obexes afMatices

Scoalas marx
Let A be a scalas mahdx
A oko---O
O K--O
o . kJ»xn

OAA =K
toace A n
= n-tym
n - t i mes
es

Eigenvaues =k,. taken

2 Fanoulas Max
au az O

Lowts T a n g n l
Ubpes Toausuo

Tstonhuy Matix
2-
dtaopnal ve 0,

N Uphe Tt angular
matoc

stoctl
become

LTM UM.

Louser Tsiongulav matox CVm)

mataix (LTm)
Tatangular matoicp
TsopeatreA f vike rerm.
s LTM and
UTM
Tsanshose Piaganal eutoe
AA
soduch a dioganal
enties.
2
2 -
A are its
Hopnounes
3 a-VTM is UTM.
4- Stm ot
P s a d u c ot 2 0TM is ar
OM.
UTM is a n UM matax is upfer
. UTM and
a scalas
Produd at an

tangulao.
9nesc Matx A-A
is syummem
ddrtian/DHeence o two Somneaic matrices
TA,B ave Symmêtnt, 9AB-BA, hen ABi&symmeto
then A" is etoic, neZt
A s spmnetac, sumn
Ais smmetoc(ohen exisfn)
TA ls smmetosc, foansp o s e je sm
mcic
fooduct ong matox i is bng ien
A
AFT ATA ave 5ymmetaic f
matoix 1s enmeio
natdx, then A+A mataix are v ea
veal
T A is any
veal symm etae matix ae

AL agenvonlucs
f-a
caeTtofanding disnc egenyalMA
v ienvectns
ostmog onal
matohx is Symnetoic,
Scala mutiple bf symmeic
Any
 A-A
ked nmetaic Matax A=-A
m a t i c e is
feoo Skel shmmehic
O 4doditfonDffevence of
skes Symmefnic. Symmetic.
matix is sk0
skes smmetzC
Scalas
a las multple f symneidc
Symmerc
Matoix oa skrus
Hcments af the diagonal o.
tocc is
a n e O,
ie. O.
maix
Symmernc
matux is aldas
m a t i x is aunas
s ks s
skud mmenc
etoGenvalue af
real
A eigenvalues
ae aloas non
-real.
L+A s investibe
matúx, thsen
zeso
Non
s k e symmemt
A isreal
T
(°AA
AA) - A (-A) is skoo
shmmetsjc.
s hmmets'c-

matix A -A
A-A
squove
f Par
ar a
any
 Niotnt Matx

isnilotent ifA ke z
k is called y e index.
minimum possible
A=P
t L n , i-e
i6 nipotent of
A is
A degnee
Cha6acesstic polynamialis A", ie: PCD =A in me diagoncl
all Sum of oll e n t s e
t s CA):0 for >o.
ane zeso.

a A is O
Only
Only
Degnee
elgenvaluc
o nilpoen mahix s £n.

ts A both are O.
AA m aix.
m a i x is tye O maox
dragonal2able nlbal®nt
Onla is investtble.
A is nilboftn, then t++A
ACT+AJ - 1 tHen A
+T)= i ¥E,
TA is aa matx %& F A(RA
is nilbotent
matox c a n be expressed a s a prodnc
tver Stnogulas
ilbatent mamcea
Osthaqona Matax
AAie squave
vmakax wlh eal valuea, of ardey Nxn
nxn,
I a

then A is Gothogonak if
ATA- AA T
sunmmeaic
O%tTogonal
matox is ahoays
otthagonal MatoccA are oothoa onal.
Psoddc of matoc is asthsgonal.
hagana
Tsanspase of h e cs
anu,hen
s A osthogona.
AA anly-4.
A ave
Ergenvalues of investble.
maices are
AW osthogonal sthamonal.
m a t x is
Tnressc af osogonal
at oahooonal.
matdc0
AlL diaqonal
 Hesnitan Matix
A l6- lanjugated Tanso
elements are a l veal
TA is Hezmitan, then mein diagonol
2-A+A®, AA & AA are all Hemitfo.
3TA is esmitan, A*is Hesntan, ke 2
AA is Hesmtan, Fit exists. Same for
- A 4 BB is hesmtsan, if A,B ave Aeamitfonni sha Hexmiton
6 TA is Mvnitfon, iA is 5eu Hegmttan.
7TfA is skaw Mesntan, iA is Mermtton.
8 A etgenvale A ae eal.
- Sum Mesmtton Moi ces is esm ilian
Sum Hesmitor
Htesmiflo
1 AAB is esmitton i}F AB =BA, A,B belm
8- Ske Heamitian Mati x, A -A
-A
1- enyalues are elhes O o r purely imaginaay
2 AU diagonal enhic a r e puely imáginay
is ske t e s m t n ifF its rea post ie
33 A
and pastt s Symmenc
skes Smmetao imagina
4-A is keo Hesmifion, Hen
A i s Hrsmtian, if k is
eren inreger
K i6 add ínlegts
6 A is ske hemton, iH
9-DiaggnalMafzx,
mafix is diagonal
Addton f diagonal
A AT henA is dtagonal.
HB BA,
=
when A and B are diag onal.
mataoo is diagonal
Poroducb of diagon al

Adiagonal matox is diagonal2able.

matdx is praoduct of dagonal en fues
A af dlgonal
 Unltoy Alatsix
A*A = I
A is unitar
unitosy, A
A T

uniaT
is
2 -
2 T A is
unitaay> A* is unila
3 TA AA is