ishVas AS PRACTICAL NOTEBOOK

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 SECTION - A

(Stelfeneka)
AIM To determine resistance per cm of a given wiresby plotting a graph of potential difference versus
current.
APPARATUS A voltameter, an ammeter, unknown resistance wire, heostat, plug key, a dry cell or a battery and
connecting wires.
THEORY Ohm's law states that the physical conditions like temperature, stress, strain etc, remaining unchanged,
the current following through a conductor is always directly proportional to the potential difference across its two ends
or the ratio potential difference between the ends of the conductor to the current flowing through it is constant.
fV represents the potential ditference between the ends ofthe conductor and I is the current flowing in it. Then Vo
V=
IR
V K
i.e. = R= Constant

where R is the constant of proportionality and it is resistance of a (Rh)

conductor which is constant for a given conductor, when the
physical conditions remain same.
PROCEDURE AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1 Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 1.1
w
2. Arrange the apparatus on the working table in laboratory and
assemble the circuit connection as shown in Fig.
V
3. The ammeter is connected in series with the resistance wire
Fig. 1.1
(R) and voltmeter is connected in parallel i.e. across it. The
rheostat must be connected as shown in Fig. 1.1
4. Note the zero correction of ammeter and voltmeter, f any.
5. Insert the plug key K and slide the rheostat contact starting from the left end to the right end. See that deflection
in the voltmeter and ammeter are such as to give at least such number of independent steps of observation, so
that we can calculate the V/l.
6. Go on increasing the current step by step adjusting the slide contact marker of rheostat and take about six sets
of observations. Note the ammeter and voltmeter reading in each set. Tabulate the observations.
7. Take the ratiofor voltmeter and ammeter reading in each case. You will observer practically constant.
8. Cut the resistance wire at the ends just coming out of voltmeter. Stretch it along the metre scale and measure its
length. Let it be '
9. Record your observation as follows.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS L Least Cuntr
Valye of each small division on ammeter ..amp.
Zero correct for ammeter ***** **** .
amp.

Value of each small division in voltmete L *********

Volts.
Zero correction for votmeter VOlts

Sr. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading

-
No. Observed Observed Cursciacaaia)
1. ************ * ************
*****'******************** ***** *****************'****"***** ** ** * ****

2. ***********************'*******

3. *************************"** *

4. * * * * * * * * * * * *****d'***'***
************°* ************" **"***'**** * " ************* * * * * * * * ' * * ' " ******* ******************** * ****

O. *****************°******| v** ***********«***i*****+*** /*********M******* ********************** *** ** ** .****** *******

 RESULT

Mean value of resistance R= ohms

Length of the resistance wire = cm
fo euneta
GRAPH Steel euseka

Plot a graph between V and I. It is a straight line. It again shows that= constant and
equal to resistance.2 Japh)
CALCULATION
R V
Resistance perunit length =
ohmcm wnre dev
PRECAUTIONS
1. The ends of the wires should be neat and clean.
2. The connections should be tight.
3 A low resistance rheostat should be used.
4 Positive of the ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to positive electrode of the
battery.
5.
5 The current should be passed for short interval of time.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. High resistance rheostat may have been used.
2. The connections may be loose.
3. V
The ratio may not be constant by large heating due to the passage of current for longer interval of time.
4. The ends of the wires may not be clean.
 VishyAS PRACTICAL NOTEBOOK
Ans. If a large current is passed, the conductor will Ans. Voltmeter, being a high resistance instrument, is
become hot and its resistance will increase. Then always connected in parallel with the circuit while
the graph will bend downwards at the upper end ammeter being a low resistance instrument is
(R becomes more, I becomes less) always connected in series with the circuit.
Q10 Why do you use thick connecting wires ? A12. What are the factors on which the resistance
Ans. Thick connecting wires offer negligible resistance of the conductor depends ?
Ans. The resistance of the conductor depends upon
because R
A the three factors (a) Length of conductor (b) Area
Q11. How we connect a voltmeter and an ammeter of cross section of the conductor (c) Nature of the
in any circuit ?
naterial of conductor.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM-To determine the specific resistance of material of wire using a metre bridge.
APPRATUS Slide wire bridge (or metre bridge), the
given wire, plug key, cell, connecting wires, screw gauge,
galvanometer and resistance box.
MEORY IN BRIEF AND
FORMULA
Unknown resistance X' is connected across the
resistance box 'R' is connected across the left hand right hand gap and a
gap of the metre bridge. A cell E is connected across AC
end of the and one
galvanometer G is connected to point D and other end to jockey.
Let the bridge get balanced for the
sliding contanct position B'. From the principle of balanced
bridge we have wheatstone's

Where P and Q are resistances of the portions AB and BC

For a wire of uniform area of
respectively.
cross-section, the resistance of wire AB
If total length of a wire AC 100
o
length of wire AB.
cm
and AB
then BC = (100,)

L H S R R
Unknown Resistance x
R.B
Resistance Box
D

1020 40 50 60 80 90 100
ululualuuluulu wulualuuluuuulu
malaulaulhulumuulu
- 2= (100 4)-

Cell
Fig
 11
PLUS TWO PHYSICS

From equation (i)

R P Resistance of AB
X
QResistance of BC 100-
X-R00- 1,)

R and
, are known, X can be determined.
Specific resistasnce (p) of a wire is given by p = X a
where 'a' = area of cross section of wire i.e.
a a = nr Dis diameter
Lis length of a wire of diameter D nD
p X AL
PROCEDURE
Draw a neat and labelled Circuit
diagram as shown in Fig. 2.1
2 Set the metre bridge on a table and make connections.
Verify the correctness of connections.
4. Adjust the value of Q from the resistance box in such a
way that the balance point is obtained approximately at
the centre of the wire AC. Now find the position B such that the galavanometer gives exact zero detection
position. Note this position.
5. Note the length L of the experiment wire outside the binding screws.
6. Measure the diameter of the base wire at a number of
points along length. At each point, the diameter should be
measured in two mutually perpendicular directions.

OBSERVATIONS
(1) For the resistance X

Sr. Resistance from the Position of balance point Resistance of the wire
No. Resistance box (R)
Length, AB =<, (cm) Length, BC 4, =100-, (cm) X = R(00-

*****************************
*************** ******** ***************************************** **** *******************

* ***** *************** **** ************** *** '** *****' *************'******************************* ****** ***********************************

. ** ************* * ************** *************

**********************'************* ************* ****************************************

* **************** ****************'************"
******** ********* **************************** ** *** ***********
***************

*******************************. *********************'************ ********************************** *****'**J***************************************

Mean X =
(2) For the diameter of the wire . . . . .

) Length of the wire (L) =

.. m
() Measurement of diameter (d) of the wire
Leastcount of the screw gauge No
=
.......CM
Zero error of
the 6crew gauge=F.
Lero
correction, C = -

zero error , C
 VishvAS PRACTICALNOTEBOOK 12

Reading along any Reading along perpendicular Observed diameter Corrected diameter
No. diameter (d,) (cm) diameter (d) (cm) D t d 2 (cm) D D +C

***

2 ***

Mean Corrected diameter (D) of the wire

= .
.Cm

CALCULATIONS
Substitute the value of R, , and , for each set of observatios in the formula
X = R'2
and calculate X and take the mean.
2. Substitute-the atbove value-efmean, X;Dandtin-formuta p-XnD-and
Mire material. calculate the specific resistanee- of the
4L
RESULT
. The unknown resistance of the wire X =
....2
2. Thespecifie resistenee-of the
material-of-the-wirep=.. ohm x cm. The standard-vatue ofp for the materiatis
ohmx.cm Hence the pereentage-errer-
PRECAUTIONS (Any tue)
1 The connections should be neat and
tight.
2. Plugs in the resistance box should be made tightly by
3 The balance point should be obtained near the twisting them a little.
mid point of the wire.
44. While finding out balance points the
sliding contact should not be pressed too hard,
the wire will be otherwise the uniformity of
damaged.
5. The battery key should be closed first betore
current in the circuit, the reverse should be
pressing the jockey on the bridge wire, but when
followed. breaking the

SOURCES OF ERROR Any to)

1. The metre bridge wire may not be of a uniform
area of cross section
2 the thick copper strips at the two ends of the throughout its length.
wire offer some resistance. The
end resistance, the errors are called END resistances at the ends are called
ERRORS and
CORRECTIONS corresponding corrections are called END
3 As current passes though the wire, it gets heated and its resistance
gets changed.
 auxiliary battery in
auxiliary circuit ? Q8 What are the factors
Ans. It must give steady current and its on which the interna
naB
e.m.f. must be
greater than either of the e.m.f. of the resistance
of cell depends?
a

two cells to Ans. (i) distance

be compared. between thne electrodes.
What do you mean (i) area of cross-section of
Q5
by the sensitivity of (i) nature of the electrolyte
electrodes
potentiometer ?
(iv) current drawn from the cel
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM-To dertermine the resistance of
galvanometer by half deflection method and
APPARATUS A
galvanometer, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a
to find its figure of merit.
resistance, one key, connecting
way battery, two resistance boxes. Rheostat of
wires, sand paper and screw high
gauge.
THEORY - For resistance of Galvanometer
When key K, is closed,
keeping the key K open in the circuit, the current
E . through galvanometer is given by
AG
Where E is the e.m.f. of the cell and G
.(1)
is the Resistance of
gavanometer
Ife is the deflection produced then from the principle of E
galvanometer we have a= = Ke
If now +G
key K, is closed and shunt resistance S is also
then adjusted so that deflection is reduced to half of the
first
current through galvanometer is reading
E S
GS G+S= KO/2 G + sS and I=- E
R+
RG+S R+
G+S
GS

ES Ke
..(2)
R(G+S)+GS2
 20
hyAsHVAS PRACTICAL NOTEBOOK RG+S)+GS K
get E -2
Dividing 1 by 2 we
R+G ES
RG+RS+ G52
-
RG +RS+GS 2RS+2GS
RS+GS
RS
G (R-S) RS G
R-S G
As the figure of merit is the amount of current required to
produce a circuit deflection
Then K - = E E
(R+G)0 R+G
K
PROCEDURE ( ) To find resistance of the galvanometer
Make connections as shown in Fig. 6.1(a). Fig. 6.1 (a)
1
Take out resistance R (about 3 K2) from resistance box. Put
2 a high
in the plug in K, and the key K2. Adjust R to get a suitable large
deflection in the galvanometer.
R
3 Now put the plug in key Ko. Take out a suitable resistance R, fromnS
so that the deflection is half of the previous value.
4. Repeat the experiment for different values of galvanomenter by
changing the value R.
- K
(i) To find thefigure of merit of the galvanometer Fig. 6.1 (b)
1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown in fig. 6.1 (b).
2 Introduce a high resistance with the help of resistance box R. Insert
the plug in the key K and adjust the value of R, till the deflection (®) in the galvanometer is almost full scale and a
complete no. of divisions. Then figure of merit E
K
(R+G)0
3 Repeat the observation for three times by changing the value of resistance.
4. Find the mean value of figure of merit of the galvanometer.
OBSERVATIONS () To find the Resistance of a Galvanometer.

Sr. Resistance Galvanometer

Half deflection 0/2 Resistance of GRS
No. R (ohms) deflection 0 ohms
Shunt S (ohm) R-S
1. ************* *********"*
|**********'*********************}'****************************** . ***** ************

2. ******************** |**********'******************** }'****************'****** ***** *********

**** * * * * * * * * *

3. *******************'*" '***************'*********** ****|''************************* *

******* * *********

4. .sse* *************** *****'**********************|***** ******°******************* ****

RESULT
Mean resistance of galvanometer ...
-..ohmS
(ii) To find the figure of merit. Add
-SResistance-trem Galvanometer.
No.RB(Bahmns defleotion-- E
Figure of merit k= (R+G)0
****
*****************
2. *****re************ * ********ai a. ............. "*****
A****************a*****
3.
* *
*******

*******
***** ***

Mean K= ..amp/div.
 21 PLUS TWOo PHYSICS

PRECAUTIONS
1. All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The cell or battery used in the circuit should be of constant e.m.f.
3 Before closing the keys K, and K all the plug of the resistance boxes R and S should be tightly fited and
checked.
Before closing key
4
K a high resistance (about 50002) from the resistance box R should be introduced
the cireuit. If there is a small resistance in the circuit then a strong current will be
first, in
flowing in the circuit, which
would damage the galvanometer.
5 The defiection in the galvanometer should be an even number of divisions and as large as possible.
6 The value of R should be very large as compared to the value G.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The resistance of the coils in the resistance box being used may not be exactly the same as are marked
there
2 The plugs in the resistance box may be loose which will produce a large error in observations.
3. The e.m.f. of the battery may not be constant.

VIVA-VOCE
Q1. Why do we use a high resistance box in series resistance box and G is resistance of the
with battery in half deflection
method ? galvanometer.
Ans. In order to bring the deflection of the Q3 What should be order of deflection in the
galvanometer with the scale. galvanometer in the first case ?
2 What formula do we use in this experiment for Ans. It should be maximum and within the scale,
calculating the resistance f galyangmeter nreferablu divigihle bv two..