.fdkhd fz;GUt NkLfs;> JUj;jpa jhilfs; kw;Wk; fd;dq;fs; mw;w jd;ik.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;: (2 Marks)

1. gupzhkk; vd;why; vd;d?
 xU ,df;$l;lj;jpYs;s xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; gz;Gfspy; Vw;gLk;> mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwfSf;F
flj;jg;glf;$ba khw;wq;fs; gupzhkk; vdg;gLk;.
2.Nfhru;Ntl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 (jput Clfj;jpypUe;J jpuz;L tUk; $o;kj;Jfs;fs; Nfhru;Ntl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;)
 ,e;j Kd;Ndhb nry;fs; gbg;gbahf khw;wk; ngw;W capUs;s nry;fshf khwp tpl;ld.
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3.xg;gPL taJ fzf;fpLk; Kiw>KOikahd taJ fzf;fpLk; Kiw – NtWgLj;J.

(m) Gijg;gbtq;fspd; taij vt;thW fzf;fpLtha;?
xg;gPL taJ fzf;fpLk; Kiw KOikahd taJ fzf;fpLk; Kiw
Gijg;gbtq;fspd; taJ Vw;fdNt fjpupaf;f Kiwapy; Gijg;gbtq;fspy; cs;s
taJ njupe;j Gijg;gbtq;fNshL xg;gPl;L INrhNlhg;Gfspd; rpijT mstplg;gl;L
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. Gijg;gbtq;fspd; taJ fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

4.Cu;tdtw;wpd; nghw;fhyk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? Vd; mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

1) kPNrhNrhapf; ngUq;fhyk; Cu;tdtw;wpd; nghw;fhyk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2) Vnddpy; kPNrhNrhapf; fhyj;jpy; Cu;tdtw;wpd; vz;zpf;if mjpf mstpy; ,Ue;jJ.
3) ,g;ngUq;fhyk; %d;W gUtq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd mit biuahrpf;> [Puhrpf;> Gijg;gbtg;
gwit.
5.mikg;nghj;j cWg;Gfs; nranyhj;j cWg;Gfis vt;thW NtWgLj;Jtha;?
1) mikg;nghj;j cWg;Gfs;– xNu khjpupahd cUt mikg;ig ngw;W Mdhy; ntt;NtW
nray;fis nra;af;$ba cWg;Gfs; mikg;nghj;j cWg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;
v.fh.KJnfYk;gpfspd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs;.
2) nranyhj;j cWg;Gfs; - cUt mikg;gpy; NtWgl;L Mdhy; xNu khjpupahd nraiy
nra;af;$ba cWg;Gfs; nranyhj;j cWg;Gfs; vd;g;gLk;.
v.fh gwitfs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpfspd; ,wf;iffs;.
6.vr;r cWg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 xU rpy cWg;Gfshy; mij ngw;Ws;s capupdq;fSf;F ve;j gaDk; ,y;iy
 ,j;jfa cWg;Gfs; vr;r cWg;Gfs; vdg;gLk; . v.fh – kdpjdpy; cs;s Fly;thy;

7.,izg;G capupfs; vd;why; vd;d?

my;yJ (Mu;f;fpahg;nlupf;]; Vd; ,izg;G capu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.)
1. ,uz;L khWgl;l njhFg;igr; Nru;e;j capupdq;fspd; gz;Gfis xUq;Nf ngw;Ws;s
capupdq;fs; ,izg;G capupfs; vdg;gLk;
2. (v.fh)
⬧ Mu;f;fpahg;lupf;]; vd;gJ Cu;td kw;Wk; gwitfis ,izf;Fk; capup
⬧ ngupNgl;l];; vd;gJ - tisjirg;GOf;fs; kw;Wk; fZf;fhypfis ,izf;Fk; capup.
8.KJik kuG cWg;Gfs; kPlr; p vd;gJ vd;d?
1. ed;F gupzhkk; ngw;w caupfspy; jpBnud vr;r cWg;Gfs; Njhd;WtJ KJ kuG cWg;G
kPl;rp vdg;gLk;.
2. v.fh- kdpj tsu; fUtpy; thy; ,Ug;gJ Xu; KJ kuG cWg;G kPl;rp MFk;.

9.jpBu; khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?

 jpBu; khw;wk; vd;gJ capupdq;fspy; jpBnud cldahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; MFk;.
 ,it kuG flj;jypy;; gq;Nfw;fhjit. “`pNfhBtpup];” vd;gtu; ,ij fz;lwpe;jhu;.
10.kugZ Xl;lk; vd;gJ vd;d?
 ,dr;nry;fs; topahf kugZf;fs; ,lk;ngau;jy; kugZ Xl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,df;$l;lj;jpy; EioAk; my;yy P ;fs; Gjpa gz;Gfisg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. gupzhkk; epfo;tjw;F
kugZ Xl;lk; xU fhuzpahFk;.

3 - kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1.jpBu;khw;wf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; ahit?

 ,it mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
 ,aw;ifahf ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; ,df;$l;lj;jpy; mt;tg;NghJ jpBu; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;.
 ,ilg;gl;l capupdq;fs; fhzg;glhJ.
 ,aw;ifj; Nju;tpw;F ; cl;gl;lJ.

2.jftikg;Gg; guty; (Adaptive radiation) vd;why; vd;d? Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf?

➢ xU %jhij ,dj;jpypUe;J Gjpa rp;w;wpdq;fs; Gjpa thoplq;fspy; tho;tjw;Nfw;g
jftikg;GfSld; Njhd;Wk; gupzhk epfo;T jfikg;Gg; guty; vdg;gLk;.
➢ v.fh – lhu;tpd; FUtpfs; kw;Wk; M];jpNuypa igg; ghY}l;bfs; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.

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3.Ez;gupzhkk; vd;why; vd;d?

 rpwpa mstpy; eilngWk; gupzhkk; Ez; gupzhkk; vdg;gLk;.
 xU ,df;$l;lj;jpy; my;yPy; epfo;ntz;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 ,aw;ifj; Nju;T kugpay; efu;T jpBu;khw;wk;> kw;Wk; kugZXl;lk; Mfpa fhuzpfshy;
my;yyP ; epfo;ntz;fs; khw;wkilfpd;wd.

5 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs
1.capupdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa A+Nu kpy;yupd; Nrhjidia tptup?
➢ A+Nu kw;Wk; kpy;yu; MfpNahu; fupk %yf$Wfspy; ,Ue;J
capupdq;fs; vt;thW Njhz;wpaJ vd;gij Nrhjid %yk;
tpsf;fpdu.;
➢ Nrhjidapy; thAf;fspd; fyitahdJ lq;];ldhyhd kpd;
KidapypUe;J ntspNaWk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; topahf Rw;wp
tUkhW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
➢ rpwpa FLitapy; cs;s ePu; nfhjpf;f itf;fg;gLtjhy;
ntspNaWk; ePuhtp ngupa FLitapy; cs;s thAf;fspd;
fyitapy; fyf;fpwJ.
➢ ePuhtp gpd;G Fspu;tpf;fg;gl;L ePuhf khwp tbtf; Foha; topaNa
nry;fpwJ. njhlu;e;J xU thuk; ,r;Nrhjid nra;ag;gl;L mjpy;
css; jputk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
➢ ,j;jputj;jpy; fpisrpd;> myidd;> gPl;lhmyidd; kw;Wk;
m];ghu;bf; mkpyk; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
➢ ,r;Nrhjid capupd;wp capu;Njhd;wy; Kiwapy; fupk
%yf;$Wfs; vt;thW cUthfpapUf;ff; $Lk; vd;gij
tpsf;FfpwJ.
2.gupzhkk; gw;wpa yhkhu;f; Nfhl;ghl;il tptup? (m) gad;gL kw;Wk; gad;glhf;; Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;F.
 yhkhu;f; gupzhkf; Nfhl;ghl;il tpyq;fpay; jj;Jtk; vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. yhkhu;f;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa nfhs;iffs;
1. gad;gL kw;Wk; gad;glhf; Nfhl;ghL:
☺ ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb mbf;fb gad;gLj;Jk; cWg;Gfs; mstpy; ngwpjhfpd;wd. mNjNtisapy;
gad;gLj;jhj cWg;Gfs; mopfpd;wd v.fh – xl;lfr; rptpq;fpapd; fOj;J kw;Wk; ghk;Gfspy;
fhy; ,y;yhky; ,Uj;jy; Nghd;wit.
2. ngwg;gl;l gz;Gfs; kuGf;flj;jy; Nfhl;ghL:
☺ xU capupdj;jpd; tho;ehspy; cUthFk; gz;Gfs; ngwg;gl;l gz;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. ,g;gz;Gfs;
mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

3.lhu;tpd; ,aw;ifj; Nju;T Nfhl;ghl;il tptup? (m) ,aw;ifj; Nju;Tf;Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;ltu; ahu;?
mf;Nfhl;ghl;bd; fUj;Jf;fs; ahit?
 ,aw;ifj; Nju;Tf; Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;ltu; “rhu;y]; lhu;tpd;”; Mthu;. lhu;tpd; jd;Dila
gupzhkf; Nfhl;ghl;il “,aw;ifj; Nju;T top rpw;wpdj; Njhw;wk;”; vd;w E}ypy; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
 capupdq;fs; mit thOk; #oYf;Nfw;g jftikg;Gfis ngw;Ws;sd vd;gij fz;lwpe;jhu;.
jFjp ngw;w capupdq;fs; jFjp ngwhj capupdq;fis tpl mjpf thupRfis cUthf;fp
ed;F thOk; vd;Wk; ,jw;F ,aw;if njupe;njLj;jy; xU fhuzk; vd;W ep&gpj;jhu;.
lhu;tpd; fUj;JUf;fs;:
1. kpif ,dg;ngUf;fk;: midj;J capupdq;fSk; jd; ,df;$l;lj;ij mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;
ngUf;fk; milar;; nra;fpd;wd ,jw;F kpif ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;W ngau;. v.fh-rhy;kd; kPd;fs;
Rkhu; 28 kpy;ypad; Kl;ilfis ,Lfpd;wd.
2. tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lk;:
capupdq;fspilNa czT> ,Ug;gplk;> ,dg;ngUf;fk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhf Nghuhl;lk;
eilngWfpd;wd. ,it %d;W tifg;gLk; 1.rpw;wpdq;fSf;Fs;shd Nghuhl;lk;.
2.rpw;wpdq;fspilNaahd Nghuhl;lk; 3. Rw;Wr;#Yld; Nghuhl;lk;.
3. khWghLfs; Njhd;Wjy;:
tpyq;FfspilNa Njhd;Wk; khWghLfs; mit mr;#o;epiyapy; tho cjTfpd;wd
,g;gz;Gfs; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

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4. ,aw;ifj; Nju;T top rpw;wpdj; Njhw;wk;:

,aw;ifNa kpfr; rpwe;j Nju;e;njLf;Fk; rf;jp vd;W lhu;tpd; $Wfpwhu;. rpwpa
jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l FO capupdq;fspy; ,aw;ifj; Nju;T fhuzkhf Gjpa rpw;wpdk;
Njhd;Wtjhf lhu;tpd; $wpdhu;. jFjptha;e;j capupdq;fs; khWgl;l #o;epiyapy;
tho;tjw;Nfw;g jk;ik jftikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

4.kdpj gupzhkj;ij tpsf;Fk; fUj;J tiuglk; tiuf.

1) 210 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F kd;G ghY}l;b gupzhkk; njhlf;fj;jpy; biuNahgpj;jpf];
uhkhgpj;jpf]; kw;Wk; rpth gpj;jpf]; Njhd;wpaJ.
2) Mrpah kw;Wk; Mg;upf;fh N`hkpdpl;Lfspd; gupzhkk; epfo;e;jJ.
3) 14kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; biuNahgpj;jpf]; Njhd;wpaJ.
4) 5kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; - M];l;uNyhgpj;jpf]; M];jpNuypa Fuq;F kdpjd; Njhd;wpdhd;.
5.2kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; - N`hNkhN`gpypq; Njhd;wpaJ.
5. kdpjidg; Nghd;w Njhw;wk; nfhz;l N`hNkhvuf;l]; 1.7 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
Njhd;wpd.
6. .N`hNkh vu;fh];lu;>N`hNkh vuf;l]; Mg;upf;fhit tpl;L ntspNawpdu;.
7. 34>000 – 100>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; epahd;lu;jy; kdpjd; tho;e;jhd; ,tu;fs; Njhiy
Milahf gad;gLj;jpdu;.
8. etPd INuhg;gpau;fspd; %jhijau;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; FNuhNkf;dd; gpuhd;]; ehl;bd;
FNuhNkf;dd; ghiwg;gFjpfspy; tho;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.mtu;fs; gy;NtW #o;epiyapy;
thOk; gof;fKk; glk; tiuAk; gz;Gk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
9. 25000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; N`hkpNahnrgpad;]; vDk; etPd kdpjd; Mg;upf;fhtpy; Njhd;wp kw;w
,lq;fSf;F gutpdhd;. ,tu;fs; gapu;rhFgb nra;jy; kw;Wk; tPl;L tpyq;Ffis tsu;f;Fk;
gof;fk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

7 U²R SXu Utßm úSônLs

1-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.30taJila ngz;zpw;F 14 kz;p Neukhf ,uj;jk; fye;j tapw;Wg;Nghf;F njhlu;e;J ntspNaWfpwJ
fPo;fz;l ve;j capup ,e;j Nfl;bid Vw;gLj;Jk;?
m) ];l;nug;Nlhfhf;f]; gNahn[d;]; M) fpsh];bupbak; b/gpiry;
,) ~pn[y;yh b];nrd;l;upNa <) rhy;Nkhndy;yh vd;l;iubb];
2.gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; Gwr;rptg;gZ irN~hNfhdp eilngWk; ,lk;
m) ,uj;j rptg;gZ M) ypA+Nfhirl;Lfs; ,) ,iug;ig <) fy;yPuy;
3.gp.itthf;]pd; ];NghNuhNrhapl;Lfs; ------------------- y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) Nfkpl;Nlhirl;Lfs; (,dr;nry;fs;) M) ];NghNuhgpsh];Lfs; ,) Crp];Lfs; <) ];Nghu;fs;
4.Mk;/gplikd;fs; kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyj;ij fpsu;T+l;LgitahFk; .mNjNghy; ghu;gpLNul;Lfs; ----MFk;
m) ikaeuk;G kz;ly fpsu;T+l;b M) kd kUl;rp Vw;gLj;Jgit
,) m kw;Wk; M ,uz;Lk; <) ika euk;G kz;ly Nrhu;T+l;b
5.rupahf nghUe;jpa ,iziaj; Nju;njL
m) Mk;gplikd;fs; - fpsu;T+l;b M) iyru;[pf; mkpyk; ilvj;jpyikL - NghijkUe;J
,) n`uhapd; - cstpay; kUe;J <) ngd;Nrhil mrigdd; - typePf;fp
6.kdpjdpy; Nrw;Wg;Gz;iz Vw;gLj;JtJ ------------
m) ghf;Bupah M) G+Q;ir ,) itu]; <) GNuhl;NlNrhth
7. --------------------- mjpfkhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ fy;yPuy; mow;rp Nehia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
m) mgpd; M) kJ ,) Gifapio <) Nfhnfa;d;
8.kNyupa xl;Lz;zpapd; ];NghNuhNrhapl; -------------- y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) Neha;j;njhw;wpa ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhRtpd; ckpo;ePu;
M) kNyupahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;
,) Neha;j;njhw;wpa kdpju;fspd; kz;zPuy; <) ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhRtpd; Fly;
9.gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; fPo;fhZk; epfo;Tfs; vq;F eilngWfpwJ.
m) fUTWjy; -

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M) ,dr;nry; cUthf;fk; -
,) ];NghNuhNrhapl;Lfs; ntspNaWjy; -
<) irN~hifdp –
10.ghuhNlhg; vd;gJ
m) khWgLk; gFjpfspy; cs;s vjpu;g;nghUs; ,izAk; gFjp
M) fdkhd gFjpfspy; cs;s vjpu;g;nghUs; ,izAk; gFjp
,) khWgLk; gFjpfspy; cs;s vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfs; ,izAk; gFjp
<) fdkhd gFjpfspy; cs;s vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfs; ,izAk; gFjp
11.xt;thikapy; njhlu;GilaJ
m) Ig E M) IgG ,) Ig <) Ig M
12.ntt;tW gFjpfSf;F Gw;WNeha; nry;fs; guTjy; - vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) Ntw;wplg;guty; M) Md;Nfh[Pd;fs;
,) GNuhl;Nlh – Md;Nfh[Pd;fs; <) khypf;dd;l; epNahg;shrk;
13.va;l;]; itu]py; fhzg;gLtJ
m)xw;iw ,io Mu;.vd;.V M) ,ul;il ,io Mu;.vd;.V
,) xw;iw ,io b.vd;.V <),ul;il ,io vb.d;.V
14.vjpu;g;nghUs;fis mjpf msT cw;gj;jp nra;J ntspapLk; B nry; tif ahJ?
m) epidthw;wy; nryfs; M)Ngrhgpy;fs; ,) gpsh];kh nry;fs; <) nfhy;yp

×jRL ®]ôôdLs
15.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy kdpj cWg;Gfspy; xU Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; xU ,uz;lhk; epiy epzePu;
cWg;ig milahsk; fz;L mjd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.
m) fy;yPuy; M)ijk]; ,)ijuha;L <)lhd;rpy;
1. ijk]; :
• ,J khu;ngYk;Gf;F gpd;Gwk; ,jaj;jpw;F Nky; mike;Js;sJ. ,J xU Kjy;epiy
epzePu;cWg;G MFk;. ijk]pypUe;J ikNkhrpd; vd;Dk; `hu;Nkhd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. T -
nry;fs; ijk]py; Kjpu;r;rp milfpd;wd ,it Neha; jilfhg;G jpwd; ngw;w nry;fshf
khWfpd;wd.
• lhd;rpy;: lhd;rpy; vd;gJ njhz;ilapd; gpd;Gwk; mike;Js;s nkd; jpR MFk;. ,J Xu;
,uz;lhk; epiy epzePu; cWg;G. ,it njhw;Wf;fSf;F vjpuhf NghuhLfpd;wd. njhz;ilapDs;
EioAk; ghf;Bupah kw;Wk; itu]; Nghd;w Ez; fpUkpfis jLf;fpwJ.

16.Nkf;NuhNg$;fs; rhu;e;j jiltifia $wp mjid tpsf;Ff?

 Kjpu;r;rpaile;j NkhNdhirl;Lfs; Nkf;NuhNg[;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,it ,ay;ghd Neha;j; jilf;fhg;G tifapy; nry; tpOq;Fjy; Kiwapy; Neha; fpUkpfis
mopf;fpd;wd.
17.,d;lu;/nguhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gq;fpidf; $Wf.
1) ,d;lu;/nguhd;fs; vd;git nry;fspy; itu]; vjpu;g;ig J}z;lf;$bait.
2) ,it itu]hy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nry;fshy; Ruf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it nry; tpOq;Fjy; Kiwapy;
Neha; fpUkpfis mopf;fpd;wJ.

18.tPf;fj;jpd; NghJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Ntjpa vr;rupf;if rkpf;iQfis gl;baypLf.

 fhaj;jhy; tPf;fk; Vw;gLk;NghJ mg;gFjpapy; nrul;Nlhdpd;> `p];likd; kw;Wk;
GNuh];Nlhfpshd;bd; Mfpa Ntjpg; nghUl;fs; Ruf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

19.kdpj clypy; Eioe;j gpwF nul;Nuhitu]; ,ul;bg;gilAk; nray;Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

 kdpj clypy; Eioe;j gpwF Nkf;NuhNg[; nry;fspy; Eioe;J jd;Dila Mu;.vd;.V kugZj;
njhFjpia uptu;]; buhd;];fpupg;Nl]; vDk; nehjpapd; cjtpahy; itu]pd; b.vd;.V thf khw;wpf;
nfhs;fpwJ.
 ,e;j itu]; b.vd;.V tpUe;Njhk;gp nry;fspd; b.vd;.V cld; ,ize;J njhw;W Vw;gl;l nry;fis
nry;fis itu]; Jfs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a itf;fpwJ ,jdhy; ,uj;jj;jpy; T pk;Nghirl;Lfs;
jhf;fg;gl;L Neha; vjpu;g;G rf;jp FiwfpwJ.

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20.,k;ANdhFNshGypd; (g) mikg;ig tptup?

1) vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfSf;F vjpuhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
Guj %yf;$WfNs vjpu;nghUl;fs; my;yJ
,k;ANdhFNshGypd; (g) vdg;gLk;.
2) Nghu;lu; kw;Wk; <ly;Nkd; MfpNahu; ,jd; mikg;ig
fz;lwpe;jdu;
3) ,it Y tbtk; cilaJ. ehd;F ghypngg;ilL
rq;fpypfisf; nfhz;lJ mtw;wpy; ,uz;L ePsk;
Fiwthdit ,uz;L ePsk; mjpfkhdit.
4) ghyp ngg;ilL rq;fpypfs; ilry;igL (-S-S) gpizg;ghy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
5) ,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fs; vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfis
jpupgilar; nra;jy;> tPo;gbthf;Fjy;>er;ir
rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w topfspy; Neha; fpUkpfis
mopf;Fk; gzpfis nra;fpd;wd.

21.,ay;G Neha;j;jilf;fhg;G kz;lyj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s nry;fs; ahit?

 NkhNdhirl;Lfs;>  epA+l;Nuhgpy;fs;>  Nkf;NuhNg[;fs; kw;Wk; /NgNfhirl;Lfs;.

22.jLg;G kUe;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

 xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neha;fF vjpuhf nray;gl;L ngwg;gl;l Neha;jilf; fhg;gpidj; juf;$ba
capupaj; jahupg;Ng jLg;G kUe;Jfs; vdg;gLk;.
 jLg;G kUe;Jfs; ekJ clYf;F itu]; kw;Wk ghf;BupahtpypUe;J jd;id vt;thW
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W fw;gpf;fpd;wd.
 jLg;G kUe;Jfspd; tiffs;:
1. Kjy; jiyKiw jLg;G kUe;Jfs; - ,it capUs;s jLg;G kUe;J> nfhy;yg;gl;l jLg;G>
Kwpe;j er;R jLg;G kUe;J vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. v.fh. jl;lk;ik> NghypNah> Kj;jLg;G
(DPT)
2. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw jLg;G kUe;Jfs; - ,it NehA+f;fpfspd; Gwg;gwg;G vjpu;g;nghUs;
J}z;bfis nfhz;lit. - v.fh.fy;yPuy; mow;rp B jLg;G kUe;J.
3. %d;whk;; jiyKiw jLg;G kUe;Jfs;: ,it nraw;ifahf jahupf;fg;gl;l J}a;ikahd Mw;wy;
kpf;f kUe;Jfs; MFk;. v.fh - b.vd;.V jLg;G kUe;J
23.vr;.I.tpahy; njhw;wpa xU egUf;F va;l;]; cs;sjh vd;gij vt;thW fz;lwptha;?
 vyprh (ELISA) Nrhjid kw;Wk; nt];ld; gpshl; Nrhjid %yk; va;l;]; cs;sjh vd;gij
fz;lwpayhk.;
1.vyprh Nrhjid: vr;.I.tp vjpu;g;nghUs; cs;sdth vd;gij fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ. ,J xU
Kjy; epiy NrhjidahFk;.
2.nt];ld; gpshl; Nrhjid: ,J kpfTk; ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;j cWjpg;gLj;Jk; NrhjidahFk;. ,J
itu]pd; ika Gujq;fis fz;lwpfpwJ.
24.Rajilfhg;G Neha; vd;gJ jpir khw;wg;gl;l jilfhg;G Jyq;fyhFk; - epahag;gLj;Jf.
 Ra jilfhg;G Neha; vd;gJ Ra kw;Wk; may; %yf;$Wfis gpupj;jwpa ,ayhj jd;ikapdhy;
Vw;gLk; Neha; MFk;.
 ekJ cly; Ra vjpu;g;G nghUl;fisAk; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhlhf;rpf; nry;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;J
ekJ jpRf;fis mopf;fpd;wd. ,J Neha;j;jd;ikahf ntspg;gl;L Ra jilfhg;G Nehahf
mwpagg;LfpwJ.

25.xU Nehahsp fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; FspUld; kUj;Jtkizapy; mDkjp;ffg;gLfpwhu;. kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs;

mtuJ ,uj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ld. cd;Dila fz;lwpjy; vd;d?
1. ,uj;jj;jpy; kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs; fhzg;gLtJ kNyupah Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; MFk;.
2. ,jdhy; Fspu; eLf;fk; kw;;Wk; mjpfkhd fha;r
; ;ry; Vw;gLk;.

26.m) ahidf;fhy; Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; ahidf;fhy; GOtpd; mwptpay; ngaiu vOJf.

M) ahidf;fhy; Nehapd; mwpFwpfis vOJf.
,) ,e;j Neha; vt;thW guTfpwJ.
m) ahidf;fhy; GOtpd; mwptpay; ngau; - cr;ruPupah ghd;fpuhg;b .

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M) ahidf;fhy; Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; - GOf;fspd; jpul;rpahy; epzePu; kz;lyj;jpy; milg;G>epzePu;

Kbr;rpfspy; tPf;fk;> rpyUf;F epzePu; ehsq;fspy; Vw;gLk; milg;gpd; fhuzkhf fhy;fs;>
tpijg;ig kw;Wk; ghy;Rug;gpfspy; tPf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
,) ,e;j Neha; vt;thW guTfpwJ - ngz; fpA+yf;]; nfhR %yk; ,e;Neha; guTfpwJ. ahidf;fhy;
Neha; ghjpg;G cs;s kdpjid fbj;j nfhR MNuhf;fakhd kdpjid fbg;gjd; %yk; ,J
guTfpwJ.

27.Nghij kUe;Jfs; kw;;Wk; kJ gof;fj;jpypUe;J tpyFk; NghJ Vw;gLk; tpyfy; mwpFwpfis

tupirg;gLj;Jf?
1. NghijkUe;J my;yJ kJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;tij jpBnud epWj;Jk;NghJ tpyfy; mwpFwpfs;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
2. Nyrhd eLf;fk;> typg;G> fLikahd fpsu;r;rp > kdmOjk; ftiy>
3. gjl;lk;> glglg;G> vupr;ry; J}f;fkpd;ik> njhz;il twl;rp Nghd;wit tpyfy; mwpFwpfs;
MFk;.

28.rhjhuz rspf;F vjpuhf jLg;G kUe;ij cw;gj;jp nra;a KbahjJ Vd;?

 rhjhuz rsp upNdh itu]hy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J 150f;F mjpfkhf itu];fshy; Vw;gLtjhy;
,jw;F jLg;G kUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbatpy;iy.
 NkYk; mitfspd; [PNdhk; njhlu;e;J jpBu; khw;wq;fshy; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.

29.njhz;il milg;ghd; kw;Wk; ilgha;L Mfpatw;wpd; Neha;f;fhuzpfs; guTk; Kiw kw;Wk;

mwpFwpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

Neha;fs; Neha;f;fhuzp Neha; njhw;Wk; gFjp guTk; Kiw mwpFwpfs;

Bg;jpupah Nfhupdpghf;Bupak; Fuytis>Njhy; ePu;j;jptiyfs; fha;r;ry;>njhz;iltyp
bg;jPupNa Rthrg;ghij topahf guTfpwJ Rthrpj;jy; FiwghL
il/gha;L rhy;Nkhdy;yh Fly; kyf;fopT fye;j jiytyp>fha;r;ry;
il/gp czT kw;W tapw;WNghf;F

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1.njhw;W Neha;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
 xU eguplkpUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;F guTk; Neha;fs; njhw;W Neha;fs; my;yJ guTk; Neha;fs;
vdg;gLk;. v.fh – va;l;];>glu;jhkiu

2.njhw;wh Neha;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 Neha; njhw;wpa eguplkpUe;J MNuhf;fpakhd egUf;F guthj Neha;fs; njhw;wh Neha;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh - %l;Ltyp>khuilg;G>gf;fthjk;
.3.ilgha;L fha;r;riy vt;thW cWjp nra;tha;?
 ittly; Nrhjid %yk; ilgha;L fha;r;riy cWjp nra;ayhk;.

4.gd;wpf; fha;r;ry; vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.? mjd; mwpFwpfis vOJ.

 H1N1 itu]; %yk; ,e;Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: fha;r;ry;> ,Uky;> njhz;iltyp> Fspu;> cly; typ Nghd;wit.

5.epgh itu]; vd;gJ vd;d? (m) #Ndhbf; itu]; vd;gJ vd;d? Xu; cjhuzk; vOJ.
 epgh itu]; vd;gJ tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J kdpjDf;F gutf;$ba #Ndhbf; itu]; MFk;.
 ,J njhw;W fye;j cztpd; %yk; guTfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: RthrNeha; kw;Wk; %is tPf;f Neha; Nghd;wit.

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6.nghJthf kdpju;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Neha;fs;.

7.. kdpju;fSf;F ghf;Bupahf;fshy; cz;lhFk; Neha;fs; ahit?

8.mkPgpahrp]; vd;gJ vd;d? mjd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?

 mkPgpahrp]; vd;gJ vz;lkPgh `p];;lypbfh vd;Dk; GNuhl;NlhNrhthtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;
,e;Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; tapw;;Wtyp> rPjNjp Mfpait.

9.Mg;upf;f J}f;f tpahjp vd;gJ vd;d?

 Mg;upf;f J}f;f tpahjp vd;gJ bupg;dNrhkh rpw;wpdq;fshy; Vw;gLk; Neha; MFk;. nrl;rp vd;w
,uj;j cwpQ;rp <f;fshy; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

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10.fhyh-mrhu; vd;gJ vd;d?mjd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?

➢ yP\];Nkdpah Nlhdhthdp vd;Dk; xl;Lz;zpahy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
➢ ,jdhy; vYk;G k$;i$; kw;Wk; kz;zPuy; fy;yPuy; Mfpatw;wpy; njhw;W Vw;gLfpwJ.
mwpFwpfs;: vilFiwjy;> ,uj;jNrhif> fha;r;ry;> fy;yPuy; kz;dPuy; tPf;fk; Nghd;wit.

11.kNyupah vd;gJ vd;d? mjd; mwpFwpfs; ahit? jLg;G Kiwfis vOJf.

 kNyupah vd;gJ gpsh];Nkhbak; vd;Dk; xl;Lz;zpahy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J mdhgpy]; ngz;
nfhR %yk; guTfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: jiytyp> Fspu;> eLf;fk> mjpfg;gbahd fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; tpau;j;jy; Mfpait.
 kNyupahit jLf;Fk; Kiwfs;: nfhR fbia jtpu;j;jy;. ePu;gug;gpd; kPJ vz;nza; njspj;J
yhu;thf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. fhk;G+rpah Nghd;w nfhRf;fspd; ,sk; capupfis cz;Zk;
kPd;fis tsu;j;jy;;. kNyupah jLg;G+rpahd RTS k];Fupf;]; gad;gLj;jp jLf;fyhk;.

12. Neha;j;jilfhg;G tiffs; ahit?

(m) Neha;j; jilfhg;G tiffSf;fhd
fUj;J tiuglk; tiuf.

13.nrayhf;f kw;Wk; ke;jkhd Neha;j;jilfhg;GfSf;fpilNaahd NtWghLfs; ahit?

nrayhf;f Neha;j;jilf;fhg;G ke;;jkhd Neha;j;jilf;fhg;gG

1.jilfhg;G nghUl;fs; tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; jilfhg;G nghUl;fs; ngwg;gLfpwJ.

clypy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2.mjpf ghJfhg;ig jUfpwJ. Fiwe;j ghJfhg;ig jUfpwJ.

3.Neha; jilfhg;G epidthw;wy; cz;L Neha; jilfhg;G epidthw;wy; ,y;iy

4.rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;F gpwFjhd; nray;jpwd; ngWk; cldbahf nrayjpwd; ngWk;

14.`Pkl;Nlh gahrp]; vd;why; vd;d?

vYk;G k$;irapy; ,uj;j nry;fs; cUthFk; Kiwf;F `Pkl;Nlh gahrp]; vd;W ngau;.

15.vgpNlhg; >ghuhNlhg; NtWgLj;Jf

vgpNlhg; ghuhNlhg;

1.vjpu;nghUs; J}z;bapd; nray;kpF gFjp vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;b gpidAk; gFjp

2.,it vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bap;d; epu;zaf; vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;Wld;
$WfshFk; gpidfpd;wd.
16.xt;thik vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. (m) xt;thik vd;why; vd;d?
 Rw;WGwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy Neha; vjpu;g;G J}z;bfis ekJ cly; vjp;un ; fhs;Sk;NghJ ekJ
jilf;fhg;G kz;lyk; kpif Jyq;fis Vw;gLj;JtJ xt;thik vdg;gLk;.
 Jk;ky;> fha;r;ry;> kw;Wk; M];Jkh Mfpait xt;thikf;F v.fh MFk;.

17.(AIDS) va;l;]; vd;gJ vd;d? mJ vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ?

1.ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jilfhg;G FiwT rpz;l;Nuhk; (Aquired Immuno deficiency Syndrome)
2. ,J HIV itu]hy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j itu]; cjtp T nry;fspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
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18.nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghijkUe;Jfs; rpytw;iw $W.

• X/gpaha;Lfs;> Nfdgpdhha;Lfs;> Nfhfh – my;fyha;Lfs;> ghu;gpRNul;Lfs;
• Mk;/gplikd;fs; kw;Wk; vy;.v];.b Mfpait.
19.Nfdgpdha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
 Nfdgpdha;Lfs; vd;git xU Nghijg;nghUs;.
 ,it Nfdhgp]; rilth vd;w rzy; nrbapypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.
 kup[Pthdh>fQ;rh>`rp]; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Kf;fpa %yhjukhf Nfdgpdha;Lfs; cs;sd.
 ,it ika euk;G kz;lyj;ij J}z;b mjpf Mw;wy; kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rp czu;it Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
20.nkl;lh];lhrp]; vd;gJ vd;d?
1.Gw;WNeha; fl;bfs; clypd; kw;w ghfq;fSf;Fk; gutp ,uz;lhk; epiy fl;bfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd
2.,jw;F Ntw;wpl guty; my;yJ nkl;lh];lhrp]; vdWngau;.

20.epzePu; Kbr;R glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwp.

21.khu;gpd; vd;gJ vd;d?

1. khu;gpd;; vdgJ mWit rpfpr;irapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
2. typ ePf;fp kUe;jhFk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; Nghij kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ
22.kJit tiuaiwapd;wp gad;gLj;JNthiu jLf;f cjTk; Kiwfis gl;baypL.
1. ez;gu;fspd; mOj;jj;ij jpwikahf ifahOjy;
2. ngw;Nwhu;fspd; cjtpia ehLjy;
3. fy;tp kw;Wk; MNyhrid
4. njhopy; Kiw kw;Wk; kUj;Jt cjtpia ehLjy;

23.kdeyd; - kd mOj;jk; NtWgLj;J.

kdeyd; kd mOj;jk;
kdeyd; vd;gJ RakupahijAld; $ba ey;y Kd mOj;jk; vd;gJ nghJthd kd eyf;
kd epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; FiwghL MFk;.
24.clw;gapw;rpapd; ed;ikfis vOJ.
1. Rakupahijia mjpfupf;Fk;. 2. jd;dk;gpf;ifia Nkk;gLj;Jk;
3.mjpfhu czu;it cUthf;Fk;. 4. r%f njhlu;Gfs; kw;Wk; cwT Kiwfis Nkk;gLj;Jk;.
5- kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. (HIV) vr;.I.tp apd; mikg;ig tptup?
1. vr;.I.tp itu]; nyd;b itu]; Ngupdj;ij rhu;e;jJ.
2. ,J Nfhstbtk; nfhz;lJ ,ij kpd;dD
Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; kl;LNk ghu;f;f KbAk;.
3. Nky; ciwapy; gp41 kw;Wk; gp120 vd;w fpisf;Nfh
Guj Ez;;Kl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. ,jd; ikaj;jpy; ,uz;L ngupa xw;iw ,io
Mu;.vd;.Vf;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j Mu;.vd;.V f;fspy;
uptu;]; buhd;];fpug;Nl]; nehjp ,ize;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ>
5. ikag;gFjp Nfg;rpl; vd;w ciwahy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.

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2.Kjy;epiy jilfhg;G Jyq;fy; ,uz;lhk; epiy jilfhg;Gj; Jyq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghLfis

vOJ?
Kjy;epiy jilfhg;G Jyq;fy; ,uz;lhk; epiy jilfhg;Gj; Jyq;fs;
1.vjpu;nghUs; J}z;b Kjy;Kiwapy; Neha;j; 1.vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;b ,uz;lhtJ Kiw Neha;j;
jilfhg;G mikg;Gld; njhlu;Gnfhs;tjhy; jilf;fhg;G mikg;Gld; njhlu;G nfhs;tjhy;
cUthfpd;wd. cUthfpd;wd.
2.vjpu;nghUl;fspd; nrwpT 7 Kjy; 10 2.vjpu;nghUl;fspd; nrwpT 3 Kjy; 5 ehl;fspy;
ehl;fspy; cr;r epiyia milfpwJ. cr;r epiyia milfpwJ.
3.Neha;j;jilf;fhg;G cUthf ePz;l Neuk; 3.Neha;j;jilf;fhg;G cUthf Fiwe;j Neuk; Njit
Njit
4.epzePu; Kbr;Rfs; kw;Wk; kz;zPuyhy; 4.vYk;G k$;i$;> epzePu; Kbr;Rfs; kw;Wk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ. kz;zPuyhy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.

3.gpsh];Nhbaj;jpd; tho;f;if Row;rpia tptup?

➢ gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;]; ,U tpUe;Njhk;gpfisf; nfhz;l capup MFk;.
➢ Kjd;ik tpUe;Njhk;gpahf ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhRTk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tpUe;Njhk;gpahf
kdpjDk; cs;sdu.;
➢ gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; tho;if Row;rpapy; irNrhifdp> NfNkhifdp> ];igNuhifdp vd;w %d;W
epiyfs; cs;sd.

4.ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jilfhg;G vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?

 Xu; capupdk; gpwe;j gpwF jd; tho;ehspy; ngWk; Neha;j;jilfhg;G ngwg;gl;l
Neha;j;jilfhg;G vdg;gLk.; ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ez;fpUkpf;F vjpuhd vjpu;g;G rf;jpia
jUfpwJ.
 ,J nrayhf;f Neha;jilf;fhg;G kw;Wk; ke;jkhd Neha;jilf;fhg;G vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
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1. nrayhf;f Neha;jilf;fhg;G:
clypy; vjpu;nghUis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; Neha;j;jilfhg;Gj; jpwd; nrayhf;f
Neha;j;jilfhg;ghFk;. ,J Neha;j;njhw;W my;yJ jLg;G+rp NghLtjd; %yk; cUthfpwJ.
2.ke;jkhd Neha;jilf;fhg;G:
clypy; vjpu;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy Gwr;#oypypUe;J vjpu;nghUl;fs;
capUf;Fs; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ke;j Neha;j;jilfghg;G ngwg;gLfpwJ.

5.,aw;ifahd Neha;j;jilfhg;G vd;why; vd;d?

(m) xUtUf;F ,aw;ifahfNt Neha;jjilfhg;G cs;sjh cd;Dila fUj;ij vOJ?
 capupdq;fspy; ,aw;ifahfNt Neha;fSf;F vjpuhf jLg;ghw;wy; ngw;Ws;sd ,J
,aw;ifahd Neha;j;jilfhg;G vdg;gLk;. xt;nthU capupAk; gpwtpapypUe;Nj ,e;j Mw;wiy
ngw;Ws;sd.
 ,J gy Ez;ZapupfSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLfpwJ. ,aw;ifahfNt jhaplkpUe;J Nra;f;F
Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy; fpilf;fpwJ.

6.,ay;ghdnry;fSf;Fk; Gw;WNeha; nry;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?

,ay;ghd nry;fs; Gw;W Neha; nry;fs;

1.,it rpwpait xNukhjpupahdit mjpf ,it ngupait khWgl;l tbtk; cilait

irl;Nlhgpshrk; nfhz;lit Fiwe;j irl;Nlhgpshrk; nfhz;lit

2.nry;ypd; msT kw;Wk; tbtk; xNukhjpupahit nry;ypd; msT kw;Wk; tbtk; NtWgl;lit
3.gpsTUk; nry;fspd; msT FiwT gpsTUk; nry;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk;

7.kNyupahtpd; tiffs; ahit?

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8.kdpj itu]; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; guTk; Kiwfis vOJf.

t. Neha;j;
Neha;fs; Neha;f;fhuzp guTk; Kiw mwpFwpfs;
vz; njhw;Wk; gFjp
%f;filg;G>Nfhio
rhjhuz rsp Rthrg;ghij ePu;j;
1 iuNdhiut]; ntspNaWjy;>jiytyp
(common cold) jptiyfs;
,Uky;
Gl;lhsk;ik
ckpopePu;
(nghd;Df;F Nkyz;z Rug;gpapy;
2. kk;]; itu]; ckpopePu; Rug;gp kw;Wk;
tPq;fp) tPf;fk; cz;lhFk;.
ePu;j;jptiyfs;
(Mums)
,Uky;>fha;r;ry;>Njhypy;
jl;lk;ik Njhy; kw;Wk;
3. Ungy;yh itu]; ePu;j;jptiyfs; rptg;G epw jbg;Gfs;
(Measles) Rthrg;ghij
Vw;gLjy;
fy;yPuy; rpijT>kQ;rs;;
n`g;ghill;b];- ngw;Nwhu; top>
fy;yPuy; mow;rp fhkhiy>Fkl;ly;
4. fy;yPuy; ,uj;j
(Viral Hepatitis) B itu]; kQ;rs;epw
gupkhw;wk;
fz;fs;>fha;r;ry;
Rthrg;ghij>
Ntupnry;yh ePu;j;jptiyfs; fha;r;ry;>Njhy; mup;g;G
rpd;dk;ik Njhy;
5. N]h];lu; kw;Wk; Neub Njhypy; nfhg;Gsk;
(Chicken pox) kw;Wk; euk;G
itu]; njhlu;G Njhd;Wjy;
kz;lyk;
,sk;gps;is
Fly;>%is> ePu;j;jptiyfs; fha;r;ry;>jirtPf;fk;
6. thjk; NghypNahitu];
jz;Ltk; kyj;njhw;W gf;fthjk;
(Polio)
mjpffha;r;ry;>
nlq;F fha;r;ry; Vb]; V[pg;b
7. nlq;F itu]; Njhy;> ,uj;jk; jiytyp>
(Dengue fever) nfhRf;fs;
%l;Ltyp
Rpf;Fd; Fdpah Vb]; V[pg;b fha;r;ry;>%l;Ltyp>
8. My;/gh itu]; euk;G kz;lyk;
(Chickun gunya) nfhRf;fs; jiytyp>%l;L tPf;fk;

9.vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;b kw;Wk; vjpu;g;nghUs; tpidfspd; tiffs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJ.

 tPo;gbthf;f tpid:(precipitin reaction) fiuaf;$ba vjpu;;nghUs; J}z;b kw;Wk; vjpu;g;nghUs;
Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa tpidfs; %yk; tPo;gbT cUthfpwJ.,J tPo;gbtf;f tpid vdg;gLk;.
 jpul;rp miljy; (Agglutination) xU Jfs; jd;ik nfhz;l vjpu;nghUs; J}z;b vjpu;nghUSld;
tpidGupAk; NghJ vjpu;nghUs; J}z;bfs; jpupgilfpd;wd. ,J jpul;rp tpid my;yJ
jpupgiljy; tpid vdg;gLk;.
 Nky;G+r;rhf;fk;:(Opsonisation) NehA+f;fpfis Nky;G+r;rhf;fp vDk; nghUshy; %b milahskpl;L
Neha;jilf;fhg;gG nry;fs; mtw;iw mopf;fpd;wd. Nky; G+r;rhf;f Kiwapy; Nky; G+r;rhf;fp
vdg;gLk; vjpu;g;nghUs; NehA+f;fpapd; nry; rt;tpy; cs;s czu; Ntw;gpAld; gpizfpd;wJ.
gpizg;G Vw;gl;lTld; tpOq;Fnry; NehA+f;fpia nry; tpOq;Fjy; Kiwapy; mopf;fpd;wd.
 eLepiyahf;fk; (Neutralization) ,jpy; ghf;Bupah kw;Wk; itu]; Mfpatw;wpd; Gwer;Rfs;
Fwpg;gpl;l vjpu;;g;nghUl;fs; %yk; nraypof;f nra;J ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd.eLeiyahf;fj;jpy
vjpu;nghUl;fs; er;R vjpu;nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

10.NtWgLj;J – vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfs; (Antigens)> vjpu;g;nghUs;fs; (Antibodies)

vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfs; (Antigens) vjpu;g;nghUs;fs; (Antibodies)

1. fz;Lgpbf;f $ba jilfhg;G J}z;bfSf;F vjpuhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;

Jyq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; ngupa rpf;fyhd Guj %yf;$Wfs; MFk;.
%yf;$W MFk;.
2. ,it xU Fwpg;gpl;l vjpu;;nghUSld; ,it xU Fwpg;gpl;l vjpu;g;nghUs;
tpidGupAk; jd;ik cilait. J}z;bAld; kl;LNk tpidGupAk; jd;ik
cilait.

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11.Nky;G+r;rhf;fk; (Opsonisation) vd;why; vd;d? (m) Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l xl;Ljy; vd;why; vd;d?

 NehA+f;fpfis Nky;G+r;rhf;fp vDk; nghUshy; %b milahskpl;L Neha;jilfhg;G nry;fs;
mtw;iw mopf;fpd;wd. ,J Nky;G+r;rhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 Nky; G+r;rhf;f Kiwapy; Nky; G+r;rhf;fp vdg;gLk; vjpu;g;nghUs; NehA+f;fpapd; nry; rt;tpy;
cs;s czu; Ntw;gpAld; gpizfpd;wJ.
 gpizg;G Vw;gl;lTld; tpOq;Fnry; NehA+f;fpia milahsk; fz;L nry; tpOq;Fjy; Kiwapy;
mopf;fpd;wd.

12.Nghij kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; kJtpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?

 Nghij kw;Wk; kJ mUe;jpaTld; Fiw kaf;f epiyia milfpd;wdu;
 kfpo;rr
; p czu;T> elj;ijapy; khw;wk;> cwf;fk; kw;Wk; the;jp Mfpa tpisTfs; Vw;gLk;.
 mjpfkhf Fbj;jy; kw;Wk; Nghijg;nghUs; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fy;yPuy;> %is ghjpg;G
cz;lhFk;.
 tpliyg;gUt fhyj;jpy; kJ mUe;Jjy; ePz;l fhy tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;
 mjpf msT kJ mUe;jpdhy; fy;yPuy; nry;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L fy;yPuypy; tL cUthfpwJ
,jw;F fy;yPuy; rpijT Neha; vd;W ngau;.

13.,ay;ghd Neha;j;jilfhg;gpd; tiffs; kw;Wk; nray;gLk; Kiwfis vOJf.

,ay;G Neha;j;jil fhg;G
nray;gLk; Kiwfs;
tiffs;
cly; mikg;G rhu;e;j jilfs;
1.Njhy; clypd; cs;Ns EioAk; Ez;Zapupfis jLf;fpwJ.
2.Nfhiog;glyk; Nfhioapy; may; nghUl;fs; rpf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd
cly; nraypay; rhu;e;j jilfs;
3.cly; ntg;gepiy ,ay;ghd ntg;gepiy Ez;fpUkpfspd; tsu;r;rpia
jilnra;fpwJ.
4. Fiwe;j PH tapw;wpy; Ruf;Fk; HCI mkpyk; ek; czTld; Nru;e;J tUk;
Ez;Zapupfis mopf;fpwJ.
5.Ntjpa eLtu;fs; iyNrhirk; ghf;Bupah vjpu;g;G nghUshd ,it ghf;Bupahtpd;
nry;Rtiu jfu;fpwJ. ,d;lu;nghuhd;fs; njhw;wpy;yh nry;fspy;
itu]; vjpu;g;ig J}z;Lfpd;wd.
6.nry; tpOq;Fjy; rhu;e;j rpwg;G tha;e;j nry;fshd NkhNdhirl;Lfs;> Nkf;Nuh/Ng$;;fs;
jilfs; Nghd;wit Ez;Zapupfis KOikahf tpOq;fp mtw;iw
nrupf;fpd;wd.

14.ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; - Fwpg;G tiuf.

(m) B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;> T- ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; vd;gJ vd;d?

 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspy; 20-30% ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.,it ,uz;L tifg;gLk;

B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; Typk;Nghirl;Lfs;.
B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
 B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; vYk;G k[;i[apy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,it vYk;G k[;i[apy; jq;fp tsu;e;J
tsu;e;J Kjpu;e;j B ypk;Nghirl;Lfshf khWfpd;wd.gpd;du; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; %yk; clnyq;Fk;
Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
 B nry;fspd; Gwg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w czu;Ntw;gpfs; vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfSld;
,ize;jTld; B nry;fs; J}z;lg;gl;L ngUf;fkile;J gpsh];kh nry;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wd.
 gpsh];kh nry;fs; vjpu;g;nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.
T- ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;.:
 T- ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; vYk;Gk[;i[apy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.,it vYk;G k[;i[apypUe;J ntspNawp
ijki] mile;J Kjpu;r;rpailfpwJ.
 T- ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; vjpu;g;nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy;iy vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;bfs;
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jk; NehA+f;fp nry;fis milahsk; fz;L mopf;fpd;wd.
 T nry;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; cjtp T – nry;fs;> nfhy;yp T – nry;fs;

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

1-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. fPo;fz;l ve;j Ez;Zapup njhopw;rhiyyfspy; rpl;upf; mkpu cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpd;wJ?
m) yhf;NlhNgrpy;y]; gy;fhupf]; M) ngdprpypak; rpw;wpdk;
,) M];gu;[py;y]; ie[u; <) iurhg]; ief;upfd;];
2. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; ve;j ,iz mtw;why; cUthf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fSld; rupahf nghUe;jpAs;sJ?
m) mrl;Nlhghf;lu; mnrl;b – capu; vjpu;g;ngUs; M)nkj;jNdhghf;Bupak; - yhf;bf; mkpyk;
,) ngdprpypak; nehNll;lk; - mrpl;bf;mkpyk; <) rhf;Nuhiknr]; nru;tprpNa – vj;jdhy;
3. tbrhiyfspy; vj;jdhy; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLk; nghJhd jsg;ngHUs;
m) Nrhah khT M) epyf;fliy ,) fUk;ghiyf; fopTfs; <) Nrhs khT
4. irf;Nsh];Nghupd; - vd;w Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy; xLf;F kUe;J vjpypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ?
m) m];gu;[py;y]; ie[u; M) kdh];f]; gu;G+upa];
,)ngdprpypak; nehNll;lk; <) biuNfhnlu;kh ghyp];Nghuk;
5. fhu;gd; il Mf;i]il ntspaplhj epfo;tpid Nju;e;NjL
m) My;f`hypf; nehjp;j;jy; M) yhf;Nll; nehjpj;jy;
,) tpyq;Ffspy; eilngWk; fhw;Wr; Rthrk; <) jhutuq;fspy; eilngWk; fhw;Wr; Rthrk;
6. fopT ePiu capupa rj;jpfupg;G nra;tjd; Nehf;fk;
m) capupa Mf;rp[d; Njitia Fiwj;jy; M) capupa Mf;rp[d; Njitia mjpfupj;jy;
,)gbthjiy Fiwj;jy; <)gbthjiy mjpfupj;jy;

7. fhw;ww;w frL nrupg;ghdpy; cw;gj;jp nr;ag;gLk; thAf;fs;

m) kPj;Njd;>Mf;rp[d; kw;Wk; i`l;u[d;ry;igL M) i`l;u[d;ry;igL> kPj;Njd; kw;Wk; ry;gu;il
Mf;i]L ,) i`l;u[d;ry;igL>iel;u[d; kw;Wk; kPj;Njd;
<) kPj;Njd;> i`l;u[d;ry;igL kw;Wk; fhu;gd;ilMf;i]

×jRL ®]ôdLs
8.ghy; vt;thW japuhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ ? japu; cUthFk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
 ghypy; tsUk; Nyf;bf; mkpy ghf;Bupahf;fs; ghypy; cs;s ghy; Gujj;jij nrupj;J Nfrpd;
vDk; japuhf khw;WfpwJ.
 J}a ghypy; ciw Nru;f;Fk; NghJ mjpy; cs;s Nyf;NlhNgrpy;y]; ghf;Bupahf;fs; jFe;j
ntg;gepiyapy; ghiy jauhf khw;WfpwJ.

9..Ez;Zapupfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; capupa nray;jpwDs;s %yf;$Wfs; ,uz;bidAk;

mtw;wpd; gad;fisAk; $W?
1.ngd;rpypd; : ,J ngdprpypak; nehl;Nllk; vDk; G+Q;irapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.,J ghf;Bupah
nfhy;ypahf nray;gl;L ghf;Bupahtpd; nry;Rtu; cw;gj;jpia jLf;fpwJ.
2.];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;: ,J ghf;BupahtpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.fpuhk; ghrpbt; kw;Wk; fpuhk; nefbt; tif
ghf;Bupahf;fSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLk; kUe;J MFk;.
10.gpd;tUk; nrhw;nwhlu;fis tiuaWf;fTk;.
m) capu; vjpu;g;nghUs;
M) #g;gu; gf;
,) irkhy$p
m) capu; vjpu;g;nghUs; :
 capu; vjpu;g;nghUs; vd;git Ez;Zapupfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fs;; MFk;.
 ,it Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; Ez;Zapupfisf; nfhy;;Yk;. v.fh – ngdprpypd;
M) #g;gu; gf;:
 gy; NtW capu; vjpu;nghUl;fSf;F vjpu;g;Gj;jpwd;; ngw;w ghf;Bupaj; jpupGfis #g;gu; gf;
vd;fpNwhk;.

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,) irkhy$p:
 nehjpj;jypd; capu;Ntjpay; nray;ghLfisAk; mjd; gad;fisg; gw;wpAk; gbf;Fk;
mwptpay; irkhy[p vdg;gLk;.
11.fPo;fz;ltw;wpf;F Fwpg;ngoJf.
m)G&aupd; <];l;
M),bNahdy;yh rhf;ifad;rp];
,)Ez;Zapupa vupnghUs; fyd;fs;

m) G&aupd; <];l;:
➢ rf;fhNuhiknr]; nruptprpNa nghJthf G&aupd; <];l; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ij
gad;gLj;jp khT epiwe;j jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gourk; Nghd;wtw;iw nehjpf;fr; nra;J
gy;NtW kJ ghd tiffs cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
M) ,bNahdy;yh rhf;ifad;rp];:
➢ ,it PET nefpopfis kWRow;rp nra;a gad;gLjjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ghf;Bupahf;fs;
nehjpfspd; JizAld; nefpopfis rpijf;fpd;wJ.
,) Ez;Zapupa vupnghUs; fyd;fs;: (MFC)
➢ ,J ghf;Bupaq;fis gad;gLj;jp kpd;rhuk; ngWk; capupa kpd; Ntjpay; Kiw MFk;. fupk
%yf;$Wfis Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; xLf;f tpidfSf;F Ml;gLj;j ghf;Bupaq;fis
mDkjpg;gjd; %yk; Ez;Zapupa vupnghUs; fyd; ,aq;FfpwJ.
12.fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspy; capupa thA cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fspd; gad;fis vOJf.
(my;yJ) capupthA (Biogas) vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fs; ahit?
➢ Mf;rp[dw;w #oypy; fupkg; nghUl;fis rpijtilar; nra;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; gy
thAf;fspd; fyitNa caup thA vdg;gLk;.
➢ tptrhaf;fopTfs;> efuhl;rp fopTfs;> jhtufopTfs;> czTf;fopTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
%yg;nghUshf nfhz;L capup thA cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
➢ capupthAtpy; kPj;Njd;> fhu;gd;il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; i`l;u[d; Mfpait cs;sd.
capup thAtpd; gad;fs;: xspA+l;lYf;Fk;> rikg;gjw;Fk; capupthA gad;gLfpwJ.

13. capu; vjpu;g;nghUs; vjpu;g;Gj;jpwd; vg;nghOJ cUthfpwJ.

❖ ghf;Bupahit nfhy;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l capu; vjpu;nghUis typik ,of;fr; nra;Ak;
jpwid ghf;Bupah ngWk;NghJ capu; vjpu;g;nghUs; vjpu;g;Gj;jpwd; cUthfpwJ.
❖ capu; vjpu;nghUSf;fhd vjpu;g;G jd;ikia ghf;Bupah ngw;Wtpl;lhy; capu; vjpu;g;nghUl;fshy;
ghf;Bupahit vjpu;j;J nray;gl KbahJ vdNt ghf;Bupah jd;id ngUf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

14. njhopy; Jiw My;j`hy; vd;gJ vd;d? (m) vj;jdhy; jahupjjy; Kiwia tptup?
 vj;jpy; My;f`hy; vj;jdhy; (C2H5OH) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 vj;jpy; My;f`hy; njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; Ma;tfq;fspy; gad;gLtNjhL vup nghUshfTk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 vdNt vj;jdhy; ‘njhopy; Jiw My;j`hy;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
vj;jdhy; jahupj;jy; :
 vj;jdhy; cw;gj;jpapy; rhf;fNuhiknr]; nru;tprpNa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 njhopy; Jiw My;f`hypd; tzpf uPjpahd cw;gj;jpf;F Kf;fpa jsg;nghUshf ru;f;fiu
Miyf; fopT> cUisf;fpoq;F kw;Wk; kuf;fopTfs; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
 vj;jdhy; jahupj;jypy; Kjypy; jsg;nghUs; miuf;fg;gl;L mjpy; mikNy]; nehjp
Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ];lhu;r;ir rpijj;J nehjpf;ff;$ba ru;f;fiuahf khw;WfpwJ.
 ,jDld; <];l; Nru;f;fg;gl;L ru;f;fiuahdJ vj;jdhyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.

C6H12O6→ 2 C2H5OH+2CO2

15.capupaj; jPu;T vd;why; vd;d?

 ,aw;ifahd cs;s my;yJ kugpay; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l Ez;Zapupfisf; nfhz;L khR
gLj;jfis Fiwg;gJk; mopg;gJk; capupaj; jPu;T vdg;gLk;.
 ,jpy; nryT FiwT kw;Wk; mjpf epiyg;G jd;ik cilaJ.
 ,J ,uz;L tifg;glk; 1.thopl cs; capupaj;jPu;T> 2.thopl ntsp capupaj;jPu;T.
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áÓRp ®]ôdLs (2.3 marks)

1.gpup igNahbf; vd;why; vdd?

 ehu;rj;jpy; cs;s $l;Lg; nghUl;fSf;F gpupigNahbf; vd;W ngau;.
 ,it ed;ik jUk; Ez;Zapupfspd; tsu;r;rpia mjpfupf;fpd;wd.

2.GNuhigNahbf; vd;why; vd;d?

 gad;jUk; Ez;ZapufSf;F GNuhigNahbf; vd;W ngau;.
 ,tw;iw cz;gjhy; Flypy; thOk; Ez;Zapupfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.

3.xw;iw nry; Gujk; (SCP) vd;why; vd;d? (m) xw;iw nry; Gujj;jpd gad;fs; ,uz;bid vOJ.
 Xw;iw nry; Gujk; vd;git cz;zj;jFe;j xU nry; Ez;Zapupfs; MFk;
 ,it Gujj;jpw;F khw;W czthf gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,it kdpju;fs; cz;gjw;Fk; fhy;eilj; jPtdkhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh-];igUypdh

4.capup vjpu;g;nghUs;fs; vd;git vit? (M) capupf;F vjpuhdit vd;gJ vd;d?

 capup vjpu;g;nghUs; vdgit Ez;Zapupfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; MFk;.
 ,J Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; gpw Ez;Zapupfspd; tsu;r;rpia jLf;fNth my;yJ nfhy;yNth
nra;Ak;;.

5.kUe;Jfspd; ,uhzp vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ vJ?mij fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ahu;?

 ngdprpypd; kUe;Jfspd; ,uhzp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;w
G+Q;irapypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.mnyf;rhd;lu; /gpskpq; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
6.irkhy[p <dhy[p NtWgLj;Jf.
 irkhy[p: nehjpj;jypd; capu; Ntjpay; nray;Kiwfisg; gw;wp gbg;gJ irkhy[p vdg;gLk;.
 <dhy[p : xapd; kw;Wk; xapd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiwfisg; gw;wp gbg;gJ <dhy[p dg;gLk;.
7.gNahBry; vd;why; vd;d?
➢ jhtu vz;inza;> nfhOg;G my;yJ caT fspk;Gfspypy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gLk; nghUs;
gNahBry; vdg;gLk;.
➢ ,J er;R jd;ikaw;w capupa rpijtpw;F cl;glf;$bait. Fiwe;j msT khRgLjpfisf;
nfhz;l vupnghUshFk;. v.fh – fhl;lhkzf;F> Gq;fd;.
8.nkj;jNdhn[d;]; vd;gJ vd;d?
1.kPj;Njid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ghf;Bupahf;fs; nkj;jNdhn[d;]; vdg;gLk;.
2.nkj;jNdhn[d;]; Md;]p[dw;w frLfspYk; kw;Wk; fhy;eilfspd; ,iug;igapYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
9. ‘#g;gu; gf;’; vd;why;; vd;d?
 gy;NtW capu; vjpu;nghUl;fSf;F vjpu;g;Gj; jpwd; ngw;w ghf;Bupaj; jpupGfis
 #g;gu; gf; vd;wiof;fpNwhk;.
10. capup thA vd;gJ vd;d? (m) Biogas – vd;gJ vd;d?
⬧ Mf;rp[dw;w #oypy; fupk nghUl;fis rpijtilar nra;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; gy
thAf;fspd; fyitNa capup thA vdg;gLk;.
⬧ tptrha fopTfs;> fhy;eil fopTfs;> jhtuf; fopTfis gad;gLj;jp capup thA
jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
⬧ xspA+l;lYf;Fk; rikg;gjw;Fk; capupthA gad;gLfpwJ.

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5-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.capupaj;jPu;tpy; Ez;Zapupfspd; gq;F ahJ?
 fhw;wpid Rthrpf;Fk; Ez;Zapupfs; Mf;rp[d; Kd;dpiyapy; khRf;fis rpijf;fpd;wd.
 #NlhNkhd]; Gl;blh vd;gJ kuGg; ngwpapay; Kiwapy; khw;wg;gl;l Ez;Zapup MFk;.,J
vz;iz frpTfspy; cs;s i`l;Nuhfhu;gd;fis rpijf;fpwJ.
 jw;NghJ nefpopfis kW Row;rp nra;Ak; gzpapy; ,bNahndy;yh rhf;ifad;rp];
gad;gLfpwJ.
 fhw;ww;w epiyapy thOk; ngdpNuhNfl; fpiuNrhNghhpak; vd;w G+Q;ir jPq;Fapupf;
nfhy;ypfs;>rhaq;fs;>fhu;gd; nll;uh FNshiuL Nghd;w nghUl;fis rpijf;Fk; Mw;wiy
ngw;Ws;sd.
 jhtuj;jpd; clypy; thOk; ng];lNyhbNahg;rp]; ikf;Nuh];Nghuh vd;w G+Q;ir ghyp
A+upj;Njid rpijf;f $bait.
 ,it nefpopfis capupa jPu;tpd; %yk; rpijf;Fk; jpl;;lj;jpw;F jFjpahdit vd
mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

2. Ez;Zapupa vupnghUs; fydpd; mikg;ig vOJ (MFC)

(m) Ez;Zapupa vupnghUs; fydpd; glk; tiuf.
 ,J ghf;Bupaq;fis gad;gLj;jp kpdrhuk; ngWk; capupa kpd;
Ntjpay; Kiw MFk;
 fupk %yf;$Wfis Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; xLf;f tpidfSf;F
Ml;gLj;j ghf;Bupaq;fis
mDkjpg;gjd; %yk; Ez;Zapupa vupnghUs; fyd; ,aq;FfpwJ.
 Ez;Zapupa vupnghUs; fydpy; xU Neu;kpd; tha; kw;Wk; xU
vjpu;kpd; tha; Mfpad ,Uf;Fk;
 Neukpd;tha; Kidapy; ,Uf;Fk; Ez;Zapupfs; vupnghUl;fSld;
Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ GNuhl;lhd;fs; ntspNawp nrd;W
vjpu;kpd; thia milfpd;wd
 mNj Neuj;jpy; Neu;kpd; tha; topahf vyf;l;uhd;fs; nry;tjhy;
kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

9. capup njhopy; El;gtpaypd; gad;ghLfs;

1மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள்

1.Kjd;Kjypy; kUj;Jt kugZ rpfpr;ir %yk; eptu;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l Neha;

m) AIDS M) Gw;W Neha; ,) ePu;kj;jpR mow;rp <) SCID
2.lhyp vDk; nrk;kwp ML cUthf;;fg;gl;l njhopy; El;gk;
m)[Pd; khw;wpaikg;G efyhf;fk; M),dr;nry;fs; cjtpapd;wp; efyhf;fjk;
,) cly; nry;fs; jpR tsu;g;G efyhf;fk; <) cl;fU khw;wpaikg;G efyhf;fk;
3.mbNdhrpd; bmkpNd]; FiwghL vDk; kugpay; NfhshWf;fhd epue;juj; jPu;T
m) nehjp ,lkhw;w rpfpr;ir
M) ADA cDNA nfhz;l kuGg; nghwpapay; khw;wpa ypk;Nghirl;Lfis fhy ,ilntspapy;
cl;nrYj;Jjy;
,) mbNdhrpd; b mkpNd]; J}z;bfis mspj;jy; <)Muk;g fhy fU tsu;r;rpapd; NghNj
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; vYk;G k[;i[ nry;fis fUtpDs; Eioj;jy;.
4.,d;Rypd; ,U rq;fpypfspYk; vj;jid mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; mike;Js;sd.
m) A rq;fp;ypapy; 12 kw;Wk; B rq;fpypapy; 13 mkpNdhmkpyq;fs;
M) A rq;fp;ypapy; 21 kw;Wk; B rq;fpypapy; 30 mkpNdhmkpyq;fs;
,) A rq;fp;ypapy; 20 kw;Wk; B rq;fpypapy; 30mkpNdhmkpyq;fs;
<) A rq;fp;ypapy; 12 kw;Wk; B rq;fpypapy; 20 mkpNdhmkpyq;fs;
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5.ghypkNu]; rq;fpyp tpid ntg;gepiy khWghl;lhy; 3 jdpj;jdp epiyfspy; njhlu;fpd;wJ.mjd;

tupir.
m) ,ay;G jupG> ,izg;G,io gjg;gLj;Jjy;> cw;gj;jp M)cw;gj;jp> ,izg;G> ,ay;GjpupG
,) ,izg;G> cw;gj;jp> ,ay;GjpupG <)nraypyg;G>,ay;GjpupG>,izg;G
6.fPo;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ PCR y; gad;gLk; b.vd;.V ghypkNu]; gad;ghL gw;wpa cz;ikahd $w;whFk.;
m) cs;Eioj;j b.vd;.Vit ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nry;fspy; xl;Ltjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
M) ,J Nju;T nra;Sk; Fwpahsuhfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
,),J itu]pypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. <) cau; ntg;gepiyapYk; nray;gLfpd;wJ.
7. ELISA Kjd;ikahf ,jw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
m)jpBu;khw;wq;fisf; fz;lwpa M) Neha;f;fpUkpfisf; fz;lwpa
,)tpUk;gj;jf;f gz;GfisAila tpyq;Ffisj; Nju;T nra;a
<) tpUk;gj;jf;f gz;GfisAila tpyq;Ffisj; Nju;T nra;a
8.kugZit khw;wg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; ,jidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
m)rpy nry;fspy; may; b.vd;.V M) midj;J nry;fspYk; may; b.vd;.V
,)rpy nry;fspy; may; Mu;.vd;.V <) midj;J nry;fspYk; may; Mu;.vd;.V
9.jLg;G+rpapy; KONehA+f;fp capupf;F khw;whf NehA+f;fp capupapd; gFjpfs; gad;gLj;Jg;gLtJ
,tthW miof;fg;gLk;.
m) JizayF kWNru;f;if jLg;G+rpfs; M)tY Fiwf;fg;gl;l kWNru;f;if jLg;G+rpfs;
,) b.vd;.V jLg;G+rpfs; <)tof;fkhd jLg;G+rpfs;

Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;
10. PCRd; xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; vj;jid Kd;Ndhbfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd? PCRy; b.vd;.V ghypkNu]pd;
gq;F ahJ? PCR Rw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; b.vd;.V ghypkNu]; ve;j capupd %yj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gLfpd;wJ?
1. PCRd; Xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; ,uz;L Kd;Ndhbfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd
2.xt;nthU ,ioAk; xU Kjd;ik ,idg;G ,ioAld; fyg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Kjd;ik mr;R
thu;g;G ,iofis nfhd;L b.vd;.V ghypkNui] gad;gLj;jp Gjpa b.vd;.V cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3.b.vd;.V ghypkNu]; nehjpahdJ ntg;g eP&w;Wfspy; thOk; nju;ky; mf;thbf;]; vd;w
ghf;BupahtpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

11.ghypkNu]; rq;fpyp tpidiag; gad;gLjjp tpUk;gpa khjpupapy; vt;thW kugZ ngUf;fk;

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 ,J %d;W epiyfspy; eilngWfpwJ. mit 1. ,ay;G jpupG 2. ,ay;G kPs;T 3. cw;gj;jp
 ,ay;G jpupG epfo;rpapy; ,yf;F b.vd;.V jdJ ,ay;G jpupe;J jdpj;j ,iofshf gpupfpwJ
fyitia Fspu;tpg;gjpd; %yk; ,U Kjd;ik ,izg;G ,iofSk; ,izg;G b.vd;.V tpd;
jdp ,ioapd; gf;fthl;by; ,ize;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
 ,jdhy; b.vd;.V ghypNu]; jdpj;j mr;R thu;g;G b.vd;.V tpypUe;J efnyLf;fg;gl;L Kjd;ik
,izg;G ,io ePl;rpailar;nra;fpwJ
 ,Wjpapy; ,U mr;R thu;g;G ,iofSk; gFjpasT ,ul;ilRUs; ,iofshf khWfpd;wd
,t;thW cUthFk; ,ul;ilr; RUspy; cs;s xt;nthU GJ ,ioAk; fPo; Nehf;fp ePz;L
fhzg;gLk;
 ,e;j epfo;Tfs; jpUk;g jpUk;g eilngWtjd; %yk; tpUk;gpa b.vd;.V tpd; gy efy;fs;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F b.vd;.V ngUf;fkiljy; vd;W ngau;.
12.kuGg; nghwpapay; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,d;Rypd; vd;gJ vd;d?
 kWNru;f;if njhopy; El;gj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L kdpjDs; nrYj;jg;gl;l Kjy; kUe;Jg;nghUs;
,d;Rypd; MFk;.
 “`pKypd;” vDk; tzpfg; ngaNuhL re;ijapy; ,d;Rypd; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ru;f;fiu
Nehia Fzg;gLj;j ,e;j ,d;Rypd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
13.Nuh]p vt;thW ,ay;ghd gRtpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 Nuh]p vd;gJ kugZ khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l gR.
 ,g;gRtpd; ghy; kdpj Nyf;lhy;Gkpd; nfhz;l Gujr; nrwpT kpf;f ghy; MFk.;
 rhjhud gRtpd; ghiytpl Gujk; mjpfk; cs;s ,g;ghy; Foe;ijfSf;F Vw;w xU ruptpfpj
czthFk;.

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14. rDNA. njhopy;;El;g tUiff;F Kd; ,d;Rypd; vt;thW ngwg;gl;lJ? vj;jfa gpur;ridfs;
vjpu;nfhs;sg;gl;ld?
 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gd;wpfs;> kw;Wk; gRf;fspd; fizaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l
,d;Rypd; ru;f;fiu NehahspfSf;F rpfpr;iraspf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpyq;fpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ vd;gjhy; xt;thik gpur;ridfs; Vw;gl;ld.

15.ELISA njhopy;El;gk; vjpu;nghUs; J}z;b - vjpu;g;nghUs; tpid mbg;gilapyhdJ ,Nj njhopy;

El;gj;ij nfhz;L kuGf; Fiwghlhd /gpidy;fPl;NlhD}upahit %yf;$W Neha; fz;lwpjyhy;
nra;a ,aYkh?
 ELISA njhopy;El;gj;ijf; nfhz;L kuGf; Fiwghlhd /gpidy;fPl;NlhD}upahit %yf;$W
Neha; fz;lwpyhk;.
 Nehahspapd; rPuk; my;yJ rpWePu; khjpupia nfhz;L gpidy; fPl;NlhD}upah vjpu;g;nghUs;
J}z;bfs; cs;sjh vd;gij fz;lwpayhk;

16.xU capupay; kugZ rpfpr;ir Kiw %yk; ,ay;ghd kugZf;fis toq;fp kugpay;
FiwghLfisr; rupnra;a tpiofpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; capupapd; nray;ghLfs; kPsg; ngwg;gLfpwd;wd.
,jw;F khw;whf kugZtpd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUshd nehjp khw;W rpfpr;ir Kiw %yk; capupapd;
nray;ghLfs; kPsg; gwg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;L Kiwfspy; rpwe;jJ vJ vdf; fUJfpd;wPu;
jq;fs; fUj;JfSf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 kugZ khw;w KiwNa rpwe;jJ Vnddpy; kugZkhw;W rpfpr;ir Kiwapy; kugpay;
Neha;fis epue;jukhf Fzg;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; nehjp khw;W rpfpr;ir Kiwapy; Nehapid
Fiwe;j msNt rup nra;a ,aYk;.

17. kugZ khw;wg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; vd;gd ahit? vLj;jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf.

 capupfspd; kugZ njhFjpf;Fs; Gjpa DNA f;fis Eioj;J epiyahd kugpay;
khw;wq;fis tpUk;gpa tz;zk; Njhw;Wtpf;fyhk; ,jw;F kugZ khw;wk; vd;W ngau;.
 ,t;thW kugZ khw;wk; %yk; cUthd tpyq;Ffs; kugZ khw;wg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs;
vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh – Rz;nlyp> vyp> Kay;> gd;wp> gR> nts;shL

18.xUtu; ghJfhg;gw;w clYwtpd; fhuzkhf jdf;F HIV njhw;W Vw;gl;bUf;FNkh vd;W vz;zp
,uj;jg; gupNrhjidf;Fr; nry;fpd;whu;.ELISA gupNrhjid cjtpGupAkh? Mk; vdpy; vg;gb? ,y;iy
vdpy; Vd;?

 Mk;>ELISA Nrhjid %yk; HIV njhw;W Vw;gl;bUg;gij fz;lwpayhk;.

19. ADA FiwghL vt;thW rupnra;ayhk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

 ADA FiwghL vd;gJ cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; xLq;F [Pd; tsu;rpijkhw;w Fiwghl;lhy;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
rupnra;Ak; Kiwfs;:
 vYk;G k[;i[ khw;W rpfpr;ir %yk; Fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
 kuGg;nghwpapay; nra;ag;gl;l ypk;Nghirl;Lfis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; clypy;
nrYj;Jtjd;%yk; rupnra;ayhk;.
 vYk;G k[;i[apypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l ADA kugZf;fis Muk;gfl;l fUepiy
nry;fSf;Fs; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; ,e;Nehia epue;jukhf Fzg;gLj;jyhk;.

20. b.vd;.V (DNA) jLg;G+rpfs; vd;gd ahit? mjd; ed;ikfs; ahit?

 b.vd;.V jLg;G+rpfs; vd;git kuGg; nghUl;fis nfhz;l jLg;G+rpfs; MFk;;.
 b.vd;.V %yk; clypy; jilfhg;G tpidfs; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wd
 vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;b Gujj;jpw;F FwpaPLnra;Ak; xUkugZit b.vd;.V jLg;G+rp nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;jkugZit gpsh];kpl;Lf;Fs; nrYj;jp gpd;du; xU ,yf;F tpyq;fpd; cly; nry;fSf;Fs;
xd;wpidar; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
 tbtikg;gjw;Fk; kypthf cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; b.vd;.V jLg;G+rpfs; vspjhdit.

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b.vd;.V (DNA) jLg;G+rpfspd; ed;ikfs;:

 ,yf;F Guj cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> ePz;L epiyf;Fk; Neha;j;jilfhg;G kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l Neha;
fpUkpfSf;F vjpuhf jilfhg;G tpidfis J}z;Ljy; Mfpait.

21.cly; nry; kugZrpfpr;ir kw;Wk; ,dr;nry; kugZ rpfpr;ir NtWgLj;Jf.

cly; nry; kugZrpfpr;ir ,dr;nry; kugZ rpfpr;ir
1.kugZf;fs;clw;nry;fSf;Fs; kugZf;fs; ,dr; nry;fSf;Fs; khw;wg;gLfpwJ
khw;wg;gLfpwJ
2.vYk;G k[;i[ nry;fs;> ,uj;j nry;fs;> mz;l nry;fs; kw;Wk; tpe;J nry;fSf;Fs;
Njhy; nry;fs; Nghd;w nry;fSf;Fs; kugZf;fs; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ
kugZf;fs; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3.gpe;ija jiyKiwf;F gz;Gfs; gpe;ija jiyKiwf;F gz;Gfs;
flj;jg;gLtjpy;iy flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

22.jz;L nry;fs; vd;git ahit? kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; mjd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff?

 gy nry; capupfspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghL milahj nry;fs; jz;L nry;fs; vd;g;gLk;
 ,it gy kiwKf gpupTfSf;F cl;gl;lhYk; jq;fsJ NtWghL milahj; jd;ikiaj;
njhlue;J guhkupj;J tUfpwJ.
 NrjKw;w kw;Wk; NehAw;w cWg;Gfis kPz;Lk; cUthf;f kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; jz;L nry;
rpfpr;ir gad;gLfpwJ
 ,it midj;J tif nry;fshfTk; khWk; jpwd; ngw;wit
 ,it ,uz;L tifg;gLk; i) fUepiy jz;L nry;fs;> ii) Kjpu; jz;L nry;fs;.

23.kuGtop NehAld; gpwe;j xUtUf;F rpfpr;irapf;Fk; kugZ rpfpr;rir capup njhopy;El;gtpaypd; xU

gad;ghNl MFk;.
m) kugZ rpfpr;ir vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
M) Kjy; kUj;Jt kugZ rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ll kuG top Neha; vJ?
,) kuG top Neha; rpfpr;iff;fhd kugZ rpfpr;irapd; gbepiyfs; ahit?

m) kugZ rpfpr;ir:
 kugpay; NehAld; gpwf;Fk; kdpju;fSf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;Fk; Kiw kugZ rpfpr;ir vdg;gLk.;
jpBu; khw;wkile;j my;yPy;fisf; nfhz;l xUtUila nry;fSf;Fs; ,ay;ghd kugZit
nrYj;jp mtw;iw rup nra;ayhk;.
M) Kjy; kUj;Jt kugZ rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ll kuG top Neha;:
 ADA FiwghL Neha;
,) kugZ rpfpr;irapd; gbepiyfs;:
 kugZ ngUf;Fjy; rpfpr;ir> kugZj;jil rpfpr;ir
24.ghypkNu]; rq;fpyp tpid(PCR) njhw;W Nehia Muk;g fhyj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gad;gLk; xU rpwe;j
fUtpahFk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij tpupthf;fk; nra;f.
 kugpay; FiwghLfs;>itu];Neha;fs;>ghf;Bupa Neha;fs; Nghd;witw;iwf; fz;lwpa PCR
gad;gLfpwJ.
 njhw;W Neha;fis fz;lwpa PCR Ma;T vspjhdjhFk;
 xU Ma;tf khjpupay; xU NehA+f;fp fhzg;gl;lhy; mjd; b.vd;.VTk; fhzg;gLk;. PCR %yk;
mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd b.vd;.V tupirfs; fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wd
 v.fh - ,uj;jk;.kyk;.rsp.jz;Ltl jputk; Nghd;w khjpupfis PCR Kiwg;gb gupNrhjpg;gjd;
%yk; Neha; tiffis fz;lwpayhk;
 gdpf;Fl jput nry;fis Ma;T nra;tjd;%yk; Foe;ij gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng cs;s kugpay;
Neha;fis PCR Ma;T %yk; fz;lwpayhk;.

25.kW Nru;f;if jLg;G+rpfs; vd;git ahit? tiffis tpsf;Ff.

 b.vd;.V kW Nru;f;if njhopy;El;gk; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l jLg;G+rpfs; kW Nru;f;if
jLgG+rpfs; vdg;gLk;.

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 tof;fkhd jLg;G+rpfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,it rPuhd juj;Jld; Fiwthd gf;f

tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
kW Nru;f;if jLg;G+rpfspd; tiffs;:
1.Jiz myF jLg;G+rpfs; 2.tY Fiwf;fg;gl;l kW Nru;f;if jLg;G+rpfs; 3.DNA jLg;G+rpfs;
1. Jiz myF jLg;G+rpfs;:
 NehAz;lhf;Fk; capupapd; gFjpfis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gLk; jLg;G+rpfSf;F Jiz
myF jLg;G+rpfs; vd;W ngau;. ,k;Kiwapy; NehAz;lhf;Fk; capupapy; cs;s
Gujq;fs;>ngg;ilLfs; kw;Wk; DNA f;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
2).tY Fiwf;fg;gl;l kW Nru;f;if jLg;G+rpfs;:
 ghf;Bupah my;yJ itu];fis kuGg; nghwpapy; khw;wk; %yk; capUs;s jLg;G+rpfshf
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,j;jfa jLg;G+rpfs; tY Fiwf;fg;gl;l kW Nru;f;if jLg;G+rpfs; vdg;gLk;.
3) DNA jLg;G+rpfs;:
 b.vd;.V jLg;G+rpfs; vd;git kuGg; nghUl;fis nfhz;l jLg;G+rpfs; MFk;;. b.vd;.V %yk;
clypy; jilfhg;G tpidfs; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wd. vjpu;g;nghUs; J}z;b Gujj;jpw;F FwpaPL
nra;Ak; xU kugZit b.vd.V jLg;G+rp nfhz;Ls;sJ.
26. efyhf;f nrk;kwp ML – lhyp xU kpfg;gngupa mwptpay; jpUg;G Kid vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
(m) lhyp vd;gJ vd;d? mJ vt;thW cUthf;g;gl;lJ.
 lhyp vd;gJ Kjd; Kjypy; kugZkhw;wj;jpd; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl;l efy; nrk;kwp ML MFk;. Iahd; tpy;kl; kw;Wk;
Nfk;nghy; MfpNahu; 1997k; Mz;L lhyp vd;Dk; Kjy; ghY}l;bia
efyhf;fk; nra;jdu;.
 nfhilahsp nrk;kwp Ml;bd; ghy;;kb nry;fs; jdpikgLj;jg;gl;L 5
ehl;fs; cztpd;wp cwf;f epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 NtnwhU nrk;kwp Ml;bd; mz;l nry; gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;L cl;fU
tspNaw;wg;gLfpd;;wJ.
 gpwF cwf;f epiy kb nry; kw;Wk; cl;fU ePf;fpa md;l nry;
,uz;Lk; xd;wpidf;fg;gl;lJ.
 xd;wpide;j nry; NtnwhU nrk;kwp Ml;bd; fUg;igapy;
itf;fg;gl;lJ. Ie;J khjq;fSf;F gpd; lhyp gpwe;jJ.
 tpyq;fpd; cly; nry;ypy; ,Ue;J fUTWjy; epfohky; efyhf;f
Kiwapy; Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l tpyq;F lhyp MFk;.

27.efyhf;fj;jpd; rhjf ghjfq;fs; (m) ed;ik jPikfs; ahit?

tpyq;F efyhf;fj;jpd; ed;ikfs;:
 kUj;Jt guNrhjidfs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Gujq;fs; kw;Wk; kUe;Jfs; cw;gj;jpf;F cjTfpwJ
 jz;L nry; Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
 mopAk; epiyapy cs;s rpw;wpdq;fis cUthf;fyhk;.
tpyq;F efyhf;fj;jpd; jPikfs;:
 capupa gytifj; jd;ikf;F rthyhdJ.
 ,J fbdkhdJ kw;Wk; tpiy cau;e;jJ
 tpyq;Ffspy ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
 efyhf;f tpyq;Ffspy; Neha; ghjpg;G cz;lhfp ,wg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 efyhf;f tpyq;Ffspd; ,iwr;rpia cz;gjhy; cly;eyd; ghjpf;Fk;.

28.kW Nru;f;if ,d;Rypd; vt;thW cw;gj;jp nra;ag;LfpwJ. vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

 fidaj;jpYs;s yhq;fu;`hd;]; jpl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk;  nry;fspypUe;J kdpj ,d;Rypd;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,uj;jj;jpy; ru;f;fiuapd; msit ,d;Rypd; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 ,d;Rypd; Fiwthy; lagpl]; nkypl]; vd;Dk; ru;f;fiu Neha; cz;lhfpwJ.
 Muk;gfhyj;jpy; b.vd;.V kWNru;f;if njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;lJ
 ,j;njhopy; El;gj;jpy; kdpj ,d;RypDf;fhd kugZ v.Nfhiyapd; gpsh];kpl;by;
Eiof;fg;gLfpwJ
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 xU jiyik tupiria Kd;Gwk; nfhz;L mijjj; njhlu;e;J A kw;Wk;; B rq;fpypfs; kw;Wk;

mtw;iw ,izf;Fk; C vd;Dk; %d;whtJ rq;fpyp Mfpatw;why; Md Kd;Ndhb
ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypahf Kjd;ik - Kd;Ndhb ,d;Rypd; cUthfpwJ.
 nkhopngau;g;Gf;F gpd; A kw;Wk;; B rq;fpypfs; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;
 b.vd;.V kWNru;f;if; njhopy; El;gj;jhy; cUffhf;fg;gl;L kdpjDs; nrYj;jg;gl;l Kjy;
kUe;Jg;nghUs; ,d;Rypd; MFk;.
 1986y; ‘`pKypd;’ vd;Dk; tzpfg; ngaNuhL re;ijapy; ,d;Rypd; tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lJ.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1.kuGg; nghwpapay; vd;why; vd;d?
 b.vd;.V kw;Wk; ,aw;ifahf eilngWk; Guj cw;gj;jpia kdpj tpUg;gg;gb khw;wpaikj;J
 kUj;Jt Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Gujq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju Gujq;fis cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiwfs;
kuGg; nghwpapay; vd;W ngau;.

2.capup njhopy; El;gtpay; vd;gJ vd;d?

gy;NtW nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;fhf capupfspd; gz;Gfis gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; gytifahd
njhopy;El;gq;fis mlq;fpa nrhy; capup njhopy; El;gtpay; vdg;gLk;.

3.,d;lu; nghuhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 ghY}l;bfspd; nry;fs; itu];fshy; ghjpf;f;gLk;NghJ mr;nry;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
Gujj;jhy; Md itu]; vjpu;g;G nghUs;fNs ,d;lu;/nguhd;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,d;lu;/nguhd;fs; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;   kw;Wk;  vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,d;lu;/nguhd;fis rDNA njhopy;El;gk; %yk; cUthf;fyhk;.
 Gw;WNeha;> va;l;];> fy;yPuy; mow;rp Nghd;w Neha;fSf;fhd rpfpr;irapy; ,d;lu;/nguhd;fs;
gad;gLfpd;wd
4.Kjd;Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nraw;if jLg;G+rp vJ
 1997y; Kjd;Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nraw;if jLg;G+rp n`g;ghilb]; B Nehaf;;F vjpuhd
kWNru;f;if jLg;G+rp MFk;.
 ,J upfhk;gpNtf;]; kw;Wk; vd;upf;]; B vd;Dk; tzpfg;ngau;fspy; tpw;gidahfpwJ.

5.%yf;$W kUe;jhf;fk; vd;gJ vd;d?

 kuGg;nghwpapay; vd;Dk; mwptpay; Gyj;ij gad;gLj;jp %yf;$W kUe;jhf;fk; vd;Dk; Kiw
%yk; tha; top jLg;G kUe;Jfs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

6.jz;L nry;fspd; tiffis vOJf.

 jz;L nryfs; vd;git NtWghL milahj nry;fs; MFk;. ,it midj;J tif
nry;fshfTk; khWk; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
jz;L nry;fspd; tiffs;:
1.fUepiy jz;L nry;fs;:
 ,it gFjpj;jpwd; nfhz;lit. %d;W mbg;gil mLf;FfisAk; cUthf;Fk; jpwd; cilait.
gytif nry;fshf khWk; jpwd; ngw;wit. fUf;Nfhsj;jpDs; fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fspy; ,Ue;J
fUepiy jz;L nry;fs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2.Kjpu; jz;L nry;fs;:
 ngUk;ghyhd Kjpu; jz;L nry;fs; gy;jpwd; nfhz;lit. ,it clypd; NrjKw;w ghfq;fis
rupnra;fpwJ. Kjpu; jz;L nry;fs; vYk;G k[;i[apy;; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd.

7.jz;L nry; tq;fpfs;(Stem cell Banking) vd;git ahit?

 vjpu;fhy NjitfSf;fhf jz;Lnry;fis gpupj;njLj;jJ Nrkpj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; ,lk;
jz;Lnry; tq;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.
 gdpf;Fl jputj;jpypUe;J jz;L nry;fis Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; ,lk; gdpf;Fl jput nry; tq;fp
vd;Wk; njhg;Gs; nfhbapypUe;J jz;L nry;fis gpupj;J Nrjpj;J itf;Fk; ,lk; njhg;Gs;
nfhb ,uj;j tq;fp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

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8.viyrh (ELISA)vd;gJ vd;d? (m) xUtUf;F HIV njhw;W Vw;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij vt;thW njupe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
 (ELISA) nehjp rhu;e;j Neha;j;jilg; nghUs; cwpQ;rpif kjpg;gPL (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent
Assay).
 rPuk; my;yJ rpUePuf khjpupapy; Fwpg;gpl;l tif vjpu;;g;nghUs; my;yJ vjpu;g;nghUs;
J}z;bfs; cs;sij fz;lwpa gad;gLtJ viyrh NrhjidahFk;.
 xUtUf;F HIV njhw;W Vw;gl;Ls;sjh ,y;iyah vd;gij fz;lwpa cjTk; fUtpahf viyrh
Nrhjid tpsq;FfpwJ.

9. PCR(ghypkNu]; rq;fpyp tpid) vd;gJ vd;d?

 ekf;F tpUg;gkhd b.vd;.V Jz;Lfis vz;zw;w xj;j efy;fshf mjpf mstp;y; ngUf;fk;
nra;a gad;gLk; xU cly; ntsp Ma;tf njhopy; El;gk; ghypkNu]; rq;fpyp tpid vdg;gLk;
 1983y; Nfup Ky;yp]; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ
 ghf;Bupah> itu]; Nghd;wtwhy; cz;lhFk; njhw;W Neha;fisf; fz;lwpa PCR Nrhjid
gad;gLfpwJ.

PCR d; gbepiyfs;

10.tpyq;F efyhf;fk; (FNshdpq;) vd;why; vd;d?

 xU capupapypUe;j kunghj;j gy capupfis ,aw;if Kiw my;yJ nraw;if Kiwapy;
cUthf;FtJ tpyq;F efyhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

11.kugZ ntspNaw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?

 XU capupapy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; kugZf;fis kuGg;nghwpapay; thapyhf nray;gl
,ayhky; nra;tJ kugZ ntspNaw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

12.kW Nru;f;if b.vd;.V (rDNA)vd;why; vd;d?

 xU capupdj;jpy; cs;s b.vd;.Vit gpupj;njLj;J mNj rpw;wpdj;ijNah my;yJ NtW
rpw;wpdj;ijNah rhu;e;j capupapd; b.vd;.V cld; khw;wp nghUj;jg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l b.vd;.V
thdJ kW Nru;f;if b.vd;.V (rDNA)vdg;gLk;.

13.`pAKypd; vd;gJ vd;d? (m) kdpj ,d;Rypd; tzpfg; ngau; vd;d?

 kWNru;;f;if njhopy; El;gj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kdpj ,d;Rypd; `pAKypd; MFk;
 1986y; re;ijapy; tpw;gidf;F te;jJ. ru;;f;fiu Nehia Fzg;gLj;j ,J gad;gLfpwJ.

5 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs
1.kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; PCR d; gad;ghLfs; ahit?
➢ kugpay; FiwghLfs;> itu]; Neha;fs;> ghf;Bupa Neha;fs; Nghd;wtw;;iwf; fz;lwpa PCR
gad;gLfpwJ.
➢ njhw;W Neha;fisf; fz;lwpa PCR Nrhjid vspjhdjhFk;. PCR Nrhjid %yk; NehA+f;fpfspd;
DNA tupirfis fz;lwpayhk;
➢ Foe;ijfs; gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng Foe;ijfSf;F kugpay; Neha; cs;sdth vd;gij fz;lwpayhk;.
➢ fjpu; mupths;> ,uj;j Nrhif> jhyhrpkpah Nghd;w Neha;fis PCR Ma;T %yk; fz;lwpayhk;
➢ fUg;ig tha; Gw;W Neha;fis PCR Ma;T %yk; fz;lwpayhk;.
2.capupa tpisnghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fis vOJ.
 capupfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;L Neha;fs; tUKd; jLf;fTk; Neha;fSf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;fTk;
gad;gLk; nghUl;;fs; capupa tpisnghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh-ghf;Bupah kw;Wk; itu];
jLg;G+rpfs;.
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capupa tpisnghUl;fspd; gad;fs;.

 kdpj ,d;Rypd; kw;Wk; kWr;Nru;f;if jLg;G+rpfs; kdpju;fSf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
 Gw;W Neha; rpfpr;ir> ,jaNeha; rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; cWg;G khw;W rpfpr;irapy; NkhNdh FNshdy;
Md;bghbfs; gad;gLfpd;wd
 jirehu; kw;Wk; jpRf;fis ,izf;fTk; cile;j vYk;Gfis rPuhf;fTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

3.PCR d; gad;fs; Ie;jpid vOJ?

❖ ,U NtW capupdq;fspd; kugZ NtWghLfis PCR %yk; Ma;T nra;ayhk;
❖ kuGtop ,dtuyhWfis Ma;T nra;a PCR gad;gLfpwJ.
❖ jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; vYk;Gfspy; cs;s DNA f;fis Ma;T nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
❖ jilatpay; Jiwapy; ,uj;jf;fiw> kapu;> tpe;J jputk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fpilf;Fk; DNA
%yf;$Wfis Ma;T nra;a PCR njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLfpwJ
❖ DNA Nuif mr;rply; Kiwapy; Fw;wthspfis milahsk; fhz gad;gLfpwJ.

4.kugZ khw;Wjypd; gad;fs; ahit?

✓ capupfspy; kugZ ntspg;ghl;ilAk; tsu;;r;rp nray;KiwfisAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ
✓ tpyq;Ffspy; kuGg;gz;Gfis Nkk;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ
✓ Gw;WNeha;>,uj;j Nrhif>fjpu; mupths; Nghd;w Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;jyhk;
✓ kugZkhw;w tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Gujq;fs; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy;
gad;gLfpd;wd
✓ jLg;G+rpfspd; jd;ikia Nrhjpg;gjw;F kugZkhw;wg;gl;l Rz;nlypfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
✓ ghypd; msitAk; juj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;j kugZ khw;Wjy; gad;gLfpwJ.

5.kugZkhw;w capupfis cUthf;Fk; gy;NtW gbepiyfs; ahit?

 tpUk;gpa kugZit milahq;fz;L mjidj; jdpj;J gpupj;njLj;jy;.
 flj;jpia Nju;e;njLj;jy; my;yJ Neubahf nrYj;Jjy;.
 tpUk;gpa kugZit flj;jpapd; kugZTld; ,izj;jy;.
 ,t;tpjk; khw;wKw;w flj;jpia nry;fs;>jpRf;fs; fU my;yJ Kjpu; capupapDs; nrYj;Jjy;.
 Rz;nlyp>vyp>Kay;>gd;wp>gR>nts;shL>nrk;kwpahLfs; kw;Wk; kPd;fspy; kugZkhw;w tiffs;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

10 E«¬L°u C]dáhPm

1-kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; thOk; midj;J ,df;$l;lKk; ,t;thW tiuaWf;;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) capu;j;njhif M) #oy; kz;lyk; ,) vy;iy <) capu;f;fhuzpfs;
2.ntg;gepiapy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfisj; jhq;fp; thOk; tpyq;Ffs; -------------- vd miof;fg;gLk;
m) vf;Nlhnju;k;fs; M) kpifntg;g NtWghl;L capupfs;
,)vz;Nlhnju;k;fs; <)];BNdh nju;k;fs;
3.,aw;ifapy; xU capupdk; kw;NwhU capupdj;jpypUe;J ed;ikngWk; capupdr; rhu;G
m) Ntl;ilahLk; tho;f;if M) xd;Wff;nfhd;W cjTk; tho;f;if
, )NfL nra;Ak; tho;f;if <) cjtp ngWk; tho;f;if
4.Ntl;ilahLj; kw;WK; xl;Lz;; tho;f;if Kiw ve;j tif capupdr; rhu;G?
m) (+,+) M (+,o) ,) (-,-) <) (+,-)
5.rpw;wpdq;fSf;fpilNa Nghl;b fhuzkhf Vw;gLtJ
m) capupd kiwT M) jpBu;khw;wk; ,) njhe;juT tho;f;if <) $l;Lap;up tho;f;if
6.fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; r-rpw;wpdj;Jf;F cjhuzk;
m)kdpjd; M)G+r;rpfs; ,)fhz;lhkpUfk; <)jpkpq;fyk;

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7.fPo;fz;ltw;iwg; nghUj;jp rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;T nra;f

gj;jp I gj;jp II
m) gfpu;e;J thOk; tho;f;if 1.rpq;fk; kw;Wk; khd;
Mcjtp ngUk; tho;f;if 2.cUisg;GO kw;Wk; kdpjd;
,)Nghl;b thof;if 3.fl; mdpNkhd; kw;Wk; Jwtp ez;L
<)nfhd;Wz;zp tho;f;if 4.gwitfSk; ghY}l;bfSk; tpij guTjYf;F
cjTjy;
m) m – 4 M) -5 ,) – 2 <) - 3 c) - 1
M) m – 3 M) -1 ,) – 4 <) - 2 c) – 5
,) m – 2 M) -3 ,) – 1 <) - 5 c) – 4
<) m – 5 M) -4 ,) – 2 <) - 3 c) - 1
8.fPo;fhZk; tiuglk; Rw;Wr;#oy; capuw;w fhuzpfSff;NFw;g capupdq;fspd; vjpu;tpidiad;
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jpy; m>M> kw;Wk; , vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;stw;iwf; fz;lwpf.

m M ,
m xj;jikthd; xOq;fikthd; gFjp
xOq;fikthd;
M xOq;fikthd; gFjp xj;jikthd;
xOq;fikthd;
, gFjp xOq;fikthd; xj;jikthd;
xOq;fikthd;
< xOq;fikthd; xj;jikthd; gFjp
xOq;fikthd

9.cwpQ;R kPDf;Fk; RwhkPDf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G

m)Nghl;b M)cjtpngWk; thof;if ,)Ntl;ilahLk; tho;f;if <)xl;Lz;zp tho;f;if
10.fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; r-tif Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l rpw;wpdk; Fwpj;j rupahd fUj;Jf;fs;
m) mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; re;jjpfs; kw;Wk; rpwpa cUtk;
M) mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; re;jjpfs; kw;Wk; ngwpa cUtk;
,) Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy; re;jjpfs; kw;Wk; rpwpa cUtk;
<) Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy; re;jjpfs; kw;Wk; ngwpa cUtk;
11.ed;dPupypUe;J fly; ePUf;F efUk; tpyq;fpdq;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
m)];BNdh nju;ky; M)A+upnju;ky; ,)fl;lhl;uhk]; <)mdhl;uhk];
12.rpy ,aw;gpa nray;ghLfs; %yk;jd;epiy NgZk; tpyq;Ffs;
m) xj;jikthd;fs; M) xOq;fikthd;fs;
,)tyirNghfpd;wd <)nrayw;w epiyapy; cs;sd
Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;
13.thoplk; vd;why; vd;d?

 capupfs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; thOk; ,lk; thoplk; vdg;gLk;. thoplk; vd;gJ

mt;Tapupdj;jpd; KftupahFk;.
 xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; midj;J thoplq;fspd; njhFg;G Gtpg;guty; tPr;R vdg;gLk;. v.fh.twd;l
thoplj;jpy; thOk; xl;lfk;.
14.tiuaW #opay; xJf;fplk;/ rpW th oplk;
 rpW thoplk; vd;gJ mt;Tapupdk; thOk; rpW ,lj;ijr rhu;e;jJ kl;Lky;yhky; mjd;
Rw;Wr;#oy; Njitfs; midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
15.Gjpa #oYf;F ,dq;fy; vd;why; vd;d?
• capupdq;fs; Rw;Wr;#oypy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfSf;F Vw;g jq;fs; vjpuptpidia FWfpa
fhyj;jpw;Fs; khw;wpaikj;J nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jw;F ,df;fkhjy; vd;W ngau;.
16.kz;zpd; Njhw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? gPNlhndprp]; (Paedigenesis) vd;gJ vd;d?
 ghiwfspypUe;J kz; cUthfpwJ. ghiwfs; fhyepiy fhuzpfshy; rpije;J kz;zhf
khWfpwJ. kz;zpd; cUthf;fk; gw;wp gbg;gJ ‘gPNlhndprp]; (Paedigenesis); vdg;gLk;.

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17.kz;zpd; CLUTk; jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?

Giuntsp Clhf ePu; %yf;$Wfs; efu;tij jPu;khdpf;Fk; kz;zpd; jd;ik kz;zpd; CLUTk;
jpwd; vdg;gLk;.

18. NtWgLj;Jf – kpif ntg;g NtWghL capupfs;(A+upnju;ky;) kw;Wk; Fiwntg;g NtWghL

capupfs; (];BNdhnju;ky;)? (m) A+upnju;ky; vt;thW ];BNdh nju;kypypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.

Fiwntg;g NtWghL capupfs;

kpif ntg;g NtWghL capupfs; (A+upnju;ky;)
(];BNdhnju;ky;)
1. mjpfkhd ntg;gepiy khWghLfis jhq;fp Fiwthd msT ntg;gepiy khWghLfis
thOk; tpyq;Ffs; jhq;fp thOk; tpyq;Ffs;
2.v.fh. G+id>eha;>Gyp kw;Wk; kdpjd; v.fh. kPd;fs;>jtisfs;>ghk;Gfs;

19.Fspu; cwf;fk; kw;Wk; Nfhil cwf;fk; Mfpa epfo;;rpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tptup?

 Fspu; cwf;fk;:
rpy tpyq;Fs; mjpf Fspu;fhyq;fspy; nrayw;w epiyia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd ,jw;F Fspu;
cwf;fk; vd;W ngau;.v.fh – fubfs;.
 Nfhil cwf;fk;:
rpy tpyq;Ffs; ntg;gk; kw;Wk; twl;rp Nghd;w ntg;gk; njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfspypUe;J
tpLglNfhil fhyj;jpy; nrayw;w epiyapy; cs;sd ,jw;F Nfhil cwf;fk; vd;W ngau;.
v.fh - rpy ej;ijfs; kw;Wk; kPd;fs;.
20. capu;j;njhifapd; gz;Gfis vOJf.
• ,Ug;gplk; Gtpapay; epiy • fhyepiy kw;Wk; ,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay; #oy;
• Kjd;ikahf fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;.

21.Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; ePu; rhu;e;j capu;j;njhifia tifg;gLj;Jf.

1. ed;dPu; - Vupfs; Fsq;fs;>MWfs; 2. ctu;ePu; - fopKFg; gFjp> <uepyq;fs;
3. fly; ePu; - gtsg;ghiwfs;> Nkw;flw;gFjpfs; kw;Wk; Mo;fly; gFjpfs

22. capuw;w fhuzpfSf;Nfw;g capupdq;fs; ve;nje;j topfspy; vjpu;tpid Gupfpd;wd vd;gij

tpsf;F
• xt;nthW capupdKk; mjd; Rw;Wr;#oOf;F Vw;g tpidGupfpd;wd. capupdq;fs; gy;NtW
tiffspy; capuw;w fhuzpfSf;Nfw;g Jyq;fs;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
• mit xOq;fikT> xj;jikT tyirNghjy;.

23. capupdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jftikg;Gg; gz;Gfis tifg;gLj;Jf.

(m) jftikg;G vd;gJ vd;d?
 jftikg;G vd;gJ capupdq;fis mjd; Rw;Wr; #oYf;Fg; nghUjkhdjhf khw;Wk; gupzhk
epfo;r;rp MFk;. ,J capupdq;fspd; gupzhk jFjpia mjpfupj;J mjid #oYf;Nfw;g khw;Wk;.
 jftikg;Gg; gz;Gfs; %d;W tifg;gLk;; mit
1. cly; mikg;G rhue;j jftikg;Gfs;
2.elj;ij rhu;e;j jftikg;Gfs;
3.clw;nraypay; rhu;e;j jftikg;Gfs;.
 cly; mikg;G rhue;j jftikg;Gfs;: capupdq;fSf;F cs;Ns kw;Wk; ntspNa cs;s
mikg;Gfs; mtw;wpd; #oYf;Nfw;g jq;fisj; jftikj;jf;nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd. v.fh –
gr;Nrhe;jpapd; epwk; khWk; gz;G.
 elj;ij rhu;e;j jftikg;Gfs;: capupdq;fspy; ,it cs;shu;e;j my;yJ fw;Wf;nfhz;l gzGfs;
MFk;. tpyq;Ffs; jq;fs; capu; tho;f;iff;fhf elj;ij rhu;e;j jftikg;Gfis ngUfpd;wd.
v.fh – gwitfspd; tyir NghFk; gz;G.
 clw;nraypay; rhu;e;j jftikg;Gfs;: ,it capupdq;fs; rpW thopl #oypy; rpwg;ghf
tho;tjw;F cjTk; jftikg;Gfs; MFk;. v.fh ,iwr;rpia fpopg;gjw;fhf rpq;fq;fspd;
Nfhiug;gw;fs;>Fspu;fhy cwf;fk; kw;Wk; Nfhilf;fhy cwf;fk;.

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24.gpwg;G tPjk; kw;Wk; ,wg;G tPjk; vd;why; vd;d?

gpwg;G tPjk;:
 gpwj;jy;> nghupj;jy;> Kisj;jy; my;yJ gpsTWjy; Mfpa nray;fspd; fhuzkhf Gjpa
capupdq;fs; cUthtJ gpwg;G tPjk; vdg;gLk;.
 gpwg;G tPjk; xU ,df;$l;lj;jpd; msit mjpfupf;fpwJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpa gpwg;G vz;zpf;if

gpwg;G tPjk; =
ruhrup ,df;$l;lk;

,wg;G tPjk;:
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; ,of;fg;gLk; capupdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,wg;G tPjk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,wg;G tPjk; xU ,df;$l;lj;jpd; msit Fiwf;fpwJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpa ,wg;G vz;zpf;if

,wg;G tPjk; =
ruhrup ,df;$l;lk;

25.J tbt tisT kw;Wk; s tbt tisTfis NtWgLj;J.

J tbt tisT S tbt tisT
1. xU ,df;$l;lj;jpd; msT tpiue;J rpy ,df;$l;lq;fspy; njhlf;fj;jpy; capupdq;fs;
ngUFk;NghJ Rw;Wr;#oy; jil vz;zpf;if kpf nkJthfTk; gpd; Ntfkhf
my;yJ rpy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; cau;e;J gpd;G Rw;Wr;#oy; jilfspd
fhuzpfshy; tsu;r;rp tPjk; mjpfupg;ghy; tsu;r;rp tPjk; Fiwe;J rkepiyia
cldbahf jil nra;ag;gLfpwJ. milfpwJ
2. ,it J tbtpyhd tsu;r;rpia ,it S tbtpyhd tsu;r;rpia jUfpd;wd.
jUfpd;wd.

26.,df;$l;lk; newpg;gLj;Jjy; Fwpj;J vOJf.

 midj;J tpyq;fpdf; $l;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupg;gNj MFk;.
 Mdhy; vz;zpf;if njhlu;e;J mjpupg;gjpy;iy xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyia vl;baTld;
,df;$l;lj;jpd; vz;zpf;if Rw;Wr;#oy; epiyfSf; Nfw;g epiyahfNth my;yJ Vw;w
,wf;fkhfNth fhzg;gLk;.
,df;$l;lj; njhifia newpg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;:
1.mlu;j;jp rhuhjJ – Gwf;fhuzpfs; (,lg;gug;G> trpg;gplk;> jl;gntl;gk;> czT Mfpait)
2.mlu;j;jp rhuhjJ – mff;fhuzpfs; (Nghl;b>nfhz;W cz;Zjy;> ntspNaw;wk;> cs;Nsw;wk;);
27.kz;zpd; gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J Fwpg;G tiuf.
 kz;zpd; eak;: ,J kz;zpy; cs;s Jfs;fspd; msitg; nghUjJ mikfpwJ. kzy;> tz;ly;>
fspkz;.
 kz;zpd; Giuik: kz;Jfs;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntsp Giuntsp vdg;gLk;.
 kz;zpd; ntg;gk;: kz; #upadplkpUe;J ntg;gj;ij ngWfpwJ.kz;zpd; ntg;gepiy tpij
Kisj;jy; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; nray;fis ghjpf;fpwJ.
 kz;zpd; CLUt tpLk; jd;ik:; Gitntsp topahf ePu; %yf;$Wfs; eu;tij jPu;khdpf;Fk;
kz;zpd jd;ik kz;zpd; CLUt tpLk; jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
 kz; ePu;: kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; ePu; Kf;fpakhd fiug;ghdhfTk; flj;Jk; fhuzpahfTk;
nray;gLfpwJ.kz;iz jhtuq;fs; tpyq;Ffs; thoj; jFjpahd thoplq;fshf khw;Wfpd;wd.

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28.gdpr; rkntsp capupdj; njhif kw;Wk; gRik khwh Crpapiyf;fhLfs; FOkq;fSf;fpilNa

cs;s NtWghLfisf; $Wf.
gdpr; rkntsp gRik khwh Crpapiyf;fhLfs;(ilfh capu;j;njhif)
,J Mrpahtpd; tlf;Fg;gFjp INuhg;gh ilfh vd;gJ gdpr;rkntspapd; njd;gFjpapy;
kw;Wk; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; cs;s 1300-1450fp.kP mstpy; gue;J fhzg;gLk; gFjp MFk;.
kuq;fsw;w rkntsp MFk;
,g;gFjp epiyj;j ciwgdp fhzg;gLk; ,g;gFjp mjpf Fspu;kpf;f>ePbj;j Fspu;fhyk; nfhz;lJ
Fspu;fhyk; ePz;lhjhfTk; Nfhilf;fhyk; Nfhilf;fhy ntg;gepiy 100C Kjy; 210C tiu
FWfpajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Uf;Fk;.
Fl;ilahd tpy;Nyhkuq;fs;> ghrpfs;>Gw;fs; ];G&];> igd; Nghd;w Crpapiy kuq;fSk; %f;F
Mfpa jhtu tiffSk; vUJ Mu;bf; khd;> flk;ig khd;> mdpy;>Kay; kw;Wk; Xeha; Nghd;w
Xeha;> Mu;bf; eup> JUtf;fubfs; Mfpa tpyq;Ffs; ,q;F tho;fpd;wd.
tpyq;Ffs; ,q;F tho;fpd;wd.

29.epytho; capupdq;fspd; jftikg;gfs; ahit?

❖ kz;GOf;fs; kw;Wk; epytho; gpsNdupahf;fs; tis NjhzLjy;>Rthrk>;kw;Wk; cliy <ug;gjkhf
itj;Jf;nfhs;s clypd; Nkw;gug;gpy; Nfhioiar; Ruf;fpd;wd.
❖ fZf;fhypfspd; Rthr kz;lyj;jpy; ntspg;Gw Nghu;itAk; %r;Rf;Foy; kz;lyKk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
❖ KJnfYk;gpfspd; Njhypy; gym Lf;F nry;fs; cs;sd.,it ePupog;gig jLf;f cjTfpwJ.
❖ gwitfs; kiof;fhyq;fSf;F Kd;Ng $Lfl;Ljy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; Nghd;w nray;fis nra;fpd;wd.
❖ xl;lfq;fs; fbdkhd Njhiy ngw;Ws;sJ NkYk; mjpf mlu;;j;jp cs;s rpWePiu
ntspNaw;Wtjd; %yk; ePu;r;rkepiyia guhkupf;fpwJ.

30.,df;$l;l taJ gutiy tpsf;Ff.

❖ ,df;$l;lj;jpy; cs;s capupdq;fspd; ntt;NtW FOtpd; taJ tpfpjk; mjd; taJ guty;
vdg;gLk;
❖ Ntfkhf tsUk; ,df;$l;lj;jpy; ,sk; capupfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,df;$l;lj;jpd; msT FiwAk; epiyapy; Kjpu;e;j capupdq;fs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;.

31.tsu;r;rp khjpupfs;: tisTfis tpsf;Ff. (m) fPo;fz;l glk; vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ? mjid tpsf;Ff?
▪ ,df;$l;lq;fspd; tsu;r;rp xU Fwpg;gpl;l tbtq;fspy; mikfpwJ.tiuglj;jpy; ,ij tiuAk;NghJ
Jtbt tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; S tbt tsu;r;rp vd ,U tbtq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
▪ J tbt tsu;r;rp:
xU ,df;$l;lj;jpd; msT tpiue;J ngUFk;NghJ Rw;Wr;#oy; jil my;yJ rpy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpfshy; tsu;r;rp tPjk; cldbahf jil nra;ag;gLfpwJ.,it J tbtpyhd tsu;r;rpia
jUfpd;wd.
▪ S tbt tsu;r;rp:
rpy ,df;$l;lq;fspy; njhlf;fj;jpy; capupdq;fs; vz;zpf;if kpf nkJthfTk; gpd; NtfkhfTk;
cau;e;J gpd;G Rw;Wr;#oy; jilfspd; mjpfupg;ghy; tsu;r;rp tPjk; Fiwe;J rkepiyia milfpwJ.
,it S tbtpyhd tsu;r;rpia jUfpd;wd.

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32.,U NtW rpw;wpdq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd rhu;Gfs; VNjDk; ,uz;bid ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf

t.vz; rhu;gpd; rpw;wpdk; rpw;wpdk; rhu;gpd; jd;ik vLj;Jf;fhl;L
tif 1 2
1 NfL nra;Ak; - 0 rf;jp tha;e;j ahidapd; fhy;fspy;
tho;f;if ngupa capupdq;fs; rpwpa mopf;fg;gLk; rpwpa
capupdq;fspd; tsu;r;rpia tpyq;Ffs;
jLj;jy;
2 gfpu;e;J + + ,uz;L rpw;wpdq;fSf;Fk; Kjiyf;Fk; gwitf;Fk;
thOjy; gaDs;s njhlu;G cs;s njhlu;G

3. cjtp ngWk; + 0 cjtp ngWk; capup cwpQ;R kPd; kw;wk; Rwh

tho;f;if gadilfpwJ. kPd;

33.xl;Lz;zp tho;f;if vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

1. ,U NtW rpw;wpdq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s xl;Lz;zp tho;f;ifapy; xd;W xl;Lz;zp vdTk;
kw;nwhd;W tpUe;Njhk;gp vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
2. ,jpy; xl;Lz;zp gadilfpwJ Xk;Gapup ghjpg;gilfpwJ.
3. v.fh - kdpj czT kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s. m];fhup]; kw;Wk; ehlhg;GO
34.NtWgLj;Jf – nfhd;Wz;zp kw;Wk; ,iu

nfhd;Wz;zp ,iu

njhlu;Gila capupfspy; ngupaJ njhlu;Gila capupfspy; rpwpaJ

,iuia nfhd;W jpzZk;; ,iu ghjpg;gilfpwJ
v.fh – rpq;fk; v.fh- khd;

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;:
1.#o;epiy kz;lyk; vd;why; vd;d?;
 capuparKjhaKk; capuw;w #w;Wr;#oy; fhuzpfSk; ,izej;j mikg;gpw;F #o;epiy
kz;lyk; vd;W ngau;.
2.thd;l;`hg; tpjpia vOJ.
 capupdq;fspy; xt;nthU 100C ntg;gepiy cau;tpw;Fk; tsu;r;rpij khw;w tPjk;
,ul;bg;gilfpwJ my;yJ xt;nthU 100C ntg;gepiy FiwAk; NghJk; tsu;r;rpij khw;w
tPjk; ghjpahfpwJ vd;gJ thd;l;`hg; tpjp MFk;.
3.ngu;f;khdpd; tpjpia $W?
 Fspuhd gFjpfspy; ngupa mstpyd tpyq;FfSk; ntg;gkhd gFjpfspy; rpwpa mstpyhd
tpyq;FfSk; fhzg;gLk; vd;gJ ngu;f;khdpd; tpjp MFk;.

4.vd;idg;gw;wp njupe;Jf;nfhs; cq;fSf;F cjTNtd;.

xspr;rhu;gpaf;fk; (Phototaxis)
Xspf;fhd vjpu;tpid fhuzkhf KO caupdKk; efu;tJ xspr;hu;gpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. Xspia
Nehf;fp efu;tJ Neu;kiw xsp;r;rhu;gpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh – me;Jg;G+r;rpfs.;
xspf;F vjpu;jpirapy; efu;tJ vjpu;kiw xspr;rhu;gpaf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
xsp ehl;lk; (Phototroposim)
Xspj;J}z;lypd; tpisthf capupdq;fspd; tsu;r;rp my;yJ jpirapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; xsp ehl;lk;
vdg;gLk;.
#upafhe;jp jhtuj;jpd; kyu; xspia Nehf;fp efu;tJ Neu;kiw xspehl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;fs; xspf;F vjpuhd jpirapy; tsu;r;rpailtJ vjpu;kiw xsp ehl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
xspj; J}z;ly; ,af;fk; ; (Photokinesis)
efUk; capupfspd; my;yJ nry;fspd; Ntfk; xspapd; nrwpthy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gLtJ
xspjj;J}z;ly; ,aff;fk; vdg;gLk;.

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5. ePupd; Kf;fpag; gz;Gfis vOJ.

1. kz; cUthf;fj;jpy; ePu; xU Kf;fpafhuzp MFk; 2. ePu; xU Clfkhf nray;gLfpwJ
3. ePu; fhw;iw tplfdkhdJ 4. ePu; mjpf msT ntg;gj;ij jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; jpwDilaJ
5.ePu; xU nghJf;fiug;ghd;.

6.kz;zpd; gzpfs; ahit? kz;zpd; gzpfSf;fhd fUj;J tiuglk; (Flow chart) tiuf?
capupdq;fs;
thoplkhf
cs;sJ

tspkz;lyj;ij kz;zpd; jhtuq;fs;

khw;wpaikg;git gad;fs;; tsu;tjw;fhd
Clfk;;

ePiu
Nrkpj;jy;

7.ePupy; thOk; tpyq;Ffspd; jftikg;Gfis vOJ? (m) kPd;fspd; jftikg;Gfis vOJf?

1.kPf;fspd; JLg;Gfs; rkepiyg;gLj;jTk; thy; JLg;G jpir khw;wTk; gad;gLfpwJ
2.kPd;fspd; clypy; cs;s jirfs; njhFg;Gfshf ,Ug;gjhy; ,lg;ngau;rpf;F cjTfpwJ
3.glF Nghd;w cly; mikg;G ePupy; Ntfkhf ePe;j cjTfpwJ
4.ePupy; kPd;fs; nrTs;fs; %yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd
5.fhw;Wg;igfs; kpjg;gjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.Njhy; nrjpy;fshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8.,df;$l;lj;jpd; mlu;j;jpiag;gw;wp cdf;F njupe;j fUj;ij vOJ.

xuyF gug;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; thOk; ,df;$l;lj;jpd; msT ,df;$l;l mlu;j;jp vdg;gLk;.
9.tyirNghjy; vd;why; vd;d?
1.tyirNghjy; vd;gJ capupdq;fs; Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F nrd;W kPz;Lk; gioa
,lj;jpw;F te;J NrUk; capupdq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,af;fk; MFk;.
2.v.fh – irgPupahtpypUe;J Ntle;jhq;fSf;F te;J nry;;Yk; irgPupad; nfhf;Ffs;.
10. ,df;fkhjy; (Acclimatization) vd;why; vd;d?
 tpyq;Ffs; Rw;Wr; #oypy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfSf;Nfw;g jq;fs; vjpu; tpidia FWfpa
fhyj;jpw;Fs; khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ ,df;fkhjy; vd;W ngau;.
 v.fh – jiug;gFjpapy; tho;gtu;fs; cauhkhd gFjpfSf;F nry;Yk;NghJ Gjpa #oYf;F
cl;gl;;l rpy ehl;fSf;Fs; rptg;gZf;fspd; vzzpf;if mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

11. elj;ijapay; vd;why; vd;d? ,aw;ifahd #oypy; tpyq;fpdq;fspd; elj;ij Fwpj;J gbf;Fk;
gpupT vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 elj;ijapay; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahd #oypy; tpyq;fpdq;fspd; elj;ij Fwpj;J gbf;Fk;
mwptpay; gpupT MFk;
12.,df;$l;lg; guty; vt;thW eilngWfpwJ.
(m) ,df;$l;lg;guty; vd;gJ vd;d?
,df;$l;lk;:
 jq;fSf;Fs; mff;fyg;G nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba xNu rpw;wpdj;ij Nru;e;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l
,lj;jpy; tho;fpd;w capupdq;fspd; njhFg;G ,df;$l;lk; vdg;gLk;.
 jilVw;gLk; tiu njhlu;e;J midj;J jpirfspYk; ,df;$l;l guty; eilngWk;. ,jid
cs;NstUjy; myyJ ntspNaWjy; Mfpa epfo;Tfshy; mwpayhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; (m) ,df;$l;lk; guTk; Kiwfs;:
i) tyirNghjy;: tyirNghjy; vd;gJ Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;Fk; kPz;Lk; gioa
,lj;jpw;F te;J NrUk; capupdq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,af;fk; MFk;.v.fh – irgPupahtpypUe;J
Ntle;jhq;fSf;F te;J nry;;Yk; irgPupad; nfhf;Ffs;
ii) Fbg;ngau;r;rp/ntspNaw;wk;:,aw;ifahd #oypy; ,lneUf;fb fhuzkhf capupdq;fs;
ntspNaWtJ ntspNaw;wk; vdg;gLk;.,J Gjpa thoplq;fis fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
iii) FBNaw;wk;/cs;Nsw;wk;:FbNaw;wk; fhuzkhf ,df;$l;lj;jpd; msT mjpfupf;Fk

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13. r- Nju;T nra;j rpw;wpdq;fs; s- Nju;T nra;j rpw;wpdq;fSf;fhd NtWghLfs; ahit.

r - Nju;T nra;j rpw;wpdq;fs; S - Nju;T nra;j rpw;wpdq;fs;
1. rpwpa mstpyhd capupdq;fs; ngupa mstpyhd capupdq;fs;
2.mjpf Nra; capupfis cUthf;Fk; Fiwe;j Nra; capupfis cUthf;Fk;
3.Ntkhf Kjpu;r;rp milAk; jhkjkhf Kjpu;r;rp milAk

5 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs
1.tpyq;Ffspy; cs;s Jyq;fy;fspd; tiffs; - Fwpj;J vOJf.
(my;yJ) capuw;w fhuzpfSf;Nfw;g capupdq;fs; ve;nje;j topfspy; vjpu;tpid Gupfpd;wd.
• xOq;fikT (Regulate):rpy tpyq;fpdq;fs; clw;nraypay; %yk; rPuhd jd;dpiy fhj;jiy
guhkupf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ntg;gepiy>madpfs; CLfyg;G rkd; nra;ag;gLfpwJ v.fh –
gwitfs;>ghY}l;bfs;
• xj;jikT(Conform): ngUk;ghyhd tpyq;Ffs; cs;#o;epiyia epiyahf guhkupf;f Kbtjpy;iy.
cly ntg;gepiy Rw;W#oy; ntg;gepiyf; Nfw;g khWfpwJ. v.fh – kPd;fspd; cly; jputj;jpd;
CLfyg;Gr; nrwpT Rw;Wr; #oypy; cs;s ePupd; CLfyg;Gr; nrwptpw;Nfw;g khw;wkilfpwJ
,j;jifa tyq;Ffs; xj;jikthd;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• tyirNghjy;( Migration) tyirNghjy; vd;gJ Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;Fk; kPz;Lk;
gioa ,lj;jpw;F te;J NrUk; capupdq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,af;fk; MFk.; v.fh –
irgPupahtpypUe;J Ntle;jhq;fSf;F te;J nry;;Yk; irgPupad; nfhf;Ffs;.
• nrayw;w epiy(Suspend): rpy rkak; tpyq;fpdq;fs; ,lk;ngau;e;J nry;y ,ayhj #oypy; #oy;
mOj;jj;jpypUe;J tpLgl nrayw;w epiyj;jd;ikia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. v.fh – Fspu; cwf;fk;>
Nfhil cwf;fk;.
2.ghiytd capu;j; njhFjpfspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
→ G+kpapy; Ie;jpy; xU gFjp ghiytdkhf cs;sJ. ,q;F Mz;L kio msT 500 kp.kPf;Fk;
FiwT
→ kiog;nghopT tPjj;ij tpl Mtpahjy; tPjk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. kzy; NkLfs; mjpfkhf
fhzg;gLk; .Mz;bd; ruhurp ntg;epiy 200C Kjy; 250C MFk;
→ ntg;gepiyapd; mbg;gilapy; ntg;g ghiytdk; kw;Wk; Fspu; ghiytdk; vd ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;
ntg;gg; ghiytdk;:
1) tl Mg;upf;fhtpy; cs;s r`huh ghiytdk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhu; ghiytdk;
Mfpait ntg;g ghiytdq;fs; MFk;
2) ,jpy; twd;l epyj; jhtuq;fshd rg;ghj;jpf;fs;sp>fw;whio Nghd;w jhtuq;fSk; rpwg;G
tif KJFehZila kw;Wk; KJFehzw;w tpyq;FfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3) mjpf ntg;gepiyia jhq;ff;$ba kw;Wk; FiwthdvmsT ePiu gad;gLj;jf;$ba
tpyq;Ffs; kl;LNk ,q;F tho KbAk.;
4) ngUk;ghyhd tpyq;Ffs; tisfspy; tho;git. tpyq;Ffs; ntg;gkhd gfy; nghOjpy;
nrayw;W ,Uf;Fk; khiy my;yJ ,uT Neuq;fspy; Nka;r;rYf;fhf ntspNa tUk;.
Fspu; ghiytdk;:
1) gdpg;nghopTld; $ba Fspu; fhyKk; rpy rkak; mjpf msT kiog;nghopTk; fhzg;gLk;.
2) ,it md;lhu;bf; kw;Wk; fpuPd;yhe;J mfpa ,lq;fspYk; ,e;jpahtpy; ylhf; gFjpapYk;
fhzg;gLk;.
3) ruhrup Fsp;u;fhy ntg;gepiy -20C Kjy; 40C tiuAk; Nfhilf;fhy ruhrup ntg;gepiy 210C
Kjy; 260C tiuAk; ,Uf;Fk; 4.kz; fdkhdjhfTk; gbTfs; cilajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;
4) ,g;gFjpapy; mjpfkhf $hf;Kay;>fq;fhU vyp>Rz;nlyp Nghd;wit thOk;.

3.Fspu; ePu; epiyapy; ntg;gepiy kz;lyq;fs; - Fwpg;G tiuf.

✓ ciw ntg;gepiyapy;(00C) ePu; RUq;FfpwJ 40C ntg;gepiyapy; jput
ePupd; mlu;j;jp kpf mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
✓ ,jw;F fPo; epiyapy; ePuhdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; tpuptila
Jtq;FfpwJ.

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✓ ,g;gz;G gdpf;fl;bila ePu;epiyfspy; cs;s ePupd; Nky; kpjf;fr;;

nra;fpwJ.
✓ ,jdhy; ePu;epiyfspy; Nky;Gwk; cs;s ePu; kl;Lk; ciwfpwJ
✓ mjd; fPogFjpapy; cs;s ePu; jput epiyapypNa ,Ue;J
capupdq;fs; tho;tij epiyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

4.#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; capuw;w kw;Wk; capu;f;fhuzpfs; vit?

capuw;w fhuzpfs;
 ntg;gepiy>xsp>ePu;>kz;>fhw;W><ug;gjk;>cauk; Mfpait capuw;w fhuzpfs; MFk;.
capu;fhuzpfs;
 ghf;Bupahf;fs; kw;Wk; G+Q;irfs; capu;f;fhuzpfs; MFk;. ,it “#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpd;
Jg;Guthsu;fs;”; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; Vnddpy; ,it ,we;j jhtu tpyq;Ffis kf;fr;nra;J
kz;zhf khw;WfpwJ.

5.ntt;NtW rpw;wpdq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s rhu;gpd; tiffs; ahit?

ntt;NtW ,df;$l;lj;ij rhu;e;j capupdq;fs; czT>thoplk;> ,iz kw;Wk; gpw NjitfSf;fhf
xd;iw xd;W rhu;e;J tho;fpd;wd.
❖ eLepiy rhu;G: ntt;NtW rpw;wpdq;fs; xd;whf tho;e;jhYk; mit xd;iw xd;W ghjpg;gjpy;iy.
❖ Neu;kiw rhu;G: ,jpy; njhlu;Gila ve;j capupAk; ghjpg;giltjpy;iy.xd;Nwh my;yJ
,uz;LNkh gadilAk;.,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk; 1.gfpu;e;J thOk; tho;f;if 2. cjtp ngWk;
tho;f;if.
❖ vjpu;kiw rhu;G: ,jpy; njhlu;Gila capupfspy; xd;Nwh my;yJ ,uz;LNkh ghjpg;gilAk;.
v.fh – Nghl;b>nfhz;W jpz;Zjy;>xl;Lz;zp tho;f;if.

11.E«¬L°u TpYûLjRuûU Utßm TôÕLôl×


1.gpd;tUk; kz;lyq;fspy; mjpfgl;r gy;tifjjd;ik nfhz;l gFjp vJ?
m)Fspu; ghiytdk; M)ntg;gkz;lyf;fhLfs; ,)kpjntg;g kiyf;fhLfs; <)rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;
2.,aw;ifahd thoplq;fspDs; capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik ghJfhg;G vd;gJ.
m) #oy; cs; ghJfhg;G M)#oy; ntsp ghJfhg;G ,) clYs; ghJfhg;G <) cly; ntsp ghJfhg;G
3.gpd;tUtdtw;wpy vJ #oy; cs; ghJfhg;G tifia rhu;e;jJ my;y
m) Gfyplq;fs; M) Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,)tpyq;fpay; G+q;fhf;fs; <) capuNfhs fhg;gplk;
4.gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy; vJ kpif cs;Su; capupdg;gFjp
m)Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiy M),e;jpa-fq;if rkntsp ,)fpof;F ,kakiy njhlu; <) m kw;Wk; ,
5.capupdq;fspd; rptg;G gl;baiy ntspapl;Ls;s epWtdk;
m) WWF M) IUCN ,) ZSI <) UNEP
6.capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik vd;w thu;j;ijia mwpKfg;gLjjpatu; ahu;?
m) vl;Ntu;L tpy;rd; M) thy;lu; Nuhrd; ,) ehukd; kpau;]; <) Myp]; ehu;kd;
7.gpd;tUk; gFjpfspy; vJ G+kpf;Nfhspd; EiuaPuy; vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
m) ,iAjpu; fhL M)tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs; ,) Crpapiyf; fhLfs;
<) mNkrhd; fhLfs;
8.thopl rPuoptpdhy; kpf fLikahd ghjpg;GfSf;F cs;shfp mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;fpdk; vJ?
m) ghY}l;bfs; M) gwitfs; ,) ,Utho;tfs; <) Kl;Njhypfs;
9.$w;W - ntg;gkz;lyg; gFjpfspy;; epyTk; Rw;W #oy; jd;ikfs; capupdq;fspd; rpw;wpdkhf;fy;
kw;Wk; gy;tifjjd;ikf;Fr; rhjfkhf cs;sd.
fhuzk; - gUtfhyk;> jl;g ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjk;> xspf;fhyk; Vwf;Fiwa epiyahfTk;
cfe;jjhfTk;; cs;sJ.
m) fhuzk; kw;Wk; $w;W ,uz;Lk; rup> fhuzk; $w;iw rupahf tpsf;FfpwJ.
M)fhuzk; kw;Wk; $w;W rup> fhuzk; $w;iw rupahf tpsf;ftpy;iy
,)$w;W #Trup fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jT

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
10.Xuplj; jd;ik (endemism) – tiuaW.
xU jhtuNkh my;yJ tpyq;Nfh Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; thOk; jd;ik cilaJ ,jw;F Xuplj;jd;ik
vd;W ngau;.v.fh jPT> ghiytdk;

11.,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kpif cs;Su; capupdg;gFjpfs; vj;jid? mtw;iw ngaupLf.

1.,e;jpahtpy; 4 tifahd kpif cs;Su; capupdg;gFjpfs; cs;sd..
2.mit 1.,kakiy 2.Nkw;Fnjhlw;r;rp kiy 3.,e;Njh-gu;kh 4.Re;ju;Nyd;l;

12.caupap gy;tifj;jd;ikapd; %d;W epiyfs; ahit?

1.kugpay; gy;tifj;jd;ik 2.rpw;wpd gy;tifj;jd;ik 3.r%f/ #o;epiy gy;tifj;jd;ik

13.uhNthy;/gpah thkpNlhupah vDk; kUj;Jt jhtuj;jpy cs;s nray;gL Ntjpg;nghUspd; ngau;

vd;d? ,J ve;j tif gy;tifj; jd;ikiar; rhu;e;Js;sJ?
 uhNthy;/gpah thkpNlhupah jhtuj;jpy; upru;igd; vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; cs;sJ. ,J kugpay;
gy;tifj; jd;ikia rhu;e;Js;sJ.

14.mNkrhd; fhLfs; G+kpf;Nfhspd; EiuaPuyhf fUjg;gLfpwJ - ,e;j nrhw;nwhliu epahag;gLj;J.

(m)G+kpf;Nfhspd; EiuaPuyhf fUjg;gLtJ vJ? Vd; mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 mNkrhd; fhLfspy; 10 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd capupdq;fs; tho;fpd;wd.
 ,q;Fs;s jhtuq;fs; CO2thAit vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Mf;rp[id ntsp tpLfpwJ.
 cyf mstpy; 20% Mf;rp[d; mNkrhd; fhLfspypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.mjdhy; ,J
G+kpf;Nfhspd; EiuaPuy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ>

15.nre;juTg; Gj;jfk; - ,ijg;gw;wp cdf;F njuptJ vd;d? (m) rptg;G jfty; Gj;jfk; Fwpg;G vOJ.
➢ mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s capupdq;fspd; tptuq;fs; mlq;fpa gl;bay; nre;juT Gj;jfk;
vd;ggLk.;
➢ Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; mike;Js;s cyf ghJfghg;G $l;likg;;G (WCU) nre;juT Gj;jfj;ij
guhkupf;fpwJ.
rptg;G gl;baypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
➢ capupd gy;tifj;jd;ikf;F vjpuhd mr;RWj;jy;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
➢ kugw;Wg;NghFk; epiyapy; cs;s capupdq;fis milahsk; fz;lwpjy;.
➢ Fiwe;JtUk; capupd gy;tifj;jd;ikf;F cyfstpy; FwpaPl;L vz; toq;Fjy;.

16.#oy; cs;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; #oy; ntspghJfhg;G ,uz;ilAk; xg;gpl;L – NtWgLj;Jf.

#oy; cs;ghJfhg;G #oy; ntspghJfhg;G
1) jhtu my;yJ tpyq;fpdq;fis mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ
mit ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspNyNa jhtu ,dq;fis jdpg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; itj;J
,aw;ifahd #o;epiyapy; ghJfhj;jy; ghJfhj;jy;
2) ,k;Kiwapy; ,aw;if thoplq;fs; capupdq;fs; kugw;Wg; NghtjpypUe;J
kPl;fg;gLfpwJ ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3) v.fh-Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;> capu;Nfhs v.fh- tpyq;fpay; G+q;fhf;fs;>
fhg;gplq;fs;> tdtpyq;F Gfyplq;fs; jhtutpay; G+q;fhf;fs;
17.mopAk; epiy rpw;wpdq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;FF.
 kugw;Wg;Nghf mjpf tha;Gfs; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fs; mopAk; epiy rpw;wpdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh kiy nfhupy;yh>ghz;lhfubfs;
 1998k; Mz;by; 1102 tpyq;fpdq;fSk;1197 jhtu ,dq;fSk; IUCN rptg;G Gj;jfj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s
 2012k; Mz;by; ntspahd gl;baypy; 3079 tpyq;fpdq;fSk; 2655 jhtu ,dq;fSk;
cynfq;Fk; mope;J tUk; ,dq;fs; vd gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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18.ek; ntg;g kz;lyq;fspypUe;J JUtq;fs; Nehf;fp efUk; nghOJ capupa gy;tifj;jd;ikapd;

guty; FiwfpwJ Vd;?
 JUtg;gFjpfspy; Mz;bd; ngUghyh khjq;fspy; fLikahd gdpg;nghopT ,Ug;gjhy;
capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik guty; FiwfpwJ.
 capudq;fspd; tsu;rpijkhw;w nray;fs; eilngw Njitahd ntg;gepiyAk;
JUtg;gFjpapy; ,y;iy vdNt capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik guty; FiwfpwJ.

19.thopl ,og;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; ahit?

1.kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; tsu;r;rp 2.njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; neLQ;rhiyfs; mikj;jy;
3.kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; 4.efu kahf;fk;
5.kuq;fis ntl;Ljy; kw;Wk; kiyfis File;J rhiyfs; mikj;jy; Nghd;wit MFk;.

20. may; rpw;wpdq;fspd; gilnaLg;G Xupl rpw;wpdq;fSf;F mr;RWj;jyhf tpsq;FfpwJ - thf;fpaj;ij

ep&gp.
 may;ehl;L ,dq;fs; jw;nrayhfNth my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;Nwh tu;j;jf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 mit ngUkghYk; Mf;fpukpj;J cs;Su; ,dq;fis ntspNaw;wptpLfpwJ.
 1952y; njd;dhg;upf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jpNygpah kPdhy; Nfushtpy; cs;Su; ePu;
epiy kPd;fs;(Nygpah Nfz;b];) tpiutpy; mopAk; epiyapy; cs;sd
 3.,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J may ,dq;fis tpl Mg;upf;f Mg;gps; ej;ij kpf mjpfkhf
Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ
 4.ntspA+u; kz;GO ,dq;fs; czTf;fhf cs;Su; ,dq;fSld; Nghl;bapl;L mtw;wpd;
vz;zpf;ifia Fiwf;fpd;wd.

21.kdpj nray;ghLfshy; capupa gy;tifj; jd;ikf;F Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?

1.,aw;if tsq;fs; kdpju;fshy; mjpfk; Ruz;lg;gLfpd;wd 2.cs;Su; epyq;fspd; gad;ghl;il
khw;Wjy;>capupdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ ePf;Fjy; 3.khRgLjy; 4.Ntshd;ik
nray;ghLfSf;fhf epyg;gug;G mopf;fg;gLjy; 5.gy;tifj;jd;ik mopthy; #o;epiy kz;lyk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;L czT gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk;.

22.ngUe;jpus; kugw;Wg;Nghjy; vd;why; vd;d? vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,J Nghd;w xU mopit vjpu;nfhs;tPuh?

mij jLf;f vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;ifapd; gbepiyfis tupirg;gLj;Jf.
 Rw;Wr;#oy; NguopTfshy; G+kp rpy ngUe;jpus; mopTfis re;jpj;Js;sJ ,J ngUe;jpus;
kugw;Wg;Nghjy; vdg;gLk;
 ngu;kpad; fhyj;jpy; NguopT Vw;gl;L Mokw;w fly; ePupy; tho;e;j 90% KJFehzw;w
capupdq;fs; kugw;Wg; Nghapd.
23.tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,lk; khWk; Ntshd;ik gy;tifj; jd;ikapd; Kf;fpa mr;RWj;jyhFk; -
ep&gp.
m) ,lk; khWk; Ntshz;ik – Fwpg;G vOJf.
 ,lk; khWk; Ntshz;ik vd;gJ tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; xU Ntshz;ik
KiwahFk;.
 ,k;Kiapay; ,aw;ifahf kuq;fis nfhz;l fhLfis vupj;J mjpy; mjpf mstpy;
gapu;rhFgb nra;J gpd; me;j ,lj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L NtW ,lj;jpw;F nrd;W kuq;fis mopj;J
kPz;Lk; mq;F gapu; rhFgb nra;Ak; Kiw MFk;.

24. capupa gy;tifj;jd;ikapd; ,og;gpw;fhd gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; ahit? gl;baypLf.

1.fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLjy; 2.Rw;Wr;#oy; khw;wk; 3.jl;gntg;g epiy khw;wk; 4.jPtpu Ntshd;ik
5.,aw;if NguopTfs; 6.njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; efukakhf;fk; 7.rhiyfs; kw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;G
NfhGuq;fs; mikj;jy;

25.capupa gy;tifj;jd;ikapd; ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ehk; vt;thW gq;fspf;f KbAk;.

 capupdq;fspd; thoplq;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;
 capupdq;fspd; czT> thoplk;> ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd ,lq;fis ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ePu;> epyk;> fhw;W Mfpatw;iw khRglhky; ghJfhj;jy;.
 g+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; td tpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs; mikj;jy; Mfpait.
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26.rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

i) ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs;
ii) tdtpyq;F Gfyplq;fs;
ii) ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs;:
❖ ,j;jifa capupa Gtpaikg;G kz;lyq;fis ,aw;if kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu tsq;fSld; capupa
gy;tifj;jd;ik ghJfhf;fg;gl;L rl;lg;G+u;tkhd Kiwapy; guhkupf;fg;gl;L epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ
❖ Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;> td capup Gfyplq;fs;> r%f fhg;gplq;fs; kw;Wk; capu;Nfhs fhg;gplq;fs;
Mfpait ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; mlq;Fk;.
ii) tdtpyq;F Gfyplq;fs;:
❖ fhl;Ltpyq;FfSk; jhtuq;fSk; Ntl;ilahLjy; kw;Wk; jpULjy; ,y;yhky; milf;fyk;
ngWk; epyg;gFjp tdtpyq;F Gfyplk; vdg;gLk;.
❖ mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Ffis ghJfhj;jy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
❖ v.fh – Nfushtpy; mike;Js;s ngupahu; tdtpyq;F Gfyplk; Mrpa ahid kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
GypfSf;F Gfo;ngw;wjhFk;

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;

1.capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik – Fwpg;G tiu

 “thy;lu; Nuhrd;” vd;gtu; capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
 gy jug;gl;l capupdq;fspd; njhFg;Ng capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik vdg;gLk;;.
2.rpw;wpd gy;tifj;jd;ik vd;gJ vd;d?
xU thoplj;jpy; cs;s rpw;wpd tiffspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nrOik Mfpait rpw;wpd
gy;tifj;jd;ik vdg;gLk;
3.thoplk; Jz;lhlg;gLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
 capupdq;fs; thOk; xU ngupa njhlu;r;rpahd epyg;gug;G ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l rpW
gFjpfshfg; gpupj;jy; thoplk; Jz;lhlg;gLjy; vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh- fhl;L epyq;fis tpisepyq;fshf khw;Wjy;>efuikakhf;fy;>njhopw;rhiyfs; mikj;jy;
,jdhy; thoplq;fs; Jz;lhf;fg;gl;L gytifj;jd;ik FiwfpwJ.

4.rpl;Lf;FUtp ,dq;fs; moptjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf

1.efukakhjypd; fhuzkhfr; rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; ,dk; mopit Nehf;fp nry;fpd;wd
2.ciwaplg;gl;l czTfs;>Ntshz;ikf;fhd G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs;>mLf;Fkhb FbapUg;Gfs;
Nghd;wtw;why; czT kw;Wk; ,lk; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ
3. etPd fl;Lkhdq;fspy; nghe;Jfs; ,y;yhjjhy; rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; $l;bw;fhd ,lk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.

5.,iz kugw;Wg; Nghjy; vd;why; vd;d? vLjJf;fhl;L jUf.

(m) NlhNlh gwitf;Fk; fy;thupah kuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhu;G ahJ?
 xU ,dk; kugw;W Nghtjdhy; mijr; rhu;e;j kw;nwhU ,dKk; kugw;Wg; NghtJ ,iz
kugw;Wg; Nghjy; vdg;gLk;. v.fh - Mu;fpl; NjdPf;fs; kw;Wk; tdj;jpd; kuq;fs;.
 xU ,dj;jpd; mopT jhdhfNt ,d;ndhU ,dj;jpd; mopit J}z;LfpwJ.v.fh.nkhuprpa]; jPtpy;
mope;J Nghd Nlhlh gwit kw;Wk; fy;thupah kuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G.
 fy;thupah kuj;jpd; tpijfs; fLikahdit mij NlhNlh gwitfs; cz;L nrupj;J
tpijfspd; Kisf;Fk; jpwid vspjhf;Ffpd;wd.

6.jPtpu Ntshd;ik – Fwpg;G jUf.

➢ rJg;G epyq;fs;> Gy;ntspfs; kw;Wk; tdq;fis mopj;J Ntshz;ik nra;jy; jPtpuNtshz;ik
vdg;gLk; .
➢ ,J mjpf tpisr;ry; jUk; gapu; ,dq;fis rhu;e;Js;sJ.

7.rptg;G gl;baypy; cs;s 8 tifahd rpw;wpdq;fs; ahit?

1. kugw;Wg;Nghdit 2. tdj;jpy; kugw;Wg;Nghdit 3. kpfTk; Mgj;jhd epiyapy; cs;sit
4. mopAk; epiyapy; cs;sit 5. vspjpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$bait 6. Fiwe;j Mgj;J cilait
7. KOikahd jfty; ,y;yhjit 8. kjpg;gPL nra;ag;glhjit

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8.kugZ tq;fpfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ.

➢ kugZ nghUs;fis ghJfhf;Fk; ,lk; kugZ tq;fpfs; vdg;gLk;
➢ jhtuq;fspd; tpijfis tpij tq;fpfspy; mjpf ehl;fs; Nrkpj;Jitf;fyhk.;
➢ mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s ,dq;fspd; ,dr;nry;fis ciwepiy ghJfhg;G Kiwapy; ePz;l
ehl;fs; ghJfhf;fyhk;.

9.Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; vd;gJ vd;d? jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; rpytw;iw – gl;baypL
capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik kw;Wk; td tpyq;Ffspd; ey;tho;;tpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; Njrpa
G+q;fhf;fs; vdg;gLk;.

10.mwpQu; mz;zh capupay; G+q;fh vq;F mike;Js;sJ? mijg;gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis gl;baypL.

1.nrd;idapy; cs;s tz;lY}upy; mike;Js;sJ 2. 602n`f;Nlu; gug;gstpy; mike;Js;sJ
3. ,e;j G+q;fhtpy; ghY}l;bfs;>gwitfs;> Cu;td Nghd;w rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd.
4.,e;j G+q;fhtpy; tpyq;fpay; G+q;fh J}Jtu; vd;w epfo;rp gs;sp Foe;ijfSf;fhf elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
11.ru;tNr ,aw;if ghJfhg;G $l;likg;G (m) UCN – vd;gJ vd;d?
 ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlu;e;J gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhf nray;gLk;
epWtdNk ru;tNjr ,aw;if ghJfhg;G $l;likg;G vdg;gLk;
 ,J 1948k; Mz;by; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ
 mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s caupdq;fspd; jfty;fis Nrfupj;J njhFj;J rptg;G gl;bayhf
ntspapLfpwJ.

5. U§lùTi ®]ôdLs

1.capupa gy;tifj; jd;ikapd; mLf;Ffis tpupthf vOJ.

 capupa gy;tifj; jd;ikapy; 3 mLf;Ffs; cs;sd. mit
kugpay; gy;tifj;jd;ik rpw;wpd gy;tifj;jd;ik r%f/#o;epiy kz;ly gy;tifj;jd;ik
kugpay; gy;tifj;jd;ik:
 NtWg;gl;l rpw;wpdj;jpd; my;yJ xNu rpw;wpdj;jpd; ,df;$l;lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd kugpay;
NtWghLfis Fwpg;gJ kugpay; gy;tifj; jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; 50000j;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd ney; kugZ tiffs; cs;sd. Gjpa ufq;fis
cUthf;f kugpay; gy;tifj; jd;ik gad;gLfpwJ.
rpw;wpd gy;tifj;jd;ik:
 xU thoplj;jpy; cs;s rpw;wpd tiffspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nrOik Mfpait
rpw;wpd gy;tifj;jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
 fpof;F njhlu;r;rp kiyfis tpl Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiyg;gFjpapy; ,U tho;tp rpw;wpdq;fs;
mjpfkhf cs;sd.
r%f/#o;epiy kz;ly gy;tifj;jd;ik:
 Rw;Wr;#oy; nray;Kiwfspd; gy;tifj; jd;ikahy; #o;epiy kzly mstpy; fhzg;gLk;
gy;tifj;jd;ik #o;epiy kz;ly gy;tifj;jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
 my;igd; Gy;ntspfs;>kiof;fhLfs;>rJg;G epyq;fs; kw;Wk; ghiytdq;fs; nfhz;l cyfpd;
kpfr;rpwe;j Rw;Wr;#oy; gy;tifj;jd;ik nfhz;l ehlhf ,e;jpah cs;sJ.

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2. may;ehl;L ,dq;fspd; cs;Nsw;wk; Fwpj;J tptup?

1.may;ehl;L ,dq;fs; jw;nrayhfNth my;yJ tu;;j;jf Nehf;fj;jp;wf ; hfNth my;yJ gpw
gad;ghl;bw;Nfh mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mitfs; Mf;fpukpj;J cs;Su; ,dq;fis ntspNaw;wp
tpLfpd;wd.
2.may; ,dq;fs; ePu; kw;Wk; jiu #o;epiy kz;lyj;jpw;F jPq;F tpistpf;fpd;wd.
3.1952y; njd;dhg;upf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jpNygpah kPdhy; Nfushtpy; cs;Su; ePu; epiy
kPd;fs;(Nygpah Nfz;b];) tpiutpy; mopAk; epiyapy; cs;sd.
4.,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J may; ,dq;fis tpl Mg;upf;f Mg;gps; ej;ij kpf
mjpfkhfMf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. ,J gapu;fis jhf;Fk; jk;ikAs;sJ
5.ntspA+u; kz;GO ,dq;fs; czTf;fhf cs;Su; ,dq;fSld; Nghl;bapl;L mtw;wpd;
vz;zpf;ifia vz;zpf;ifia Fiwf;fpd;wd.
6.nkf;rpNfhitr; rhu;e;j gg;ghsp G+r;rp Nkw;F tq;fk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;by; gg;ghsp gapu;fspy; mjpf
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

3.thopl ,og;G gw;wp tptupf;fTk;

1.FbapUg;Gfs; >tptrhak;. rhiyfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfs; mikj;jy; Mfpatwhy; thopl
,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ
2.,jd; tpisthf capupdq;fs; Gjpa #oYf;Nfw;g jftikg;Gfis ngWk; my;yJ NtW ,lj;jpwF
,lk; ngau;fpwJ.
3.mjpf kuq;fs; ntl;lg;gLtjhy; thopl ghjpg;G cz;lhFk.;
4.Gtpf;Nfhspd; EiuaPuy; vd;wiof;fg;gLk mNkrhd; fhLfspy; jw;NghJ Ntshd;ik kw;Wk; kdpj
FbapUg;GfSf;fhf gy gFjpfs; mopf;fg;l;Ls;sd.
5.thopl mopg;gpd; tpisthy; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; Ez;Zapu;fs; mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
3.kugw;Wg;Nghjy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis tptupf;fTk;. (m) kugw;Wg;Nghjypd; tiffis
tptup.
⬧ cyfpd; ve;jg; gFjpapYk; xU ,dj;jpd; xU cWg;gpdu; $l ,y;iy vd;w epiyia mile;j
,dk; kugw;Wg;Nghdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. kugw;Wg; Nghjy; 3 tifg;gLk;
→ ,aw;if top kugw;Wg;Nghjy;:
Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; gupzhkj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;> Neha;fs; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; xU rpw;wpdk;
Nkk;gl;l jftikg;Gfisf; nfhz;l kw;nwhU rpw;wpdj;jhy; khw;wk; nra;ag;gLjy; ,aw;if top
kugw;Wg;; Nghjy; vdg;gLk;.
→ ngUe;jpus; kugw;Wg;Nghjy;
Rw;Wr;#oy; NguopTfshy; G+kp rpy ngUe;jpus; mopTfis re;jpj;Js;sJ ,JngUe;jpus; kugw;Wg;
Nghjy; vdg;gLk;;. ngu;kpad; fhyj;jpy; NguopT Vw;gl;L Mokw;w fly; ePupy; tho;e;j 90% KJF
ehzw;w capupdq;fs; kugw;Wg; NghdJ.
→ khDlnray;fshy; kugw;Wg;Nghjy;:
Ntl;ilahLjy;>thoplr;rPuopT> efukakhf;fy; kw;Wk; njhopy; kakhf;fy; Nghd;w kdpj
nray;ghLfshy; rpy ,dq;fs; mope;J Nghapd. Nkhuprpa]; jPtpy; tho;e;j NlhNlh gwitfs;
kdpj nray;ghLfshy; kugw;Wg;NghdJ.

4.capupa gy;tifj;jd;ik ghJfhg;gpd; nghJthd cj;jpfs; ahit?

 mghaepiyapy; cs;s midj;J rpw;wpdq;fisAk; milahsk; fz;L ghJfhj;jy;
 nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j capupdq;fis ghJfhj;jy;
 czT> ,dg;ngUf;fk;>xa;tplk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd tho;tplq;fspy; kpf Mgj;jhd epiyapy;
,Ug;gitfis milahsk; fz;L ghJfhj;jy;
 capupdq;fspd; ciwtplk; czT kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f gFjpfisf; fz;lwpe;J ghJfhj;jy;.
 epyk; ePu; kw;Wk; fhw;W Mfpatw;iw ghJfhj;jy;.

5.#o;epiy kz;ly gy;tifj; jd;ikapd; %d;W Rz;nlz;fs; ahit?

(m) rpw;wpd gy;tifj; jd;ikapd; %d;W gpupTfs; ahit?
i) My;gh gy;tifj; jd;ik ii) gPl;lh gy;tifj; jd;ik iii) fhkh gy;tifj; jd;ik
i) My;gh gy;tifj; jd;ik:
xU Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhak; my;yJ #o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; thOk; tifg;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd;
vz;zpf;ifia itj;J mstplg;gLfpwJ.

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ii) gPl;lh gy;tifj; jd;ik:

,J mUfUNf cs;s ,uz;L #o;epiy kz;lyq;fSf;fpilNahd rpw;wpd
gy;tifj;jd;ikahFk;.,J mr;#o;epiy kz;lyq;fspy; cs;s jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j rpw;wpdq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia xg;gPL nra;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
iii fhkh gy;tifj; jd;ik:
,J Gtpapy; cs;s midj;J thoplq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis Fwpf;fpwJ.

12..ÑtßfãZp CPoTôÓLs
;

1..U§lùTi ®]ôdLs
1.Rj;jkhd FbePu; ngWjy; ekJ mbglgil cupik. ,J ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ve;j gpuptpy;
ml;fpAs;sJ
m) gupT – 12 M) gpupT - 21 ,) gpupT – 31 <) gpupT – 41
2.1992y; ele;j upNah cr;rp khehl;bd; nray;jpl;lk; 21” vjDld; njhlu;GilaJ.
m)epiyahd tsu;r;rp
M)kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis vjpu;j;Jg; NghuhLtJ.
,)gRik ,y;y thAf;fspd; ntspg;ghl;il Fiwf;Fk; tpjpKiwfs;
<)Rj;jkhd Mw;wYf;fhf tsUk; ehlfSf;F njhoy;El;gq;fis gupkhw;Wjy;
3.];Nll;Nlh];gpaupd; XNrhd; mLf;fpd; jbkid mstpl gadgLtJ ---------------
m)];tPlu;]; myF (SU) M)lhg;rd; myF (DU) ,)nky;rd; myF <)gP/Nghu;l; msTNfhy;

4.2017 Mk; Mz;bd; Gs;sp tptug;gb cyf mstpy; fhu;gd; il Mf;iril kpf mjpfkhf ntspapLk;
ehL vJ?
m) mnkupf;fh M) rPdh ,) fj;jhu; <)rTjpMNugpah
5.ePu; epiyfspy; cs;s vz;nza; frpTfs; Nghd;w khRghLfis mfw;w Ez;Zapu;fspd; tsu;rpij
khw;wj;jpid gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw
m) caupa cUg;ngUf;fk; M)capupaj; jPu;T ,) capupa kPj;Njdhf;fk; <) capupa RUf;fk;
6.gpd;tUtdtw;wpy;; vJ czTr; rq;fpypfspd; Cl;l epiyfis flf;Fk; NghJ vg;NghJk; Fiwfpd;wJ
m)vz;zpf;if M) Ntjpg;nghUs; ,) Mw;wy; <) tpir
7.ifg;Ngrpfs; %yk; cUthFk; kpd;dZf; fopTfspy; ve;j cNyhfk; mjpfkhff; fhzggLfpwJ?
m) jhkpuk; M) nts;sp ,) gNybak; <) jq;fk;
8.i`l;Nuh FNshNuh GNshNuh fhu;gd; Nru;kq;fspy; mjpfkjff; fhzg;gL;k; %yf;$W
m) i`l;u[d; M) fhu;gd; ,) FNshupd; <) GNshupd;
9.gdpg;Gif vjpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ?
m) Gif M) %Lgdp ,) m kw;Wk; M <) m kl;Lk;
10.FbePupy; mjpf msT GSiuL ------------------ I Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
m) EiuaPuy; Neha; M) Fly; njhw;Wfs; ,) GSNuh]p]; <) Nkw;fz;l vJTk; ,y;iy

×jRL ®]ôdLs ( 2,3 Marks)

11.tpupthf;fk; jUf.
m) CFC M) AQI ,) PAN
m) CFC – FnshNuh /g;NshNuh fhu;gd;
M) AQI – fhw;W juf;FwpaPl;L vz;
,) PAN – nguhf;rp mrpl;ily; iel;Nul;

12.Gifg;gdp vd;why; vd;d? mJ ve;j tifapy; ekf;F jPq;fspf;fpwJ.

 Gifg;gdp vd;gJ fhw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa Jfs;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; xU tifahd fhw;W
khRghL MFk;.
 ,J Gif kw;Wk; %Lgdpapd; fyitahFk;
jPikfs; :
1.Gifg; gdpahy; M];Jkh NehahspfSf;F Rthr ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2.jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;FfisAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.
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13.tPLfs;>gs;sp my;yJ Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fspy; cz;zhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; fopTfis gl;baypLf.

mtw;iw vspjhf Fiwf;fKbAkh? ve;j tif fopTfis Fiwg;gJ kpfTk; fbdk; my;yJ
,ayhJ.
 tPL - czTf;fopTfs;>nefpop>fhfpjk;> fz;zhb>ml;il>cNyhfq;fs;>rhk;gy;
 gs;sp – fl;il>fhfpjk;>kpd;rhjd fopTfs;
 Rw;Wyhj;jq;fs; - fhjpj jl;L>fz;zhb>gioankj;ijfs;>Fspu;ghd ghl;by;fs;
czTf;fopTfs;
jhtuf;fopTfs; Nghd;wit cukhf gad;gLj;jyhk;. fz;zhb kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fis kW
#ow;rp nra;ayhk;.
 nefpop kw;Wk; kpd;rhu fopTfis Fiwg;gJ kpfTk; fbdk;.

14.Fwpg;G tiuf – m) kpif czT+l;lk; M) ghrpg;ngUf;fk;

m) kpif czT+l;lk; : (Eutrophication)
 Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l ePu; epyg;gFjpapypUe;J tope;Njhb Vup kw;Wk; Fsq;fis
nrd;wilAk;nghOJ ePu; epiyapy; cs;s jhtu tsu;r;rp mjpfupf;Fk; ,jw;F kpif
czT+l;lk; vd;W ngau;.
 ghrpfs; kw;Wk; Mfhaj; jhkiu Nghd;wtw;wpd; tsu;r;rp mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.,jdhy;
fhy;tha;fs;>Vupfspy; milg;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
M)ghrpg;ngUf;fk; : (Algal bloom)
 ePupd; Cl;lr;rj;J nrwpT mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ghrpfs; kw;Wk; ePu; jhtuq;fspd; tsu;r;rp
mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,J ePupd; juj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; Mf;rp$d; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ.

15.cuk; fye;j ePu; tope;Njhb ePu; epiyfspy; fyg;gjhy; ePu; #opepiy kz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLjJk;
tpisTfs; ahit?
 ePu; epiyapy; cs;s ed;ik jUk; capupdq;fSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
 kpif czT+l;lk; Vw;gLk;
 ghrpfspd; tsu;r;rp mjpfupg;gjhy; ePu; epiyapy;; cs;s kw;w capupdq;fSf;F Mf;rp$d;
gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk;.
 ePu; khriltjhy; mjid ehk; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

16.ehk; kpif czT+l;lj;ij vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

 Ntshz;ikapy; Fiwe;j mstpy; cuq;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpf;nfhs;spfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 Kiwahd fopT ePu; Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwfis ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;.

17.Rw;Wr;#oy; khRghl;bid Fiwg;gjpy;; jdkdpj gq;fpid tptup?

 mjpf mstpy; kuq;fis eLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 thfdq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; thAf;fspd; msit Fiwj;jy;
 fhw;W khRgLtij Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Ntshz;;ikapy; cuq;fs; kw;;Wk; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfis Fiwe;j mstpy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

18.kW Row;rp Kiwfs; khRghLfis Fiwg;gjpy; vt;thW cjTfpd;wd.

 fopTePiu kWRow;r;rp nra;J kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;
 kdpj fopTfis kWRow;rp nra;J Ntjp cuq;fSf;F khw;whf gad;gLj;jyhk;
 nefpop nghUl;fis kWRow;rp nra;tjhy; epyk; khRgLjiy Fiwf;fyhk;.

19.gpd;tUtdtw;iw gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.

m) tpidNtf khw;wpfs; M) gRik ,y;y thAf;fs; ,)#oy; Rfhjhuf; foptiwfs;
m) tpidNtf khw;wpfs;:
 ,it thfdq;fspy; khRgLj;Jk; thAf;fis Fiwf;F cjTk; fUtp MFk;.
 ,it thfdq;fspy ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; thAf;fis Fiwe;j er;Rj;jd;ik cilajhf
khw;wp ntspNaw;WfpwJ.
M) #oy; Rfhjhuf; foptiwfs;:
 #oy; Rfhjhuk; vd;gJ cyu; kl;Fk; foptiwfis gad;gLj;jp kdpj fopTfis ifahSk;
mikg;ghFk;
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 #oy; Rfhjhuf; foptiwfs; fopT ePu; cw;gj;jpapid Fiwj;J kW Row;rp nra;ag;gl;l kdpj
foptpypUe;J ,aw;if cuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ
 ,it Ntjp cuq;fSf;F rpwe;j khw;whf gad;gLfpd;wd.

20.flypy; nfhl;lg;gl;l er;Rf;fopTfis jtpu;f;f rpy jPu;Tfisf; $W.

 fg;gy; tpgj;J kw;Wk; vz;iz frpT Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ,J eilngWfpwJ.
 njhopw;rhiyf;fopTfs; kw;Wk; rhf;filf; fopTfis kWRow;rp nra;J flypy; fyf;f
Ntz;Lk;.


1.khRghL vd;why; vd;d?
 ,aw;if fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpj nray;ghLfshy; Rw;Wr;#oypd; ,aw;gpa>Ntjpa>capupa
gz;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; tpUk;gj; jfhj khw;wk; khRghL vdg;gLk;.
 khRghl;bid Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fs; khRgLj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;.

2.fhw;W khRghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ,uz;bid vOJ.

 Rthrf; NfhshW kw;Wk; M];Jkh Nehia czlhf;;Fk;.
 clypd; vjpu;g;G rf;jpia Fiwf;fpwJ.
 ,ja Neha;fs; kw;Wk; khuilg;G cz;lhFk.;
 fhu;gd; Nkhdhf;irL (CO) Mf;rp[d; flj;jiy Fiwf;fpwJ.

3.mkpykio vd;why; vd;d?

 fe;jf mkpyk; kw;Wk; iel;upf; mkpyk;; Nghd;w mkpyg; nghUl;fis nfhz;l kiog; nghopT
mkpy kio vdg;gLk;.
 ,it kuq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;llq;ifs Nrjg;gLj;JfpwJ.

4.fhw;W khRghl;bid fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; topKiwfs; %d;wpid gl;baypL.

 mjpf mstpy; kuq;is elNtz;Lk;
 thfdq;fspy; tpidNtf khw;wpfis gad;gLj;jp Gifapd; msit
Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 njhopw;rhiyfspy; Gif Nghf;fpfis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Gjpg;gpf;f jf;f Mw;wy; %yq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.

5.fhw;W juf; FwpaPl;L vz; (AQI) vd;why; vd;d?

 Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpy; fhw;W vt;thW khrilfpwJ vd;gijg;
gw;wp nghJkf;fSf;F njupag;gLj;j murhq;fk; gad;gLj;Jk; vz; fhw;W juf; FwpaPl;L vz;
vdg;gLk;.
6.ePu; khRghl;bd; %y Mjuhq;fs; ahit?
 ePu; khRghl;bw;fhd %y Mjhuq;fs; 3 tifg;gLk;.
1.ika %yhjhuq;fs;:
ePu; epiyfspy; fopT ePu; Foha;fs; %yk; khRgLj;jpfis ntspapLjy; v.fh.njhopw;rhiy fopTfs;
2.iakw;w %yhjhuq;fs;:
xU ,lj;jpy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; khrpd; %yhjhuq;fs; fz;lwpa ,ayhJ.
v.fh mkpykio>Ntshz;ik fopTfs;
3.frpTfs; kw;Wk; rpe;Jjy;:
,J fg;gy; tpgj;J> vz;nza; fpzWfs; Njhd;Ljy; Mfpatw;why; eilngWfpwJ. NkYk; ePu;
khRghl;bw;F %y Mjhuq;fshf efuhl;rpf; fopTfs;> njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfs;> Ntshz;ikf;
fopTfSk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
7.ePu; khRghl;bdhy; capupdq;fspy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis gl;baypL.
 ePu; khRghl;bdhy; ePu; epiyfspy; cs;s capupdq;fs; nfhy;yf;$Lk;.
 vz;nza; frpTfs; capup Mf;rprd; Njitia mjpfupf;fpwJ
 vz;nza; frpTfs; kPd;fspd; nrTs;fspy; milj;Jf; nfhstjhy; kPd;fs; ,wf;fpd;wd
 kdpju;fSf;F ilgha;L> fhyuh> fy;yPuy; mow;rp Nghd;w Neha;fs; cz;lhfpwd;wd.
 kpif czT+l;lj;jpw;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.
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8.xyp kkhRghL vd;gJ vd;d?

 Njitaw;w kw;Wk; tpUk;gj;jhfj xyp ,iur;ry; vdg;gLk;. Rw;Wr; #oypy; cz;lhFk; mjpf
,iur;ry; xyp khRghL vdg;gLk;.
 xypapd; nrwpT nlrpngy; vd;w myfhy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.

9.xyp khRghl;bd; tpisTfs; 3 vOJf.

 kd mOj;jk;>euk;Gj; jsu;r;rp cz;lhFk;
 tapw;Wg; Gz;>jiytyp cz;lhFk;
 JiwKf xyp khRghL fly; tho; tpyq;Ffspy; ghjpg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;.
 gl;lhRfs; tpyq;Ffis kpusr; nra;fpd;wd kw;Wk; nrtp Fiwghl;il cz;lhf;Fk;.

10.ekkp fq;fh jpl;lk; vd;gJ vd;d?

 fq;if ejpia J}a;ik gLj;j cUthf;fg;gl;l jpl;lk; ekkp fq;fh jpl;lk; MFk;. ,J d;
2014y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. fq;if ejpapd; khRghl;bid Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy; ,jd;
Nehf;fk; MFk;.

11.Ntshz; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

 jhtuq;fs; tsu;tjw;Fk; jPq;Fapupfis fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Ntshz;ikapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; Ntshz; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.

12.Ntshd; Ntjpg;nghUl;fis mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?

 ed;ikaspf;Fk; ghf;Bupaq;fs; nfhy;yf;$Lk;
 ePu; epiyfspy; kpif czT+l;lj;ij Vw;gL;j;JfpwJ.
 khR fye;j ePu; kdpj gad;ghl;bw;F cjthJ.
 fhw;W khRghl;il Vw;gLj;jp Rthrf; NfhshWfis cz;lhf;Fk;
 Njhy; mupg;G kw;Wk; fz;fspy; vupr;ry; Vw;gLk;
 gy Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; Gw;W Nehia cz;lhf;f$bait.

13.capupa cUg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ vd;d? DDTapd; capupa cUg;ngUf;fk;.

 rpijtilahg; nghUl;fs; czTr;rq;fpypapDs; EioAk; nghOJ mit
rpijf;fg;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ ntspNaw;wg;LtJk; ,y;iy mjw;F
gjpyhf czTr;rq;fpypapd; mLj;jLj;j epiyfSf;F ,lkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 ,jdhy; mtw;wpd; mlu;T mjpfupf;fpwJ ,J capupa cUg;ngUf;fk;
vdg;gLk;.
 v.fh DDTapd; capupa cUg;ngUf;fk;.

14.,aw;if Ntshz;ik vd;why; vd;d?

 ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; Ntshd;ik nra;jy; ,aw;if Ntshd;ik vdg;gLk.;
 ,k;Kiwapy; jhtu kw;Wk;tpyq;F fopTfs;> capu; cuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
 ,J kz;tsj;ij mjpfupj;J khRghl;il Fiwf;fpd;wJ.

15.thdfk; - Fwpg;G tiuf (m) ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapy; ek;kho;thupd; gq;F ahJ.

 Ntshz; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; cyf czT ghJfhg;G FOkj;jpw;fhf jkpehl;by; f&upy; thdfk;
vd;w Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpid ek;kho;thu; epWtpdhu;.Nf.ek;kho;thu; ,aw;if Ntshz;
mwptpayhsu; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oy; Mu;tyu; Mthu;.
 epiwa kuq;if el;L ghJfhj;jhu; GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; nfhOQ;rp #o;epiyg; gz;izia
cUthf;fpdhu;.

16.ilahf;rpd;fs; vd;gJ vd;d.

 kpd;dD fopTfs; kw;Wk; nefpopf; fopTfis fhfpjk; kw;Wk; gpw nghUl;fSld; Nru;e;J
vupf;Fk;NghJ cUthFk; thAf;fs; ilahf;rpd;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,e;j thAf;fs; Gw;W Nehia cz;lhf;ff;$bait.
17. 4R’ vd;git vit. (m) nefpop khRghl;bw;fhd rpwe;j jPu;Tfs; ahit?
 kWj;jy;> Fiwj;jy;> kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; kWRow;rp nra;jy;
 (Refuse,Reduce,Reuse,and Recycle)
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18. gRik ,y;y tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; thAf;fs; ahit?

 fhu;gd;il Mf;i]L> kPj;Njd;> iel;u]; Mf;i]L> XNrhd;>kw;Wk; FNshNuh/g;NshNuh fhu;gd;
19.XNrhd; vd;gJ vd;d?
 Gtpg;gug;gpypUe;J 15 Kjy; 30 fpNyhkPl;lu; cauj;jpy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; XNrhd; glyk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpau; vd;w tspkz;ly mLf;fpy; XNrhd; glyk; mike;Js;sJ.#upadplkpUe;J
tUk; Gw Cjhf;fjpu;fis cwpQ;rp ghJfhf;fpwJ. XNrhd; %yf;$W (O3) %d;W Mf;rp[d;
mZf;fisf; nfhzlJ.
 nrg;lk;gu; 16 cyf XNrhd; jpdkhf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

20.XNrhd; gly rpijit vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

 CFC gad;ghl;il Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;
 `hNyhd;fs; kw;Wk; `hNyhfhu;gd;fis Fiwj;jy;
 XNrhd; rpijT nghUl;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

21.XNrhd; Jis vd;gJ vd;d?

 XNrhd; glyj;jpd; nkype;J fhzg;gLk; gFjp XNrhd; Jis vdg;gLk;.
 ,J md;lhu;bfhtpd; Nky;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

22.lhg;]d; vd;gJ vd;d? (m) XNrhd; glyj;jpd; jbkid vt;thW mstplyhk;.

 XNrhd; glyj;jpd; jbkid mstpLk; myF lhg;]d; vdg;gLk;.

23.rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

• fhLfs; moptij jLg;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,af;fk; rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; vdg;gLk;.
• Re;ju;yhy; gFFzh ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;
• ,e;j ,af;fj;jpypUe;j kf;fs; kuq;fis fl;baizj;J kuq;fs; ntl;Ltij jLj;jdu;
• mjpf kuq;fis el;L fhLfis ghJfhj;jdu;.

24. #oy; Rfhjhuf; foptiwfs; - Fwpg;G vOJf?

 #oy; Rfhjhuk; vd;gJ cyu; kl;Fk; foptiwfis gad;gLj;jp kdpj fopTfis ifahSk;
mikg;ghFk;.
 #oy; Rfhjhuf; foptiwfs; fopT ePu; cw;gj;jpapid Fiwj;J kW Row;rp nra;ag;gl;l kdpj
foptpypUe;J ,aw;if cuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ
 ,it Ntjp cuq;fSf;F rpwe;j khw;whf gad;gLfpd;wd.
 #oy; Rfhjhu foptiwfs; ,e;;jpah kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; gy gFjpfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.


1.khRgLj;jpfspd; tifghl;bid tptup? (my;yJ) khRgLj;jpfis tifg;gLj;Jf.
 khRgLj;jpfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; rpijtilahjit kw;Wk; rpijtilaf;$bait.
 rpijaf;$ba khRgLj;jpfs; mit vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhy msit mbg;gilahf nfhz;L
fPo;fz;lthW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 1.tpiuthf rpijaf;$ba my;yJ epiyaw;w khRLj;jpfs;:
,tw;iw ,aw;ifahd nray;Kiwfs; %yk; rpijf;f KbAk;. - v.fh tPl;Lf; fopT ePu; kw;Wk;
fha;fwpfs;.
 2.nkJthf rpijaf;$ba my;yJ njhlu;e;jpUf;Fk; khRgLj;jpfs;:
,it ve;j tpjkhw;wKk; ,y;yhky; gy Mz;Lfs; mg;gbNa ,Uf;Fk;.v.fh – DDT
 3.rpijtilah khRgLj;jpfs;:
,tw;iw ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; rpijf;f ,ayhJ>,tw;iw Rw;Wr;#oypy; ,Ue;J
ntspNaw;WtJ fbdk;. ,it njhlu;e;J mjpfupf;Fk; jd;ik cilait.
v.fh – fhupak;>ghjurk;.epf;fy;

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2.fhw;W khRghl;bd; Kf;fpa %yhjhutq;fs; ahit?

 Nghf;Ftuj;J %yhjhuq;fs; - kfpOe;Jfs;>NgUe;Jfs;>ruf;F tz;bfs;>njhlu; tz;bfs;.
 epiyahd %yhjhuq;fs; - kpd;epiyaq;fs;>vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G Miyfs;>njhopw;rhiyfs;.
 gug;G %yhjuq;fs; - tptrha %yhjhuq;fs;> mWtilnra;j jhs;fis vupj;jy;.
 ,aw;if %yhjhuq;fs; - fhw;wpy; cs;s J}rpfs;>fhl;Lj;jP>vupkiyfs;.

3.fhw;W khRgLj;jpfs; vd;git vit? (m) fhw;W khRgLj;jpfs; rpytw;iw gl;baypLf.

thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWk; Gif njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaWk; Gif.
fhw;wpy; cs;s CO,SO2,,CO2,NO2 Nghd;w thAf;fs;. fhl;Lj; jP iel;lu[d; Mf;i]Lfs;.

4.fhw;W khRghl;bid fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis gl;baypL.

 mjpf mstpy; kuq;fis elNtz;Lk;.
 fhLfspd; gug;ig mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWk; thAf;fspd; msit Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 njhopw;r;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; khRgLj;jpfis Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cs;tPl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; mjpfk; tsu;g;gjd; %yk; tPl;bw;Fs; fhw;wpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

5.ePu; khRghl;bdhy; Ro;epiy kz;lyj;jpy Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?

 ePu; khRghl;bdhy; ePu; Ro;epiy kz;lyk; mopf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ePu; khRgLj;jpfs; ePu; thoplk; kw;Wk; rpW thoplj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 czTr;rq;fpypfspYk; czT tiyapYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ>
 fhuPak; fhl;kpak;; Nghd;wit capupa cUg;ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.
 njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; nfhjp ePu; tho; capupfspd; gy;Yapu; jd;ikia
ghjpf;fpd;wJ.

6. ePu; khRghl;bid jLf;Fk; Kiwfis vOJ.

 khRgLj;jpfis mit cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lj;jpNyNa jLf;f Ntz;Lk;
 efuhl;rp fopTfis ntspNaw;Wtjw;F Kd; Rj;jpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;
 njhopw;rhiyfspy; fopTePu; Rj;jpfupg;G Miyfis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;
 nraw;if cuq;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs; gad;ghl;il Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nghJkf;fsplk; tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
7.fopT ePu; Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwfis tptup.(m) xUq;fpide;j fopT ePu; Nkyhd;ik – tptup?
 rhf;fil ePu;> njhopw;rhiy fopT ePu;> tPl;Lf; fopT ePu; Mfpait fopT ePu; vdg;gLk;.
 fopT ePu; Rj;jpfupg;G 3 topfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
1.,aw;gpy; Kiw
2.Ntjpapay; Kiw
3.capupay; Kiw
 ,aw;gpy; Kiw fopT ePu; Rj;jpfupg;G:
kpjj;jy;>tbfl;Ljy;>gbjy; kw;Wk; ikatpyf;fpg; gpupj;jy; Mfpa nray;fs; %yk; fopT ePupy;
cs;s fiuahj nghUl;fs; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Ntjpapay; Kiw
Ntjpay; Kiw fopTePu; Rj;jpfup;g;gpy; fPo;fz;l topfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
1. fiuah jplg;nghUl;fis cUthf;Fjy;
2 .fiuah thAf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
3. capu; top rpijah nghUl;fspy; ,Ue;J capu;top rpijaf;$ba nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;jy;.
4. jPik nra;ahj nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F Mf;rp[Nd;wwk; my;yJ xLf;f tpidfis
Nkw;nfhsSjy;.
 capupay; Kiw: capupay; Kiw Rj;jpfupg;gpy; fhw;Ws;s epiyapy; Rj;jpfupj;jy; kw;Wk;
fhw;ww;w epiyapy; Rj;jpfupj;jy;; Mfpa epiyfspy; eilngWfpwJ.

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8.fjpupaf;f fopTfs; vd;why; vd;d? fjpupaf;f fopTfis vt;thW mfw;wyhk;.

 mDkpd; epiyaq;fspy; fjpupaf;f fopTfs; cUthfpd;wd. fjpupaf;f fopTfs;
thA>jput>jplepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,it rpy kzpNeuk;>rpy khjq;fs; my;yJ rpy Mz;Lfs;
mg;gbNa ,Uf;Fk;.
fjpupaf;f fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiwfs;:
1. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jp - fopTg;nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;
2. ePu;j;Jg; guTjy; - Fiwe;j msT fjpupaf;fj; jd;ikAs;s fopTfSf;F ePu;j;jy; kw;Wk;
guTjy; Kiwia gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3. jhkjk; kw;Wk; rpijT – mDf;fU ciyfspy; cz;lhFk; fopTfSf;F ,k;Kiwapid
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
4. nrwpT+l;ly; kw;Wk; cs;slf;fp itj;jy; - mjpf tho;ehs; msTs;s fjpupaf; fopTfis
,k;Kiwapy; Rj;jpfupf;fyhk;.
fjpupaf;f fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik:
 mZf;fopTfis ifahs %d;W topfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
1.gad;gLj;jg;gl;l vupnghUs; fopT njhl;bfspy; Nrfupj;jy;
2.cyw; fw;fshf khw;Wk; Kiw
3.G+kpAs; Nrkpg;G fplq;F mikj;J Nrkpj;jy;.kUj;Jtf; fopTfs; vd;git vit? kUj;Jt
fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiwfis gl;baypL.
 kUj;Jtkidfs;>Ma;tfq;fs;>kUj;Jt Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;eil kUj;Jt
kidfs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l njhw;Wg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;l fopTfs; kUj;Jtf;
fopTfs; vdg;gLk;.
 rpWePu;> ,uj;jk;> Nghd;w cly; jputq;fs;> cly; ghfq;fs;. fz;zhb nghUl;fs;>
Jzpg;gl;ilfs;> ifAiwfs; kw;Wk; J}f;fp vupag;gl;l Crpfs;
 fl;Lg;NghLk;; Jzpfs;>jpRf;fs; Mfpait kUj;Jt fopTfs; MFk.;
kUj;Jtf; fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiwfs:; (m) kUj;Jtf; fopT Nkyhz;ik
 vupj;jy;> Ntjpaj; njhw;W ePf;fk;> Mtp Kiw njhw;W ePf;fk;> fjpu;tPr;R.
 Gijj;jy; kw;Wk; epyq;fspy; nfhl;b epug;Gjy;.

9. kpd;dDf; (E-Waste) fopTfs; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;iw vt;thW mfw;Wtha;.

 kpd;dDf; fUtpfspd; ghfq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ cUthFk; gadw;w
nghUl;fs; kpd;dDf; fopTfs; MFk;.
 kpd;dDf; fopTfspy; fhupak;>ghjurk;>Nfhghy;l; Nghd;w er;Rg; nghUl;fs; cs;sd.
 kpd;dDf; fopTfs; PCB ia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. ,it rpijtilahj fopTg;
nghUl;fshFk;.
 v.fh– fzpzpapd; ghfq;fs;>ifg;Ngrpfspd; ghfq;fs;>njhiyf;fhl;rpngl;bapd; ghfq;fs;.
 kpd;dDf;fopTfis kW Row;rp nra;jy; kw;Wk; mfw;Wjy; cly;eyj;jpw;F ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
 kW Row;rp>epyf;Ftpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; vupA+l;b rhk;gy;fspypUe;J frpAk; fd cNyhfq;fs; Nghd;w
nghUl;fis jtpu;f;f causT ghJfhg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

10.nefpopf; fopTfSf;fhd jPu;Tfs; ahit?

 nefpopfs; Fiwe;j %yf;$W vilAs;s ,aw;if #o;epiyapy; rpijtilahj fupk
ghypku;fshFk;.
 ,it kfpOe;Jfs;> Fz;L Jisf;fhj Milfs;> nghk;ikfs;> kUj;Jt fUtpfs; jahupg;gpy;
gad;gLfpwJ
 cztfq;fs; kw;Wk; efuhl;rp fopTfspy; mjpf mstpy; nefpopfs; cs;sd.
 efuhl;rp jplffopTfspy; mjpf mstpy nefpopfs; cs;sd.
jPu;Tfs;: 4R’ (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse,and Recycle) kWj;jy;> Fiwj;jy;> kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
kWRow;rp nra;jy; Mfpait nefpop khRghl;bw;fhd rpwe;j jPu;thFk;.

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11.XNrhd; rpijtpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; %d;wpid vOJ.

 XNrhd; rpijtpw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; kdpj nray;ghLfs; MFk;.
 CFC apypUe;J ntspNaWk; FNshupd; kw;Wk; GNuhkpd; Mfpait XNrhd; glyj;jpy; rpijit
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 kPj;ijy;FNshNuhghu;k;> fhu;gd; nll;uhFNshiuL> i`l;Nuh FNshNuh GSNuh fhu;gd;
Nghd;wit XNrhd; rpijT nghUl;fs; (ODS) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
XNrhd; rpijtpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;:
 Njhypy; RUf;fq;fs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 Neha;j; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ.
 Njhy; Gw;WNeha; tpisthf fz;fspy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
 GwCjhf; fjpu;fspy; ,Ue;J tUk; Jfs;fs; b.vd;.Vf;fspy; ghjpg;gig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

12.jplf;fopTfspd; Kf;fpa %yhjhuq;fis tptup.

foptpd; tif %yhjhuk;

FbapUg;G czTf;fopTfs;>nefpopfs;>fhfpjk;>fha;fwp fopTfs;>rhk;gy;>lau;fs;

njhopw;rhiy Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;>rhk;gy;>nefpopfs;>cNyhfg;gFjpfs;

tzpfk; nky;ypa nefpopfs;>ml;ilfs;>fz;zhb>czTf;fopTfs;

epWtzq;fs; kuf;fl;il>fhfpjk;>cNyhfq;fs;>kpd;dDf;fopTfs;

fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; ,bj;jy; fhd;fpupl; fk;gpfs;>kuf;fl;il>nefpopfs;>,ug;gu;>fz;zhb

Ntshz;ik Ntshz;fopTfs;>nfl;Lg;Nghd czT> jPq;Fapu; nfhy;ypfyd;

gad;gLj;jpa Crpfs;>>fl;LNghLk; Jzpfs;.ifAiwfs;. rpWePu;g;
capup kUj;Jtk;
igfs;> kUe;J ml;ilfs;> nefpopfs;>kUe;Jfs;
njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;bapd; ghfq;fs;>buhd;]p];lu;fs;>fzpzpapd;
kpd;dDf; fopTfs;
ghfq;fs;>kpd;gyif>fk;gpfs;>FWe;jfLfs;>kpd;khw;wpfs;



R.Padmanaban M.SC.,BEd.,M.Phil. Govt Hrs School ,Vellakuttai, Tirupathur D.T cell.9943505485

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