Volume 7, Issue 6, June – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

How Important is Sustainable Urban

Development for Our Future World?
Aadi Chawla

Abstract:- This paper looks at the concept of Sustainable settlements and slums. Even before the new coronavirus,
Urban Development, from a global viewpoint, providing rapid urbanisation meant that 4 billion people in the world’s
specific information from past and ongoing research and cities faced worsening air pollution, inadequate infrastructure
projects. There is initially discussion around the and services, and unplanned urban sprawl. It is very clear that
popularity of urbanization in recent years and the our futures already are and will continue to be highly
subsequent unsustainability of this trend representing a threatened if sustainable urban development is not accepted
dire need for a change to be made in development systems. on an individual, national and global basis.
Particularly, this paper enforces the need for our world to
start adopting a holistic and systematic approach at all Sustainable urban development relies heavily upon the
stages of design development ensuring sustainability and successful management of urban growth to develop
strategic fulfilment of all stakeholder interests. It also sustainable cities in both developing and developed nations.
includes certain important environmental procedures Understanding the importance of sustainable development,
which have been a key instrument in many developments, the United Nations enforced The Sustainable Development
such as Triple Bottom Line (TBL) and Environmental Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, in 2015.
Impact Assessment (EIA). This paper also draws focus to These were adopted by all United Nations Member States as
a key example of a sustainably developed city, i.e., a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and
Singapore, which has taken into account many ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030
frameworks and concepts mentioned throughout the (UN, 2016). As per the United Nations, the key areas in need
paper proving to be a strong example for other cities to of achieving progress are; identifying and agreeing on the
look up to and learn from. most sustainable ways to achieve the targets while ensuring
practical processes for multi-stakeholder engagement in all
Let’s talk about the urgency of making architecture green stages of urban development. More importantly, the 17 SDGs
take into account that action in one area will affect outcomes
I. INTRODUCTION in other areas as well and that development must balance
social, economic and Environmental Sustainability. The
By 2050, 70 % of the world’s population will live in targets of SDG 11, particularly, include investment in public
cities, making cities critical in achieving a sustainable future transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban
for the world (GRI, UN Global Compact and WBCSD, 2015). planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways
Businesses, together with Governments at various levels, and (UNDP, 2021).
civil society organisations and citizens will undoubtedly need
to engage in pursuing ambitious objectives to make cities On the whole, unsustainable urban development is a
more competitive, safe, resource-efficient, resilient and very prevalent issue that could lead to several larger problems
inclusive. for the world’s populations if not contained appropriately. If
the severity of the problem was not already obvious then the
Urbanization defines the process whereby people leave pandemic has further made it clear that urban planning is
the countryside to live in cities for varied reasons particularly crucial for better public health and for mitigating people’s
including better opportunities and higher standards of living vulnerabilities to other hazards, such as natural disasters. At
(Cambridge Dictionary, 2021). As per the UN, the world is the end of the day, how we plan and develop our urban areas,
becoming increasingly urbanized but not without presenting infuse infrastructure and services, mitigate risks and respond
a set of difficult challenges (Urbanization and Population to the needs of growing populations determines the long-term
Division, 2021). In a bid to accommodate the ever-increasing prosperity of cities and their people. Though many countries
number of people in restricted land areas, urban development have some form of the national urban plan, it is high time
has taken a dark turn and become highly unsustainable over governments revisit these to ensure they are sustainable from
the last few years. Poorly planned urban development has an economic, social and environmental perspective. On the
direct links with increasing hazards and expediated exposure basis of the above, this research paper aims to answer the
to diseases. This was further proven by the COVID-19 research question: How important is sustainable urban
outbreak which hit the vulnerable the hardest, including the 1 development for our future world?
billion residents of the world’s densely populated informal

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II. THE PRESENT PICTURE industrialisation period which took place in Europe in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Over the past few
For most of human history, all the people across the decades, there has been a drastic increase in urbanization
world lived in small communities and with a small set of across all continents as seen in the graph below.
people. The increase in urbanisation occurred during the

Fig 1:- (Buchholz, 2020)

Now with more than half the world living in Urban beneficial for most people making the move since urban
Areas, which will rise to almost 68% by 2050 (UN, 2018), living offers many benefits to residents including more job
sustainable urbanisation becomes a crucial aspect in big cities opportunities and higher incomes, and to businesses
with growing populations. Over the years, many arguments including lower input costs, greater collaboration and
have been advanced by scholars on whether urbanisation is innovation opportunities.
sustainable or unsustainable. In order to understand the
sustainability of urbanisation, it is good to consider the Although Urbanisation has its benefits, it comes with
economic, social, political, cultural and environmental effects many disadvantages and has taken a turn for the bad. With
of the same. With Cities having to solve multiple problems increased amounts of people moving to Urban Areas housing
regarding their growing populations the most important factor has become of great importance. New developments change
is doing them in a sustainable manner. the environment or ecosystem, for instance, the expansion of
paved, impermeable areas, which prevent rain from being
The movement of people from rural to urban centres absorbed by the soil thereby increasing flood hazard,
occur mainly due to increased population pressure and particularly in low-lying areas. Inadequately planned and
limited resource availability for the large populations in the managed cities also create new risks. The lack of adequate
rural areas. Global change can be majorly associated with infrastructure and services, unsafe housing, inadequate and
urban drift and it contributes mostly to the people moving to poor health services can turn a natural hazard into a disaster.
the cities and towns and leaving their earlier homes in far off Furthermore, it is estimated that about 25–50% of the world’s
places. This has resulted in cities growing quickly and the urban population lives in slums and that the absolute number
majority of the growth is taking place in low-income of slum dwellers will increase in the coming years. (F. Pelz,
countries mainly in Asia and Africa (Gelb, 2018). The mass Taubenböck, Friesen and Wurm, 2019)
migration from rural to urban areas has been seen as

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Volume 7, Issue 6, June – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 2:- (Wikimedia, 2014)

The above map from Our World In Data shows the In summary, urbanisation has shown us both positive
urban population living in slums as of 2014. As visible, the and negative effects and thus studying its impacts is important
situation seems to be the worst in countries located in the to understand whether it is sustainable or unsustainable.
Asian continent which is explained by the rapid growth they Socio-economic and political effects of urbanisation serve as
are undergoing. Moreover, the current COVID-19 crisis is the main indicators of the level of sustainability of
likely to have disproportionately damaging effects on the urbanisation. Based on the effects of urbanisation it is clear
lives of slum dwellers compared to other urban residents, that it is not sustainable, and it presents more negative effects
particularly those residing in low- and middle-income than positive effects. 95% of urban expansion in the coming
countries (Anon., n.d.). decades will be taking place in developing countries and this
will result in these countries needing more area and
Urbanisation can also increase income inequality expanding already existing urban areas to meet the steadily
because wages are higher for urban jobs than rural work. increasing demands. Therefore, more action needs to be taken
Income inequality refers to an unequal distribution of income to make cities and urban development more sustainable to
among individuals or households resulting in people ensure that people can live in an inclusive, safe, resilient and
struggling to afford basic needs in life. Although it remains sustainable environment.
true that most receive higher pay in cities and urban areas, the
average standard of living has increased making it difficult III. SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
for the lower classes to sustain their pays for longer periods
of time. However, the effect of urbanisation on the economic Urban development planning that does not take into
structure and income inequality depends on the specific consideration sustainability is more prominent now than it
country. When we analyse Asian countries particularly, there has ever been. However, concerns over climate change, clean
are four factors that drive inequality: the degree of air and water, renewable energy and land use continue to
urbanization, urban-rural income gap and urban and rural draw attention to sustainability, particularly sustainable urban
inequality. Of all the factors, the urban-rural income gap is planning - the developmental strategies and practices that
expected to have the largest marginal impact on inequality. ensure liveable, self-sustaining communities over the long
However, in the long term, when urbanisation is highly term. According to a 1987 United Nations report,
developed, the difference in income distribution in the region sustainability is "development that meets the needs of the
may decrease, and income inequality will subsequently present without compromising the ability of future
decrease. The overall impact will ultimately depend on many generations to meet their own needs" (UTA, 2016).
other factors which prevail in the country. For example, Sustainable development also attempts to; prevent urban and
urbanisation contributes about 300% to the increase in regional pollution, reduce production capacities of the local,
inequality in the Philippines, more than 50% in Indonesia, regional and national environment, support recycling, reduce
and nearly 15% in India. On the other hand, urbanization has support for any harmful developments as well as eliminate
reduced inequality in China. the gap between rich and poor. In order to successfully meet
all these goals of sustainable development, it is vital to ensure
that a holistic approach is adopted, and all stakeholders

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involved are considered. As part of the holistic approach, it is calamity that is climate change. The trend of unsustainable
important to note that Sustainable Urban Planning requires building materials may now be coming towards an end with
knowledge of many disciplines, including architecture, the changing consumer demands driven by heightened
engineering, biology, environmental science, materials awareness and the increasing access to more environmentally
science, law, transportation, technology, economics, and friendly methods. Therefore, there are now many more
accounting and finance, among others (UTA, 2016). The alternative and new green building materials available. Some
main aim of Sustainable Urban Planning is to develop of these include Bamboo, which with its combination of
innovative and practical approaches for land use while tensile strength, lightweight, and fast-growing renewable
considering its impact on natural resources. Furthermore, nature has proven to be a promising building material for the
these goals are achieved through urban, regional and national future and modern urban developments. Another example can
planning which is in accordance with the law and control of be recycled plastics (Rinkesh, 2021), instead of mining,
land uses. extracting, and milling new components, researchers are
creating concrete that includes ground-up recycled plastics
As mentioned above, there are many factors that must and trash, which not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions
be taken into consideration when building sustainable urban but reduces waste and provides a new use for landfill-
developments. Currently, energy sources, materials and costs clogging plastic waste.
are arguably three of the most important. A more detailed
analysis of these factors in the context of sustainable urban  Costs
development can be found below: Making a city sustainable comes with a huge cost
attached to it. The problem is simple, it’s generally cheaper
 Energy Sources to use the resources that have a worse impact on the
The global demand for energy has increased environment than the equivalent resources that do less harm
enormously. It is no surprise that energy systems play an (Chouinard, Ellison and Ridgeway, 2011). A research study
important role in the environment and its impact. Therefore, conducted jointly by UN-Habitat and AidData shows the
a sustainable global energy system should be adopted to average annual cost of achieving SDG 11 from 2019-2030 for
optimise efficiency and limit emissions. To achieve a four countries i.e., Bolivia, India, Malaysia and Colombia.
sustainable method of energy consumption in urban Results from the four sampled countries show that the total
developments, renewable energy sources such as solar average annual cost for small cities to achieve SDG 11 ranges
energy, wind power and hydropower are now being used. from $18 million USD in Malaysia to $54 million in Bolivia.
These renewable energy sources emit far lesser CO2 and For medium-sized cities, the total average annual cost ranges
other greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fossil from $144 million in India to $516 million in Malaysia
fuels. There are many benefits of renewable energy for the (Kamiya, Prakash and Berggren, 2020). This shows that each
people residing in urban developments. These include the of the different countries has different investment needs
ability to breathe easier, stay cooler, and create a more based on country-specific characteristics. Overall, even
comfortable world for generations to come (Seckin Salvarli though it may seem as though building a sustainable city
and Salvarli, 2020). Overall, these energy sources are easier comes with an expensive price tag, the long-term benefits of
to sustain over the long-term period and are successfully it are undeniable and makes the investment worth it.
being adopted more frequently into newer developments
around the world. Based on all the above research and analysis, it is quite
clear that sustainable urban development is important for our
 Materials future world. Considering the increased availability of many
Over the decades most people have used traditional sustainable alternatives in the world of development, it seems
methods of building using earth bricks, concrete, and wood. as though it should now be easier for countries to facilitate
They have been, and continue to be used in everyday sustainable development. In fact, the integration of specific
construction, meaning the continued destruction of trees for tools is also crucial and can help aid the process.
timber, and the mining of resources to produce cement for
binding sand, gravel, and bricks. Particularly, concrete is one  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
of the most important materials in building and construction Human Well-being is linked with environmental
and has been used over the years to build up and hold our sustainability. Therefore, all forms of human development,
cities together (Peckenham, 2016). From homes and such as building infrastructure have an impact on the
apartment buildings to bridges, viaducts, and sidewalks, this surrounding natural environment and vice versa (Anon., n.d.).
ever-present grey material’s importance to modern urban life There are many tools that help developers, builders and
is undeniable. However, the actual process of making policymakers understand this critical link between urban
concrete releases loads of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide development and the natural world. In particular, a popularly
(CO2) into the atmosphere each year, contributing to the used tool is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

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Fig 4:- (SLI, n.d.)

Fig 3:- (iLearnCANA, 2020)
The main aim of this tool is to widen the focus of
The main objective of environmental impact businesses from the traditional financial bottom line to
assessments is to offer information to decision-makers include social and environmental responsibilities. It sought to
concerning matters that may be brought about with regards to build on the concepts of sustainable development which had
a new project, program, plan or policy. Moreover, rather than been defined by the UN’s Brundtland Commission in 1987
just highlighting the impacts, the EIA also provides scope to (Jarvie, 2016). Particularly, adding the concept of
mitigate and modify the same to the best of the abilities prior sustainability to the TBL measure seeks to minimise the
to any developments (Soni, Kharadiya, Mathur and Loonker, environmental impact of developments as much as possible,
2010). Simply put, the purpose of an EIA is not to prevent or to benefit the natural environment in some way. There are
actions with significant environmental impacts from being many ways in which the ecological footprint of a building can
implemented but rather the intention is that project actions are be reduced, managing energy consumption, switching to
authorised in the full knowledge of their environmental renewable energy sources, reducing manufacturing waste,
impacts. Regardless of the benefits which may be linked to adopting safe disposal methods or recycling, and so on. The
an EIA and subsequent sustainable developments, many TBL is constantly being updated considering the factors
times there are cases in which EIA’s takes place in a political which are of utmost importance in the more holistic picture.
context. In such scenarios, it is inevitable that economic, For example, while energy efficiency, cost reduction, and
social or political factors will outweigh environmental factors green building certification remain important goals, future
and the project will go on contributing very little towards the office designs are also prompted to take employee health and
sustainability of the development. Overall, EIA has been happiness into consideration. As per Eric Ubels, Chief
identified as an important instrument for facilitating Technology Officer at OVG, the leading real estate developer
sustainability and should be implemented before most in the Netherlands, “Since 2004, we have only built
projects for them to minimise adverse environmental effects, sustainable buildings, even if the client doesn’t want it. But
to achieve environmentally sustainable developments. it’s not just about sustainability. It’s about comfort, it’s about
intelligence, and more importantly, it’s about the health of
 Triple Bottom Line (TBL) people in those buildings.” This further proves how
Another tool that may be useful in the context of companies and businesses are taking a more holistic approach
sustainable urban development is the Triple Bottom Line to sustainability and urban sustainable development (Anon.,
(TBL) which was traditionally a popular concept in the world 2016).
of accounting and finance. It was later re-introduced in 1994
by John Elkington to measure the level of social Another key use of the TBL is that, unlike an EIA, this
responsibility, economic value and environmental impact of tool may be used to evaluate the sustainability of buildings
a business (Anon., 2020). that have already been developed. There are specific social,
environmental and economic measures that could be assessed
in order to gauge the exact sustainability of a building or
project. Some examples of these measures can be seen in the
table below:

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Factor Example Measures

Social Measures The different ways to measure and evaluate the social sustainability of already existing
developments would be by taking into account the quality of life and the accessibility to
and standard of education received by the people residing there. Furthermore, access to
other kinds of social resources which are required to live a safe and healthy life must also
be present and accessible to all. Lastly, another factor that may not get a lot of attention but
is equally important to consider is the mental and physical wellbeing of the residents.

Environmental Impact Measures When it comes to measuring the environmental sustainability of developments, we could
start by assessing the air and water quality, the energy consumption and analyse if these
levels are safe and sustainable for long term use. If this is not the case, then it must be
analysed how these factors could be altered to achieve the most sustainable methods.
Moreover, it is also crucial to consider the overall use, replacement, and/or protection of
natural resources present within or around the development. Another factor that must be
highlighted is waste generation wherein we can evaluate if the waste generated can be used
in a beneficial manner and help create more sustainable practices in the ecosystem.

Financial Impact Measures When taking into account the financial sustainability of a development, we look at four
main factors. Three of these factors broadly include; the income levels of people living in
the area, the expenditure or costs that are involved in everyday living and the taxes that are
being paid. The fourth and most relevant factor to assess is the business climate of the area.
This plays a big role as it will show the political attitude of the government towards this
area and their willingness to help and implement change and create a more sustainable
environment.
Table 1

On the whole, as seen above, when considering urban examples of successful sustainable urban developments
sustainable developments, a holistic approach that satisfies all include; The city of Singapore.
stakeholders involved should be taken. As part of this, the
developers may make use of tools such as EIA’s which can Singapore started becoming known as the “Garden
help modify and mitigate the extreme environmental impacts City” in the 1980s – a testament to the country’s success in
of development that are yet to be constructed. On the other achieving relatively environmental-friendly economic
hand, for projects which have existed for a while now, progress (ELLYSYALEE, 2016). Singapore has had an
sustainability can be assessed using a tool such as TBL by ambitious eco-building programme since 2008, they are also
comparing the development to certain social, environmental set to make 80% of the cities buildings green by 2030 and aim
and financial measures. to become one of the world’s greenest cities in the future (Toh
Boon Kwan, 2018). They've made it a “whole-of-nation
IV. SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN movement” and have further advanced it to a national agenda
PRACTICE to help with sustainable development. As a small yet densely
populated island nation and having no natural resources they
Based on all the information above, it may seem as are focusing on four key areas which are in relation to the
though there is a lot that needs to be considered when holistic aspect mentioned through the paper. The four are
developing sustainable urban development. However, at the Building a sustainable economy; creating a sustainable living
end of the day, the benefits which can be gained on national environment; ensuring sustainable development for their
and international levels from such developments are crucial people; and contributing to international collaboration.
for our survival and that of future generations. Prime

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Fig 5:- (Kwan, 2018)

Further, they have also focused on including other various With more than 50% of the population gradually
aspects than just green buildings, for example, they have finding themselves living in urban areas, Sustainable Urban
made a walking and cycling plan for the city in which they development will be an important and crucial part of our
aim to make walking, cycling, and riding public transport a future world. This implies that businesses, governments at
way of life for Singaporeans. To achieve this, they've made various levels, civil society organisations and citizens will
some new paths which meet the needs of pedestrians and have to work together and engage in pursuing ambitious
cyclists, instead of catering mainly to vehicular traffic. objectives to make cities more competitive, safe, resource-
Another aspect they've focused on is to improve the safety of efficient, resilient and inclusive. All in all, a holistic and
streets for senior residents of the city by adding “Silver systematic approach is required at all stages of design
Zones” in areas densely populated with the elderly. These development, which will satisfy all stakeholders.
zones will include road safety features, such as lower speed
limits, centre dividers, and road humps and chicanes that slow There are already many examples of wide-scale city
down motorists and remind them to look out for pedestrians development and small-scale project development that are
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2018). As of now, they have actioning the above with support from the United Nations
made 15 of these “Silver Zones”. Lastly, they have built an particularly through their SDG 11 (which talks about
extensive network of collaboration with international partners investment in public transport, creating green public spaces,
and governments over the years to exchange knowledge and and improving urban planning and management in
best practices on building sustainable cities. This has helped participatory and inclusive ways). It is to be expected that an
them in the past and will continue to help them in the future increasing number of cities that have not already taken any
in achieving their target of becoming the most sustainable city action will gain an understanding of the importance of green
in the world. architecture as we move into a hopefully sustainable future.

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
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