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COMM 401: Signals & Systems Theory: Sampling

This lecture discusses sampling theory and its importance for representing continuous-time signals with discrete-time signals. It introduces impulse-train sampling and the sampling theorem, which states that a continuous-time signal can be reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the original signal. The lecture also covers amplitude modulation and demodulation techniques for embedding an information signal into a carrier signal for communication purposes.

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59 views

COMM 401: Signals & Systems Theory: Sampling

This lecture discusses sampling theory and its importance for representing continuous-time signals with discrete-time signals. It introduces impulse-train sampling and the sampling theorem, which states that a continuous-time signal can be reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the original signal. The lecture also covers amplitude modulation and demodulation techniques for embedding an information signal into a carrier signal for communication purposes.

Uploaded by

Nesma Gamal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMM 401: Signals & Systems Theory

Lecture 10

Sampling

The Sampling Theory

Under certain conditions, a continuous time signal can be completely represented by and recoverable from knowledge of its values or samples (points equally spaced in time). This results from Sampling Theory.

Importance of the Sampling Theory


It is a bridge between CT signals and DT signals. Processing DT signals is more flexible and is often preferable to processing CT signals.

Discrete-Time Processing of CT Signals

Impulse-Train Sampling

The sampling theory


FT of the Periodic Impulse Train

1 X p ( j ) = 2

X ( j ) P ( j ( )) d ( From sec tion 4.5)

The sampling theory

s > 2

The sampling theory

The sampling theory


s < 2 aliasing

Aliasing distorts the spectrum of the sampled signal.

s=2

WM

WM

Definition: Sampling Theorem

The Sampling Theory

Communication Systems: Modulation

Communication Systems
General process of inserting an information signal into a second signal is typically referred to as modulation Extracting the informationsignal is known as demodulation
Carrier signal: c(t) Input signal (Information signal): x(t) Modulated signal: y(t)

c(t ) = e jct
x(t)

y(t )

y(t) = x(t) c(t)

Amplitude Modulation
Complex exponential and sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation:

c(t ) = e j (c t + c )
Carrier frequency:

c(t ) = cos (c t + c )
c

Case 1:

c=

y (t ) = x(t )c(t ) = x(t )e j (ct )


+

1 Y ( j ) = 2

X ( j ) C ( j ( ) ) d

For c(t) is a complex exponential: C ( j ) = 2 ( ) c and hence

Y ( j ) = X ( j jc )

Frequency Domain of AM with a complex exponential carrier

AM with sinusoidal carrier


cos(ct + c )
x(t)

Assuming c = 0 y(t) = x(t) c(t)

e{y(t )}

C ( j ) = [ ( c ) + ( + c )]
1 Y ( j ) = 2
+

X ( j ) C ( j ( ) ) d

1 Y ( j ) = [ X ( j jc ) + X ( j + jc )] 2

AM with sinusoidal carrier


Effect in the frequency domain of amplitude modulation with a sinusoidal carrier: a) Spectrum of x(t) modulating signal b) Spectrum of carrier c(t) c) Spectrum of amplitudemodulated signal y(t).

AM with sinusoidal carrier


Important drawback of sinusoidal carrier modulation when c <

An overlap between the two replications of X(j ). The spectrum of x(t) is no longer replicated in Y(j ). Figure shows Sinusoidal AM with carrier c(t) for which c = 0.5 M a) Spectrum of modulating signal b) Spectrum of modulated signal

Demodulation for Sinusoidal AM


Synchronous Demodulation:
c

>

The signal y (t ) = x(t ) cos(ct ) Original signal recovered by: multiplying y(t) with the same sinusoidal carrier and applying a LPF to the result

w(t ) = y (t ) cos(ct )
Low pass Filter

Demodulation for sinusoidal AM


At the receiver in a communication system, the information signal x(t) is recovered through demodulation. Synchronous demodulation: transmitter and receiver are synchronized in phase. Assuming c > M
y (t ) = x(t ) cos(ct )

Multiply with same sinusoidal carrier and applying a lowpass filter to the result w(t ) = y (t ) cos(ct ) x(t) can be recovered from w(t) by applying an ideal lowpass filter with a gain of 2 and a cutoff frequency that is greater than M and less than 2c-M

Modulation and Demodulation

System for Amplitude modulation and demodulation Left using complex exponential carrier Right using sinusoidal carrier a) Modulator b) Demodulator

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