Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 1/2, pp. 107-113, 1985 0731-7247/85 $3.00 + 0.

00
Printed in Great Britain © 1985 Pergamon Press Ltd.

The structure and petrography of alkaline rocks of the Mada

Younger Granite complex, Nigeria
S. 1. ABAA

Geology Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

(Received 9 September 1984)

Abstract--The structural aspects of the Mada Younger Granite complex differ from those described from other
ring complexes in the province. Ring-dykes and cauldron subsidence structures are not observed and the
extrusive rhyolites do not appear to be related to a volcanic cauldron. The minor remnants of the extrusive rocks
were domes over small vents since there are no clear indications of any unified volcanic structure. Volcanic
eruptions may have taken place from dispersed vents probably including pipes and fissures. Linear intrusive
structures have been observed and these is no concentric arrangement of rock units. The biotite granites appear
more as sheet structures dipping gently to the south. Petrographically, the extrusive rocks are rhyolites, the
comenditic ignimbrite being distinctly peralkaline with aegirine and arfvedsonite. The granite cupolas may be
classified as 'A'-type and have been affected by pervasive potash metasomatism which caused recrystallization
with microcline and finely twinned clear euhedral albite, together with mica compositions between annite
towards lithian siderophyllite. This process also introduced minerals like fluorite, cassiterite, columbite and
thorite which make the Mada complex a possible source for economic minerals.

INTRODUCTION with granite porphyry, after which sheets or cupolas of

hastingsite biotite and biotite granites crystallized.
THE MADA complex belongs to the Younger Granite The main rock types arranged in probable order of
province of Nigeria (Jacobson et al. 1958, Kinnaird et al. emplacement are as follows:
1981), but is not a typical ring complex, as described 8. Fine grained albite biotite granite with local
from other localities (Jacobson et al. 1958, MacLeod et Zinnwaldite-albite variants.
al. 1971, Bowden and Turner 1974, lke 1983). The 7. Medium grained biotite granite (quartz-wolfra-
Nigerian Younger Granites occur along a north south mite type).
belt and are characterized petrographically by alkaline 6. Coarse grained biotite granite (transitional with 5).
granites and associated volcanic rocks. Structurally, 5. Coarse grained hastingsite biotite granite (transi-
many of them display ring-dykes, volcanic cauldrons and tional with 6).
high level granitic plutons or cupolas. 4. Granite porphyry.
The Mada complex is one of the most southern com- 3. Intrusive rhyolite as volcanic feeders.
plexes (Fig. 1), and covers an area of about 271 km z 2. Comenditic ignimbrites.
rising to a height of 931 m above sea level. The complex 1. Ash-full tufts, breccias and agglomerates.
is oval in shape (Fig. 2) with the longer and shorter axes Although the above rock types ccur in most of the ring
measuring 26.5 km and 15 m, respectively. The complex complexes of the Nigerian province, the Mada complex
is surrounded on the west, north and east sides by rocks does not display a ring structure and appears to be
of the basement complex comprising mainly of gneisses, sheeted.
migmatites and amphibolites. In the southern part, the
region has been covered by thick alluvium, but in certain
areas it has been observed from the road cuts that the STRUCTURE
granite of the Mada complex is overlain by sedimentary
rocks of Cretaceous age which Olatunji (1980) suggests The Mada complex is made up of minor components
are part of the Lafia Formation. of volcanic rocks. Ash-fall tufts, breccias and agglomer-
The Mada complex does not show the supposed com- ates constitute remnants of the earliest igneous activity.
plete cycle of the Nigerian Younger Granite magmatic This was followed by comenditic ignimbrite, intrusive
activity as illustrated elsewhere by MacLeod etal. (1971) rhyolites as volcanic feeders and the granite porphyry.
and Jacobson and MacLeod (1977). It appears that There are three areas of volcanic outcrops, near Garko
much of the earlier volcanic acid lavas and associated among Ogboshon hills, west of Lamboga village and in
pyroclastics have been removed by erosion and such the south near Nassarawa Eggon.
rock types are rare. Alternatively, the extrusive magma Near Garko village, the feeder to comenditic ignim-
may have been very small in volume, while the plutonic brites, synonymous with ash-flow tufts with horizontal
cycle is well preserved. The complex is characterized by layers, occurs as a dyke-like body. The rock is finely
a two-fold volcanic sequence, with ash-fall tufts, brec- porphyritic and contains lenticular fiamme usually sub-
cias, agglomerates and a peralkaline comenditic ignim- parallel or parallel to the fine laminations. Near Lam-
brite and then the instrusive rhyolites as feeders together boga, varied rhyolites and tufts occur, but the instrusive
107
108 S. [. ABAA

~BIRNINKUOU I~"
SHIRA
DOGO DUTSE

Zaria

,-11ON

DUTSEN ~J ) i ~ I ~ ] ~ / T IBCHI
WAI ~ ~
K RIRIWAI ZUKU
UDARU f~ONGOLO
,z:::~ ~p- ~2JUNGURU
q ; ~ ~ / ZARANDA oBauchi

KWANDONKAYA
(~KERKU ~ BUJ]
• 10ON RUKU B ~ IIKOFAt

r'k.q'Th-~~II[ILLIZJOS-BUKURU
GANAWUR'~LLp"~JJJY-0
ti~ Z ~ SARA-FIER
,- tLLU~ f',~i~ ,' qllllV
k/--

~ PP ~ o AMPAN

WEIWEI t .B LANGTANG )i"'

.9ON
r- . . . . . ]
I I

AFU ~ End of Sedimentary cover

LY
~'" :'"
..;"
~ ]]Alkaligranitcs
I Sy¢nitcs
[~ VolcQnic rocks

7 1 Ring frQcture
and Sycnogranites

I
~ P~r olkalin~ gronlt¢~
0 20 40km
I i i I

Fig. 1. Sketch map of the Nigerian anorogenic ring complexes (area of study' shown in dashed square).

rhyolitic dyke is more prominent. Their flow structure is no clear indications of any unified volcanic structures
defined by discontinuous coarsely recrystallized bands and it is more probable that volcanic eruptions took
and may be near surface parts of fissure feeders. Near place from numerous dispersed vents and probably also
Nassarawa Eggon, several intrusive rhyolitic dykes included pipes and fissures. This type of voicanic erup-
occur striking to the east in the direction of the major tion in a Younger Granite complex in this province has
fracture in the area indicating intrusion into linear been reported from the Daura complex (Turner and
fractures. Webb 1974).
It is not generally possible to estimate the original Considering the s{ructure of the instrusive rocks at
thickness or the dip and extent of these extrusive vol- Mada, it is observed that these two do not form the usual
canic rocks. Some of the volcanic rocks may have been structural patterns as observed in other complexes in the
extruded as domes over small vents. Besides, there are Nigerian province. Turner (1974) considers that the
 Structure and petrography of Mada alkaline rocks 109
z 8o20"E 8035 / 45 E
E X P L A N A T I'OI"N

m BASALTIC VOL C ANIC CONES-- TERTIARY

FINE GRAINED SUGARY WHITISH 1

BIOTITE GRANITE-RAYFIELD GONA Ill
MEDIUM GRAINED PINKISH
BIOTITE GRANITED ---NGELL [!
COARSE GRAINED BIOTITE ] I
GRANITE = JOS PHASE 1 I TRANS]° I (.3
p'TIONAL I
FITTI HASTINGStTE BIOTITE GRANITEJ FACIES ~.~

GRANITE PORPHYRY

MADA HILLS - - COMENDITIC IGNIMBRITE

ASH FALL TUFFS BRECCIAS

AND AGGLOMERATES
OGBOSHON HILLS /MIGMATITES
CRYSTALLINE BASE MENT--GNEISSES
~-AMPHIBOLIT,

' ~ MINOR ROADS

D 0
MADA HILLS
NASSARAWA
i EGGON
--~ HYOLITIC
DYKES
~ RAILWAYS
8o20"E 8°3SQ, S E
1000m O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8krn

Fig. 2. Geological sketch map of Mada Younger Granite complex.

outer limits of most Younger Granite complexes are medium grained biotite granite, which in turn is overlain
defined completely or partly defined by a granite por- by the fine grained albite biotite granite. The biotite
phyry ring-dyke. granites appear more as sheet structures dipping to the
At Mada, this is not the case. The granite porphyry south at about 10-20 ° (Fig. 3). Thus, only linear intrusive
outcrops to the east (Fig. 2) as a linear structure and, if structures have been observed and there is no concentric
at all, it forms a ring-dyke, then such a dyke has not been arrangement of rock units.
exposed, and there is no evidence for its continuity. To
the north-east of the complex what appears to be a zone
of granite porphyry is in fact a marginal facies of the PETROGRAPHY
main biotite granite. The granite porphyry here, whose
emplacement marked the end of surface volcanism and The rocks of the Mada complex are either volcanic or
the beginning of sub-volcanic intrusive activity may have subvolcanic but the volcanics are very much subordinate
been emplaced along a linear fissure. in aerial extent to the subvolcanic granites.
Both the granite porphyry and the main granite bodies
have shallow dipping contacts with the country rocks. Rhyolites
There are four types of biotite granites and structurally
they do not appear to be emplaced within a ring structure The petrography of rhyolites, tufts and breccias is not
as massive stock-like bodies as observed in other ring- very well understood owing to the weathered state and
complexes (Jacobson et al. 1958, MacLeod et al. 1971, rarity of fresh samples. The rhyolites show extensive
Turner 1974, Ike 1979). Instead, the initially emplaced devitrification. Many irregular microcrystalline zones
coarse grained biotite granite with the hastingsite bear- composed of tiny rounded grains of quartz and feldspars
ing transitional facies seems to be overlain by the have poorly defined gradational boundaries with ortho-
clase cryptoperthite or sanidine. Most of the feldspar
30oo1" / -"------"~ -~.._ -13o0o phenocrysts are orthoclase, although phenocrysts of
2ooo1:/ -- ~ -Fooo
'°°°l- ~V////////)~ ~ ' ° ° ° albite-oligoclase may be observed. The mafic minerals
S
are mainly disseminated iron-titanium oxides and sparse
spongy aggregates and wisps of amphiboles. Recrystalli-
E X P L A N A T t ON
zation is common with small rounded quartz grains and
[~ Coarse granite
irregular perthite crystals (0.2 mm in diameter) are
I~Medium grained granite contained in a matrix of finely intergrown quartz and
~]Fin¢ grained albite granite feldspar. Abudant iron ore grains occur associated with
small crystals of biotite and hastingsite, while the most
Fig. 3. Schematic section showing sheeted granite units. common accessories are apatite and zircon.
AES 3: i/2-H
110 S.I. ABAA
5O Q
,001 m I I I I I

\
\
\
\\

\
\\

©0
O0 / \\\

//,
0 0
0 °

} o%

#
50 50

X X XXXx
X

ii /t I ~ \ '\
I / I ~ \ \\
iI I I ~ \\ \
t l 1 ~ \\
/ ! I I
F L

A
_ - J . . . . . . . . .L . . . . . . . . . _~ . . . . . . . . -~_ _ _ 3

L__ I I ! I I I I
Fig. 5. QAP plots separating the fields of A-, 1- and S-types of granites
I00 1
50 100 and showing the field of granites of Mada complex, x, Granites of
FELDSPAR OUA~TZ Mada complex.

Fig. 4. The abundance of quartz and feldspar phenocrysts (expressed

in vol.% from modal analysis) in the Mada porphyritic rocks.
O, Comenditic ignimbrites: O, rhyolitic feeders; x, granite porphyry. grains. K-feldspar phenocrysts sometimes contain albite
forming a perthitic intergrowth. Albite phenocrysts con-
tain many dusty inclusions and the phenocrysts are often
sericitized. In some cases tiny veinlets occur, usually
The unwelded tuffs are rather finer grained but weath- composed of Fe-Ti oxides and calcite and sometimes
ered with a shaly appearance. They may originally have biotite. The ground mass also contains K-feldspar, albite
been composed of fine glass shards which are now grains and quartz while accessory minerals include
outlined by Fe-Ti oxides, while the glass has been biotite, sercite, Fe-Ti oxides and zircon.
devitrified into crypto-crystalline aggregates of quartz The granite porphyry contains phenocrysts of
and feldspars. The matrix consists of devitrified brown feldspars, glassy quartz and minor grains of biotite. The
glass with a distinct flow structure. Turner and Bowden feldspars are microcline mesoperthites, together with
(1979) refer to similar tuffs and rhyolites as ignimbrites. smaller grains of microcline randomly distributed in the
The comenditic ignimbrite is porphyritic, fine grained rock. The microcline mesoperthites are patchy and cor-
and grey to greenish in colour. In thin section, the rock roded with individual phenocrysts having diffuse edges
exhibits a directional arrangement of prismatic minerals with the surrounding matrix. The quartz phenocrysts are
usually parallel to its laminations. The main minerals are subhedral to anhedral and besides forming micrographic
quartz, feldspars, aegirine, arfvedsonite, hedenbergite intergrowth, the grains also occur as separate indi-
and two other minerals provisionally identified as viduals. Other phenocrysts are composed of clots of
eudialyte and catalpleite (Smulikowski and Olatunji biotite and Fe-Ti oxides. The ground mass is also com-
1980). The feldspars are orthoclase microperthite and posed of microperthites, albite and quartz where several
albite. In most cases the perthites are intergrown more zones of micrographic intergrowth of quartz with micro-
or less end to end (? unmixing) with albite. Arfvedsonite cline are present, as well as some brown biotite. Acces-
crystals are aligned along the laminations and may be sory minerals include zircon, allanite, and fluorite while
zoned with the rims becoming deeper blue. In most cases oxides are possibly ilmenite or magnetite. The approxi-
the arfvedsonite crystals are closely associated with mate average mode of the granite porphyry is: quartz
aegirine, aegirine tending to form incomplete rims round 17%, microcline mesoperthites 23%, biotite 2% and the
the arfvedsonite. Hedenbergite is usually rimmed with ground mass 58% (Fig. 4).
aegirine. The 'eudialyte' is usually light yellow to light
orange with very weak pleochrism, sometimes forming Biotite granites
rims round pseudohexagonal to hexagonal short prisms
of 'catalpleite'. The two minerals together with accessory The biotite granites of the Mada complex occur as
minerals of sphene, apatite, epidote and calcite form up three facies: a coarse grained biotite granite containing a
to 15% by volume of the rock. The abundance of quartz little hastingsite, a medium grained pinkish quartz-wol-
and alkali feldspar phenocrysts in the comenditic ignim- framite biotite granite type, and a fine grained albite
brite is shown in Fig. 4. biotite granite with local zinwaldite-albite variants. The
The intrusive rhyolites as volcanic feeders are por- three variants of the granites compare in all aspects to
phyritic with phenocrysts of quartz, K-feldspars and those of the Jos-Bukuru Complex (MacLeod et al.
albite. The quartz phenocrysts are clear and usually 1971). Turner and Webb (1974) have described similar
subhedral to euhedral, often surrounded by fine quartz biotite granite facies from the Daura igneous complex,
 Structure and petrography of Mada alkaline rocks 111

Table 1. Comparison of biotite granites of Mada and Jos-Bukuru complexes

Jos Bukuru Mada

Rock types Jos type Bt, granite N'gell biotite, Rayfield Gona Mada Hills biotite, Lozen Hills biotite, Lamboga biotite,
phase I granite phase 11 biotite, granit" granite phase I granite phase II granite phase Ill
phase IIl
Texture Whitish-pinkish, Pinkish, medium Whitish and sugary, Mainly pinkish, Pinkish, medium Whitish and sugary,
exceptionally grained fine-medium very coarse grained fine-medium
coarse grained grained grained grained
Feldspars Mainly orthoclase 'Orthoclase' Microcline per- Mainly orthoclase Microcline per- Microcline per-
microperthites (microcline) thites, also albite microperthites thites replace- thites and anti-
2.5-2 cm perthites about laths 1-2 mm 1-2 cm diameter merit Ab grains perthites 2 mm
I cm long diameter I cm
Micas Biotite with large Dispersed as flakes Pale green, usually Large plates or Usually as flakes Mainly protoli-
plates and coarse also inclusions in protolithionite coarse clusters and may be pale thionite with
clusters feldspars greenish overgrowths of
Li-siderophyllite
Quartz Aggregates into Long arcuate trains Anhedral, glassy, Large aggregates Glassy, subhedral Glassy, anhedral-
clusters I cm subhedral 5 mm usually clustered 1 cm clusters 4 mm subhedral trains
across 1.5 mm 2mm
Accessory Fluorite allanite, Fluorite,zircon, Columbite,thorite. Fluorite,magne- Zircon, fluorite, Columbite, fluorite,
minerals sphene, zircon, columbite, zircon, exeno- tire, allanite, columbite, ilme- xenotime, ilme-
ilmenite or monazite, time, cassiterite, zircon, sphene nite, cassiterite nite, zircon,
magnetite ilmenite zircon thorite
Mineralization Absent Mineralized with Cassiterite and Absent Columbite, cassi- Co[umbite, thorite,
columbite, columbite terite, sphalerite xenotime
cassiterite
Comments Contains fergu- The main source of Hasshedmuch Sphene-like taper- Greisenized in Albite zinnwaldite
sonite, has hori- cassiterite in the alluvial cassi- ing terminations certain zones granite, well
zontal weather- area. has much terite and colum- may be ferguso- contains more albitized with
inggiving textural varia- bite. Has exten- nite. Albite quartz veins even grain
prominent tion sive marginal oligoclase distribution
features of microgranites crystals also
perched present
boulders

while Imoekparia (1980) considers that similar varieties igneous rock modal classification diagram of Streckeisen
of biotite granites exist at Afu complex. At Mada the (1967, 1973). The granites also classify as 'A'-type
coarse grained Mada Hills biotite granite corresponds to granites(Fig. 5) because they are alkaline, anorogenic
the Jos type biotite granite; the Lezin Hills pinkish and anhydrous (Loiselle and Wones 1979, Collins et al.
medium grained biotite granite corresponds to the N'gell 1982). At Mada, it appears that more than one mica
biotite granite while the Lamboga biotite granite corres- population occurs in the individual cupolas (Table 2).
ponds to the Rayfield Gona biotite granite. The typical The very coarse grained biotite granite contains both
characteristics of the granites are illustrated in Table 1. biotite (2V = 3-9 °) as well as lithian siderophyllite
The granites of the Mada complex classify as alkali (2V = 20-30°). The medium grained pinkish biotite
feldspar granites according to the Q.A.P. triangular granite contains ferrous siderophyllite (2V = 0-5 °) while

Table 2. Optical properties indicating different mica populations in the Mada granites and greisens

Optical Sample number

property 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

n 1.601-1.608 1.599-1.602 1.595-1.620 1.590-1.610 1.680-1.683 1.599-1.602 1.590-1.620 1.601-1.608

2V 4-8 ° 3-9 ° 20-30 ° 15-25 ° 0-5 ° 0-5 ° 20-30 ° 3545 °
Ext z a 2-3 ° 0-3 ° 3-7 ° 3-5 ° 0-4 ° 0-2 ° 3-5 ° 6-10 °
X Palestraw Palegreen Darkgreen Pale greenish Brownish Palegreen Pale greenish Colourless
yellow
Y Darkbrown Greenish Greenish Pale greenish Pale yellowish Brownish Yellowish Pale greenish
brown brown with brown green brown
tinge
Z Nearly Darkbrown Yellowish Colourless Reddish Darkgreen- Greenish Palebrown
opaque brown ish brown brown
Absorption X<Y<Z X<Y<Z X<Y<_Z X>Y>Z X<Y<Z X<Y<_Z X<Y<Z X<Y<Z

1 Biotite from Hasting site--biotite granite 1-2 biotites

2-3 Biotites from coarse grained--biotite granite 3 and 7 lithium siderophyllite
4 and 8 Biotite from fine grained whitish biotite granite 4 ferroprotolithionite
5~5 Biotites from medium grained pinkish biotite granite 54 ferrous siderophyllite
7 and 8 Micas from greisen zonesin pinkish granite 8 zinnwaldite-trilithionite
112 S.I. ABAA

lithian siderophyllite may also be present. However, the At Mada, the earliest eruptions may have been explo-
greisens in the medium grained biotite granite have a sive, depositing ash-fall tufts, agglomerates and volcanic
range of mica compositions from lithian siderophyllite to breccias. The comenditic ignimbrite is an ash-flow with
zinnwaldite to lepidolite. low phenocryst content, while the lenticular fiamme-like
Elsewhere in this granite province, other micas such patches may have crystallized later than the general
as annite, protolithionite, lepidomelane and Li-Fe ground mass as described from Ningi-Burra complex
siderophyllite have been reported (Bowden and Whitley (Turner and Bowden 1979). Similar textures have been
1974, Abaa 1976, 1978). Such mica populations may be described from Tibchi (Ike 1979), while Schmincke
attributed to late state metasomatism which may even be (1975) interpreted similar textures in comenditic and
incipient in the rocks and yet cause albitization and pantelliritic tufts from Gran Canaria as due to growth of
greisenization producing different mica types. Besides, crystals into cavities developed through vesiculation of
it has been shown by Bowden and Kinnaird (1984) that pumice fragments. The intrusive rhyolites which occur
the presence of some of the micas-like zinnwaldite indi- as feeders are crystal rich rhyolites with Fe-Ti oxides
cates granites with cassiterite mineralization, while the and are similar to the associated granite porphyry but
presence of siderophyllite indicates granites with wolfra- possibly have less alkaline compositions.
mite mineralization. The common accessory minerals in In the biotite granites, it appears there was a late
the granites include fluorite, zircon, and Fe-Ti oxides, deuteric alteration effect which modified the simple
while the medium and fine grained varieties also contain exsolution perthite texture resulting in the irregular,
cassiterite, thorite, wolframite and sphalerite. patchy replacement perthites. Some late volatile action
(Bowden and Turner 1974, Kinnaird 1977, Abaa 1978,
Bowden et al. 1979) caused recrystallization with micro-
DISCUSSION cline and finely twinned clear euhedral albite. The mica
compositions also lead to a clear indication of post-
It has long been recognized that two contrasting magmatic effect on the granites. Bowden and Kinnaird
modes of granite emplacement in the Nigerian Younger (1984) consider that pervasive potash metasomatism is
Granite province are either as steep-sided units intruded indicated by two groups of mica. Mica compositions
along polygonal or circular ring fractures or as shallow between annite and ferrous siderophyllite probably
centripetal dipping cupolas. The second mode appears reflect a higher temperature or higher log K+/H + condi-
to have been the case at Mada which Bowden and tions for the fluid (Rose and Burt 1979). The commonest
Kinnaird (1978) refer to as 'cupola' and represents the trend in the Nigerian granites is considered by Bowden
terminal phase of magmatic activity related to the evolu- and Kinnaird (1984) to be that of mica compositions
tion of any one centre. Since the Younger Granites between annite towards lithian siderophyllite which
decrease in age southwards and Mada is one of the last in leads to the formation of greisens. In this case the fluid
the series, its emplacement without any evidence of compositions can be interpreted as evolving to lower log
ring-dykes and cauldron subsidence structure, it may K+/H +, and lower temperature conditions, until ulti-
well represent one of the terminal phases of magmatic mately acid metasomatism becomes dominant. This pro-
activity for the whole province. cess which developed at a late stage in the crystallization
The granites have irregular but sharp shallow-dipping of the granites is also responsible for the introduction of
contact with the country rocks indicating they are roof minerals like fluorite, cassiterite, columbite and thorite
facies and that they have recently been unroofed. This in the Mada granites which renders them a possible
may be in agreement with the fact that erosion has been source for economic minerals.
small since it is near the edge of areas of sediment
deposition as suggested for the Daur igneous complex Acknowledgements--I am highly indebted to Dr. Peter Bowden and
(Turner and Webb 1974). This may also be the reason Professor C. A. Kogbe for their encouragement and Dr. E. C. Ike for
initial comments on the petrology. I thank Dr. D. Osijuk and the
why the two varieties of cassiterite wolframite bearing Ahmadu Bello University for leave to carry out work in the U.K. This
biotite granites have not shed the disseminated minerals paper is part of research carried out from a grant of the Board of
in the alluvial channels in the area. If this is the case, then Research of the Ahmadu Bello University for which I am very grateful.
the Mada complex may have been emplaced at deeper
crustal levels than the more northern complexes, since
REFERENCES
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Ririwai, Gindi Akwati and Dutsen Wai in the Nigerian Younger
unroofed. The linear structural arrangement of the
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1980), at Afu and Mada (this work), which is at the very mineralization in the Ririwai biotite granite, Nigeria, Bull. Geol.
A.B.U., Zaria 1, 1-18.
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origin of the Benue valley. B. Appl. Earth Sci.).
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