How to Answer a Question.?!

What Would be the Expected Answer.?!

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Solution to
Model Question Paper-2
Problem Solving Through
Programming
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 Model
Question Paper-2
SOLUTION
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Easy way to Learn C Programming Subject for Exam

 Learn important C Programs which are repeatedly asked in previous exams.

Eg. Factorial, Bubble sort, Area of circle
 Use the Same Program Snippet as example to explain other questions
 Write the small Program as example if it is necessary

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A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it with a set of
instructions (a program) to produce the result as output
Apart from being classified by generations, computers can also be categorized by their size.
The size of a computer is often an indirect indication of its capabilities.

Supercomputers:
These are huge machines having the most powerful and fastest processors.
It uses multiple CPUs for parallel data processing.
Speeds
Write twoare
to measured in flops (floating-point operations per second).
The lines
three fastest
of operates at 34 petaflops.
They are used
Explanation for for weather forecasting and analysis of geological data.
Theypoints
these have enormous storage, use more power and generate a lot of heat.
They are used by government agencies.
Mainframes:
These are multi-user machines that support many users using the feature of time-sharing.
It can run multiple programs even with a single CPU.
The processor speed is measured in MIPS (Million instructions per second).
It is used to handle data, and applications related to organization and online transactions in banks, financial
institutions, and large corporations.

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 Minicomputers/Midrange computers:
It was introduced by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation).
They can serve hundreds of users and are small enough to partially occupy a room.
They are used in smaller organizations or a department of a large one.
They are not affordable to be used at the home.

Microcomputers:
The microcomputer or PC is introduced by Apple and endorsed by IBM.
This is a single-user machine powered by a single-chip microprocessor.
They are very powerful machines having gigabytes of memory.
They are both used in standalone mode and in a network.
A microcomputer takes the form of a desktop, notebook (laptop), or netbook (smaller laptop).
PCs today are powered by 3 types of OS – windows (7, 8, or 10), Mac OS X (Apple), and Linux.
They are used for engineering and scientific applications and for software development.

Smartphones and Embedded Computers:

The smartphone is a general-purpose computer i.e., capable of making phone calls. It has a powerful processor, with multiple
cores, supports GBs of memory, and runs a developed OS (Android or iOS).
It can be operated with a keyboard, touch, or stylus.
Embedded Computers or micro-controllers are very small circuits containing a CPU, non-volatile memory, and input and output
handling facilities.
They are embedded into many machines that we use – cars, washing machines, cameras, etc.
The processor here runs a single unmodifiable program stored in memory.
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 Application Software:
 C Compiler
 Word processor
 Web Browser

System Software:
 Operating System

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 Input Devices:
Keyboard:
• Every computer supports a keyboard – either a physical or touchscreen.
• The keyboard has a QWERTY layout and contains a large number of symbols.
• Each letter, numeral, or symbol is known as a character, which represents the smallest piece of information.
• Each character has a unique value called the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) value.
Pointing Devices:
• GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) like windows needs a pointing device to control the movement of a cursor on the
screen.
• This is implemented as a mouse on a desktop and a touchpad on a laptop. The earliest form has a rotating ball and
two buttons.
• The left button is used for selecting (by clicking once) and executing (by clicking twice).
• The right button is used to check and change attributes.
• The optical mouse uses infrared laser/LED, the wireless mouse uses radio frequency technology.
Scanner:
• A scanner is a device that creates a digital image of a document by optically scanning it.
• The flatbed scanner doesn’t exceed more than A4 size. It is operated by using special software.
• The document to be scanned is placed on a glass plate covered by a lid.
• Modern scanners have an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) facility which extracts the text as a stream of
characters i.e. converting image file to text file and MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) reads the codes using
handheld barcode readers.
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 Output Devices:
Monitor:
The monitor is an integral part of the computer which displays both text and graphics.
The performance is measured in terms of image quality, resolution, and energy consumption
Printer
Printers are information output devices that allow you to print data on paper. Or in other words, it is an output device
that creates a hard copy of the processed data or information. Printers are divided into two categories:
Projector
A projector is a device that allows users to project their output onto a large area, such as a screen or a wall. It can be
used to project the output of a computer and other devices onto a screen. It magnifies texts, photos, and movies using
light and lenses. As a result, it’s an excellent output device for giving presentations or teaching big groups of people.

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 Basic Data Types
These are also termed as primary or fundamental data types. All the names mean the same thing. Suppose we have to
store student details like name, id, group, avg_marks, interest_on_fees.
We can use basic data types to store each of these data:
char name[25]; int id; char group; float marks[5]; double interest;

int
Integer types can be signed (with negative values) or unsigned values (only positive). Int values are always signed unless
specifically mentioned. Ex: int number = 456;
float
The floating point data type allows the user to type decimal values. For example, average marks can be 97.665. if we
use int data type, it will strip off the decimal part and print only 97. To print the exact value, we need ‘float’ data type.
Ex: float average = 97.665;
double
You can think of float, double and long double similar to short int, int, and long int. Double is 8 bytes, which means you can
have more precision than float. This is useful in scientific programs that require precision. Float is just a single-precision
data type; double is the double-precision data type. Long Double is treated the same as double by most compilers;
however, it was made for quadruple data precision. Ex:double average = 679999999.454;
char
char stores a single character. Char consists of a single byte. Ex:char group = ‘B’; char name[30] = "Student1";

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  Typecasting, or type conversion, is a method of changing an entity from one data type to another
 It is used in computer programming to ensure variables are correctly processed by a function.
 Type casting refers to changing an variable of one data type into another. The compiler will
automatically change one type of data into another if it makes sense. For instance, if you assign an
integer value to a floating-point variable, the compiler will convert the int to a float.

int float_to_int(float a) // example: a = 2.75

{
int b = (int)a; // typecast float to int
return b; // returns 2
}

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 #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=10, b=20;
printf("Before swap a=%d b=%d",a,b);
a=a+b;//a=30 (10+20)
b=a-b;//b=10 (30-20)
a=a-b;//a=20 (30-10)
printf("\nAfter swap a=%d b=%d",a,b);
return 0;
}

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 • Here switch, case, break and default are built-in C language words.
• If the choice matches label 1 then block 1 will be executed else if it evaluates to label 2 then block 2 will
be executed and so on.
• If the choice does not match any case labels, then the default block will be executed.

switch(choice)
{
case label1: block1;
break;
case label2: block2;
break;
case label3: block-3;
break;
default : default-block;
break;
}

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EXPLORE ELECTRONICS
 While

➢ It is a pre-test loop (also known as an entry controlled loop).

➢ In the syntax given above ‘while’ is a key word and condition is at beginning of the
loop.
➢ If the test condition is true the body of while loop will be executed.
➢ After execution of the body, the test condition is once again evaluated and if it is true, the body is executed
once again.
➢ This process is repeated until condition finally becomes false and control comes out of the body of the loop.

while (condition)
{
statement-block;
}

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 Do While

➢ It is a post-test loop (also called exit controlled loop) it has two keywords do and while.
➢ In this loop, the body of the loop is executed first and then the test condition is evaluated.
➢ If the condition is true, then the body of the loop will be executed once again. This process continues as long as
the condition is true.
➢ When the condition becomes false, the loop will be terminated and control comes out of the loop.

Do
{
statement-block;
} while (condition);

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 For

➢ It is another pre-test loop (also called entry controlled loop) that provides a concise loop control structure. It
has one keyword called for.
➢ One important aspect of for loop is all the three components of a loop (viz. initializing, testing condition, and
updating (increment/decrement)) is given in the head of for loop.
➢ In this loop first initialization of control variable is done first, using assignments such as i=1, count=0. The
variable i count are called loop control variable.
➢ The value of control variable is tested using the test condition. The test condition is evaluated. If the condition is
true, the body of the loop is executed; otherwise loop will be terminated.
➢ When the body of the loop is executed, the control transferred back to the for statement to update the loop
variable. And then condition is checked once again. If condition is true once again body will be executed once
again. This process continues till the value of the control variable fails to satisfy the test condition.

for( initialization; test-condition; updation)

{
Body-of loop;
}

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 else if(disc > 0)
#include<stdio.h>
{
#include<math.h>
x1=(-b+sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
void main()
x2=(-b-sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
{
printf("The roots are real and distinct\n");
float x1, x2, a, b, c, disc;
printf("1st root = %f\n",x1);
printf("Enter the coefficients a, b and c\n");
printf("2nd root = %f\n",x2);
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
}
disc=(b*b)-(4*a*c);
else
if(disc == 0)
{
{
x1=-b/(2*a);
x1= -b/(2*a);
x2=sqrt(fabs(disc))/(2*a);
x2= -b/(2*a);
printf("The roots are imaginary\n");
printf("The roots are real and equal\n");
printf("1st root = %f + i%f\n",x1,x2); Enter the coefficients a, b and c
printf("1st root = %f\n",x1);
printf("2nd root = %f - i%f\n",x1,x2); 123
printf("2nd root = %f\n",x2);
} The roots are imaginary
}
} 1st root = -1.000000 + i1.414214
2nd root = -1.000000 - i1.414214

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 ➢ goto is an unconditional branching statement“
➢ A label is a valid variable name.
➢ Label need not be declared and must be followed by a colon.
➢ Label should be used along with a statement to which control is transferred.
➢ Label can be anywhere in the program either before or after the goto label.
➢ Here control jumps to label skipping statement1 and statement2 without verifying any condition that is the
reason we call it an unconditional jumping statement.

goto label;
statement1;
statement2;
label:

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
if (Expression) int number;
{
(true-block;) Statement1; printf("Enter an integer: ");
} scanf("%d", &number);
else
{ // true if number is less than 0
(false-block;) Statement2; if (number < 0)
} {
Statement3; printf("You entered %d.\n", number);
}

printf("The if statement is easy.");

return 0;
}

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 One-Dimensional Arrays: A list of items can be given one variable name using only one subscript and such a variable is
called a single subscripted variable or one dimensional array.
Memory Representation of 1-D array: One-dimensional arrays are allocated in a contiguous block of memory.
Initialization of One-Dimensional Array: After array is declared, next is storing values in to an array is called
initialization. There are two types of array initialization:
1. Compile-time initialization
2. Run-time initialization
1. Compile-time initialization:
If we assign values to the array during declaration it is called compile time initialization. Following are the different
methods of compile time initialization.
a) Initialization with size
b) Initialization without size
c) Partial initialization
d) Initializing all values zero
2. Run time initialization is storing values in an array when program is running or executing.
Following example illustrates run time storing of values using scanf and for loop: Example:
printf(“Enter the marks”);
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
{
scanf(“ %d”, &marks[i];
}
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 #include <stdio.h> printf("\nEntered matrix: \n");
int main() { for (int m = 0; m < r; ++m)
int a[10][10], transpose[10][10], r, c; for (int n = 0; n < c; ++n) {
printf("Enter rows and columns: "); printf("%d ", a[m][n]);
scanf("%d %d", &r, &c); if (n == c - 1)
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nEnter matrix elements:\n"); for (int m = 0; m < r; ++m)
for (int m = 0; m < r; ++m) for (int n = 0; n < c; ++n) {
for (int n = 0; n < c; ++n) { transpose[n][m] = a[m][n];
printf("Enter element a%d%d: ", m + 1, n + 1); }
scanf("%d", &a[m][n]); printf("\nTranspose of the matrix:\n");
} for (int m = 0; m < c; ++m)
for (int n = 0; n < r; ++n) {
printf("%d ", transpose[m][n]);
if (n == r - 1)
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
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 Binary Search:
Binary search works on sorted arrays. A binary search begins by comparing the middle element of the array with
the target value. If the target value matches the middle element, its position in the array is returned. If the target
value is less than or greater than the middle element, the search continues in the lower or upper half of the array,
respectively, eliminating the other half from consideration
.In computer science, binary search, also known as half-interval search or logarithmic search is a search algorithm
that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array.
Working of binary search with Example:
Working:
The binary search works in the following manner:
• The search process initiates by locating the middle element of the sorted array of data
• After that, the key value is compared with the element
• If the key value is smaller than the middle element, then searches analyses the upper values to the middle
element for comparison and matching
• In case the key value is greater than the middle element then searches analyses the lower values to the middle
element for comparison and matching

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 Example:
Array of 10 digits:
[6, 8, 17, 21, 24, 45, 59, 63, 76, 89]
find data: 59
1. You have an array of 10 digits, and the element 59 needs to be found.
2. All the elements are marked with the index from 0 – 9. Now, the middle of the array is calculated. To do so,
you take the left and rightmost values of the index and divide them by 2. The result is 4.5, but we take the
floor value. Hence the middle is 4.
3. The algorithm drops all the elements from the middle (4) to the lowest bound because 59 is greater than 24,
and now the array is left with 5 elements only.
4. Now, 59 is greater than 45 and less than 63. The middle is 7. Hence the right index value becomes middle –
1, which equals 6, and the left index value remains the same as before, which is 5.
5. At this point, you know that 59 comes after 45. Hence, the left index, which is 5, becomes mid as well.
6. These iterations continue until the array is reduced to only one element, or the item to be found becomes the
middle of the array.

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 #include<stdio.h> if(pos !=i )
void main( ) {
{ temp=a[i];
int a[100],i,j,n,temp,pos; a[i]=a[pos];
printf("Enter the value of n\n"); a[pos]=temp;
scanf("%d",&n); } output:
printf("Enter the numbers in unsorted order:\n"); } Enter the value of n
for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("The sorted array is\n"); 6
scanf("%d", &a[i]); for(i=0;i<n;i++) Enter the numbers in unsorted order:
for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("%d\n",a[i]); 916320
{ } The sorted array is
pos=i; 0
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++) 1
{ 2
if( a[pos]>a[j]) 3
pos=j; 6
} 9

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 i.strcat:
It is used to concatenate i.e, combine the content of two strings.
Syntax: strcat(string 1, string 2);
Example: char fname[30]={“bob”};
char lname[]={“by”};
printf(“%s”, strcat(fname,lname));
Output: bobby

2.strcmp:
It is used to compare the contents of the two strings.
Syntax: int strcmp(string 1, string 2);
Example: char mystr_a[10] = “Hello”;
char mystr_b[10] = “Goodbye”;
–mystr_a == mystr_b; // NOT allowed! The correct way is if (strcmp(mystr_a, mystr_b ))
printf ("Strings are NOT the same.");
else
printf( "Strings are the same.");
Here it will check the ASCII value of H and G i.e, 72 and 71 and return the diference 1.

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 3.strcpy:
It is possible to assign a value to a string variable using strcpy( ). It allows us to copy a string from one location to
another. The string to be copied can be literal or string variable. The general form of call to strcpy is
strcpy(dest,source);
Strcpy()functionhastwoparameters.Thefirstisthedest,astringvariablewhosevalue is going to be changed. The second is
the source the string literal or variable which is going to be copied to thedestination.
Case1:Ex:charstr1[]="america";
charstr2[]="india";
strcpy(str1,str2);
strcpy(america,india);
america=7character
india=5character
so first 5 character of america is replaced.
Output is inidaca

Case2:Ex:charstr1[10]=”india”
charstr2[]="america";
strcpy(str1,str2);
strcpy(india,america);
india=5character
america=7character
since 7 is greater than 5,all characters of india are replaced by america.
Output is america
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C allows you to define functions according to your need.
These functions are known as user-defined functions.

For example: Add two integers.

To perform this task, we have created an user-defined function addNumbers()
#include <stdio.h>
Different types of user-defined functions: int addNumbers(int a, int b); // function prototype
int main()
A function, depending on whether arguments {
are present or not and whether a value is int n1,n2,sum;
returned or not, may belong to one of the printf("Enters two numbers: ");
following categories. scanf("%d %d",&n1,&n2);
sum = addNumbers(n1, n2); // function call
Category I: Functions with no arguments and printf("sum = %d",sum);
no return values return 0;
Category 2: Functions with no arguments and }
with return values int addNumbers(int a, int b) // function definition
Category 3: Functions with arguments and no {
return values int result;
Category 4: Functions with arguments and result = a+b;
with return values return result; // return statement
}
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 #include <stdio.h>

int findLarge(int[],int); int findLarge(int a[],int n)

{
int main() int i,Large_num;
{ Large_num=a[0];
int a[100],n,large_num,i; for(i=1;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter size of array: "); {
scanf("%d",&n); if(Large_num<a[i])
printf("Enter the elements into array:\n"); Large_num=a[i];
for(i=0;i<n;i++) }
{ return Large_num;
scanf("%d",&a[i]); }
}
large_num=findLarge(a,n);
printf("Largest number is: %d\n",large_num);
return 0;
}

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 Call by Value is a method in which it Call by Reference is a method in which it
passes the copies of actual parameters to passes the reference or address of the
the formal parameters inside the function. actual parameter to the function's formal
And as you know, it passes the copies, so parameters, which means if there is any
even if there is any change in the values change in the values inside the function, it
inside the function, it will not reflect that reflects that change in the actual values.
change in the actual values.

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 scanf(), printf(), strcpy, strlwr, strcmp, strlen, strcat etc

printf() :
In C programming language, printf() function is used to print the (“character, string, float, integer, octal and
hexadecimal values”) onto the output screen.
We use printf() function with %d format specifier to display the value of an integer variable.

scanf() :
In C programming language, scanf() function is used to read character, string, numeric data from keyboard
Consider below example program where user enters a character. This value is assigned to the variable “ch” and then
displayed.

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 #include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *x,int *y)
int main()
{
{
int t;
int num1,num2;
t = *x;
*x = *y;
printf("Enter value of num1: ");
*y = t;
scanf("%d",&num1);
}
printf("Enter value of num2: ");
scanf("%d",&num2);

printf("Before Swapping: num1 is: %d, num2 is: %d\n",num1,num2);

swap(&num1,&num2);

printf("After Swapping: num1 is: %d, num2 is: %d\n",num1,num2);

return 0;
}
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  The keyword struct.
 The structure tag name.
 List of variable names separated by commas.
 A terminating semicolon.

struct book_bank book1, book2, book3;

struct book_bank
{
char title[20];
char author[15];
int pages;
float price;
}book1, book2, book3;

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 Structure : A structure is a user-defined data union :A union is a special data type available in
type available in C that allows to combining C that allows storing different data types in the
data items of different kinds. Structures are same memory location.
used to represent a record.
Defining a structure: To define a structure, you Defining a Union: To define a union, you must use
must use the struct statement. The struct the union statement in the same way as you did
statement defines a new data type, with more while defining a structure. The union statement
than or equal to one member. defines a new data type with more than one
member for your program.
struct [structure name]
{ union [union name]
member definition; {
member definition; member definition;
... member definition;
member definition; ...
}; member definition;
};

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EXPLORE ELECTRONICS
 #define
This macro defines constant value and can be any of the basic data types. Macro substitution is a process where an identifier
in a program is replaced by a predefined string composed of one or more tokens. The preprocessor accomplishes this task
under the direction of #define statement. It takes the following form
#define identifier string
Here the preprocessor replaces every occurrence of the identifier in the source code by the string.
Example:
#define PI 3.14
#define COUNT 100

#include<file_name>
File inclusion: An external file containing functions or macro definition can be included as a part of program so that we
need not rewrite those functions or macro definition. This is achieved by preprocessor directive.
#include”file_name”
Where filename is the name of the file containing the required file. When the filename is included within the double
quotation marks, the search for the file is made in first in the current directory and then in the standard directory.
Alternatively Example: #include<stdio.h>
#include<file_name> void main(){
In this case file is searched only in the standard directories clrscr();
}
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 • C Union is also like structure, i.e. collection of different data types which are grouped together. Each element in a
union is called member.
• Union and structure in C are same in concepts, except allocating memory for their members.
• Structure allocates storage space for all its members separately.
• Whereas, Union allocates one common storage space for all its members
• We can access only one member of union at a time. We can’t access all member values at the same time in union.
But, structure can access all member values at the same time. This is because, Union allocates one common storage
space for all its members. Where as Structure allocates storage space for all its members separately.
• Many union variables can be created in a program and memory will be allocated for each union variable separately.
• Below table will help you how to form a C union, declare a union, initializing and accessing the members of the union

Syntax: Example :
union tag_name union student
{ {
data type var_name1; int mark;
data type var_name2; char name[10];
data type var_name3; float average;
}; };

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 Self Referential structures are those structures that have one or more pointers which point to the same type of
structure, as their member.

structures pointing to the same type of structures are self-referential in nature.

Example:
struct node { In this example ‘link’ is a pointer to a structure of type ‘node’.
int data1; Hence, the structure ‘node’ is a self-referential structure with ‘link’
char data2; as the referencing pointer.
struct node* link;
};

int main()
{
struct node ob;
return 0;
}

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 Types:
1. Self Referential Structure with Single Link
2. Self Referential Structure with Multiple Links

Self Referential Structure with Single Link: These structures can have only one self-pointer as their member.
The following example will show us how to connect the objects of a self-referential structure with the single
link and access the corresponding data members.

Self Referential Structure with Multiple Links: Self referential structures with multiple links can have more
than one self-pointers. Many complicated data structures can be easily constructed using these structures.
Such structures can easily connect to more than one nodes at a time.

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