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The document discusses several topics related to data communication networks: 1. It compares packet size and transmission time, explaining that breaking a message into smaller packets can decrease transmission time. 2. It provides a table comparing circuit switching and packet switching, noting that packet switching dynamically allocates bandwidth and can have delay or congestion. 3. It discusses two approaches to synchronization - framing and pulse stuffing - and provides diagrams to illustrate how they work. 4. It defines what network protocols are and why they are necessary to allow communication between networked devices.

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87 views

Y Yyyy Y Y Yyyy Y Yyyyyy Yy Yyyy Yyyyyyyy Y Y

The document discusses several topics related to data communication networks: 1. It compares packet size and transmission time, explaining that breaking a message into smaller packets can decrease transmission time. 2. It provides a table comparing circuit switching and packet switching, noting that packet switching dynamically allocates bandwidth and can have delay or congestion. 3. It discusses two approaches to synchronization - framing and pulse stuffing - and provides diagrams to illustrate how they work. 4. It defines what network protocols are and why they are necessary to allow communication between networked devices.

Uploaded by

intelmaster
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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08TL16

CCN

SALMAN AHMED

CCN ASSIGNMENT
Q 1. One of the most impotent design issues is the packet size to be used in the network. Discus briefly the significant relationship between packet size and transmission time giving suitable examples?
Answer. This example shows up the relation between packet size and transmission time. In this

example it is assumed that there is a virtual circuit from station X through nodes a and b to station Y. The message to be sent comprises 40 octets and each packet contains 3 octets of control information placed in beginning of the cell. Now if entire message sent as a packet then the packet will first transmit from station X to node a and when the entire packet received at node b it is then transferred to station Y. Now if we break the message into 3 packets each having 20 octets and the same 3 control information octets node begin to start first packet arrived from X without waiting for second packet due to which transmission time drops. Hence by using more and more smaller packets we can decrease transmission time.

08TL16

CCN

SALMAN AHMED

Q.2 By drawing a suitable diagram give the comparison between circuit and packet switching?
Answer. Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

COMPARISON BETWEEN CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHING S.NO CIRCUIT SWITICHING 1 Band width guaranteed. 2 Circuit capacity not reduced by other circuit capacity. 3 Circuit costs independent of amount of data transmitted, resulting in wasted bandwidth 4 5 6 Expensive circuitry. Provides transmission at constant rates It is designed for voice mainly. PACKET SWITCHING Bandwidth dynamically allocated or on needs May have transmissions over physical channels. May have delay and congestions.

More cost effective offer better performance. Each station connects to the local node at its own speed. It is designed for voice and data both.

08TL16

CCN

SALMAN AHMED

Q3. A telephone line normally has the bandwidth of 3000Hz and SNR is 3162. for this channel capacity how will you send the data at faster rate.
Answer. We know that channel capacity can be found by Shannon capacity formula ,

putting the given values in the formula we get , C=3000* (1+3162)= 34881bps .

If we want to send the data at much faster rate in this channel we should either increase the bandwidth of the line or we have to improve the SNR.
Q.4. Explain briefly the comparison between two approaches of synchronization? Answer. Synchronization is important because, if the source and destination are out of step, data on all channels are lost. One of the pictures given below showing the scenario that if synchronization is not done properly it may happen,

The two most used approaches of synchronization are a. Framing b. Pulse Stuffing COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO APPROACHES OF SYNCHRONIZATION Framing is perhaps the most commonly known method also known as added-digit framing. In this method one control bit is added to each frame and identifiable bits from frame to frame are used as control channel. In this method the receiver compares the incoming bits and waits for expected bits. If the bit patterns not matched then certain bit position are searched until the pattern matches. Once the synchronization is done the receiver continues the monitoring of framing bit channels. If the pattern breaks down, the receiver must again have to enter framing search mode.

08TL16

CCN

SALMAN AHMED

An example picture of framing is shown below taken from the book of forouzan (data communication and networking).

Synchronizing the various data sources is a bit difficult task. If each source have separate clock timings and any variations among those clocks may cause loss of data. For that purpose we use pulse stuffing method. It is an effective technique. With pulse stuffing the outgoing data rate of the multiplexer, excluding framing bits is higher than the sum of the maximum instantaneous incoming rates. Extra we use extra capacity in stuffing dummy bits into each incoming signals until its rate raised so that of generated clock signal. The stuffed pulses are inserted at fixed locations that they can be identified and remove at the de multiplexer. An example picture is shown below taken from the book of forouzan (data communication and networking)

Q.5. what are network protocols and why are they necessary?
Answer. A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a

network. These rules include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of data transfer. A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. These protocols are necessary because without a set of rules, computers would not have the capability of "talking" to each other across the Internet. Certain protocols help computers identify themselves on the Internet. The same scenario is with the other devices apart from computers.

08TL16

CCN

SALMAN AHMED

NETWORK PROTOCOLS The most common network protocols are:


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Ethernet Local Talk Token Ring FDDI ATM

Q.6. What services are provided by ATM AAL layer types?


Answer. The AAL stands for Application Adaption Layer. ATM defines the AAL layers and breaks

them into further sub layers according to their services. 1. AAL 1: This layer supports applications that transfer information at constant bit rate such as video and voice. It provides services to connect ATM to digital telephone networks such as voice channels. 2. AAL 2: In the beginning this layer supports the variable data rate bit stream but then it has been redesigned and now being used for the services like low bit rate traffic and short frame traffic such as audio (compressed & uncompressed), video, fax. 3. AAL 3/4: AAL 3 initially support the services of connection oriented data services and AAL4 supports the connectionless services. After some time it has been evolved that the fundamental issues of both layers are same hence combined into one layer and names as ALL3/4. 4. AAL 5: AAL3/4 provides comprehensive sequencing and error control mechanism that are not necessary for every application. Hence ATM the designers of ATM provided this layer for such types of applications into fifth sub layer and called it simple and efficient adaption layer (SEAL). This layer assumes all cells are belonging to single message travel sequentially and then control functions included in the upper layers.

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