Electrical Science - I

(IEC-102)
Lecture-04

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Nodal & Mesh Analysis

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Use both Nodal and Mesh Analysis to find v1

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Use both Nodal and Mesh Analysis to find v1

Answer: v1 = -45/14
Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Handy Circuit Analysis
Techniques
 Both Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis require
that we develop a complete set of equations to
describe a circuit.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Handy Circuit Analysis
Techniques
 Both Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis require
that we develop a complete set of equations to
describe a circuit.

 If only one particular current, voltage, or power

quantity is of interest to us, then there is no need to
solve for all the other variables.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Handy Circuit Analysis
Techniques
 Both Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis require
that we develop a complete set of equations to
describe a circuit.

 If only one particular current, voltage, or power

quantity is of interest to us, then there is no need to
solve for all the other variables.

 There are several other techniques for isolating

specific parts of a circuit to simplify the analysis.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Super Position

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the
current through any element any be calculated by
adding algebraically all the individual voltages or
currents caused by the separate independent
sources acting alone, i.e. with

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the
current through any element any be calculated by
adding algebraically all the individual voltages or
currents caused by the separate independent
sources acting alone, i.e. with
all other independent sources disabled

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the
current through any element any be calculated by
adding algebraically all the individual voltages or
currents caused by the separate independent
sources acting alone, i.e. with
all other independent sources disabled
• If it is an independent voltage source replace
it with a short circuit.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the
current through any element any be calculated by
adding algebraically all the individual voltages or
currents caused by the separate independent
sources acting alone, i.e. with
all other independent sources disabled
• If it is an independent voltage source replace
it with a short circuit.
• If it is an independent current source replace
it with a open circuit.
Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources
OFF (or disable them)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources
OFF (or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources
OFF (or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources
OFF (or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources
OFF (or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.
c) Find the response due to this source acting alone.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applying Superposition
1. Leave one source ON and turn all other sources
OFF (or disable them)
a) Other voltage sources: set v = 0.
These become short circuits.
b) Other current sources: set i= 0.
These become open circuits.
c) Find the response due to this source acting alone.
2. Add the resulting responses due to all
independent sources to find the total response.
Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Application of Superposition
Use superposition to solve for the current ix .

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Voltage Source

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Voltage Source

First, turn off (or disable) the current source.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Voltage Source

First, turn off (or disable) the current source.

3
ix   0.2
69

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Current Source

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Current Source

Then, turn off (or disable) the voltage source.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Response due to Current Source

Then, turn off (or disable) the voltage source.

 6
ix  (2)  0.8
69

Electrical Science-I 
Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Total Response

Finally, add the responses due to independent

sources acting alone to get the total response.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Total Response

Finally, add the responses due to independent

sources acting alone to get the total response.

ix  ix  ix  0.2  0.8 1.0

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source
Use superposition to compute ix

When applying superposition to circuits with

dependent sources, these dependent sources are
never turned off.
Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
Superposition with a Dependent
Source

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source
current source off

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source
current source off

voltage source off

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Superposition with a Dependent
Source
current source off

voltage source off

ix = ix’ + ix’’=2 + (−0.6) = 1.4 A

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation and
Equivalent Sources

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation and
Equivalent Sources

The sources are equivalent if

Rs = Rp and vs = isRs

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation

 The circuits (a) and (b) are

equivalent at the terminals.

 If given circuit (a), but circuit

(b) is more convenient, switch
them!

 This process is called source

transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Source Transformation
Find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation.

Answer: I = (45-3)/(5+4.7+3) = 3.307 mA

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thevenin and Norton
Equivalent Circuits

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
Thévenin’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where
VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is
the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when
the independent sources are turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
Thévenin’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where
VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is
the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when
the independent sources are turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.
 Find the open circuit voltage voc

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.
 Find the open circuit voltage voc (voc = VTh)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.
 Find the open circuit voltage voc (voc = VTh)

 Find the equivalent resistance Req of the network

with all independent sources turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Thévenin Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load.
 Find the open circuit voltage voc (voc = VTh)

 Find the equivalent resistance Req of the network

with all independent sources turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

VTH = voc
RTH = Req

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (1 of 6)
Find the Thevenin equivalent of Network A

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (2 of 6)
Thevenin Voltage (VTh)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (3 of 6)
Thevenin Voltage (VTh)

VTh = Voc = 8 V

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (4 of 6)
Thevenin Resistance (RTh)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (5 of 6)
Thevenin Resistance (RTh)

RTh = 9 Ω

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Thévenin Example (6 of 6)
Thevenin Equivalent of Network A

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Norton Equivalent Circuit
Norton’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where
IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and
RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent sources are turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Norton Equivalent Circuit
Norton’s theorem: It states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where
IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and
RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent sources are turned off.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Norton Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Norton Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).
 Short the terminals and find the short circuit
current isc

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Norton Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).
 Short the terminals and find the short circuit
current isc (isc = IN)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Finding Norton Equivalent
Circuit
 Disconnect the load (if any).
 Short the terminals and find the short circuit
current isc (isc = IN)
 Find the equivalent resistance Req of the network
with all independent sources turned off (Req = RN)

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

IN = isc
RN = Req

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation:
Norton and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation:
Norton and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation:
Norton and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Source Transformation:
Norton and Thevenin
The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source
transformations of each other!

RTH = RN = Req and VTH = iNReq

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
Example: Norton and Thévenin

Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalents for the

network faced by the 1 kΩ resistor.

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Norton and Thévenin

Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalents for the

network faced by the 1 kΩ resistor.

load resistor

this is the circuit to be simplified

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent
Finding the Thévenin voltage (VTh)

+
VTh= Voc

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent
Finding the Thévenin voltage (VTh)

+
VTh= Voc

VTh = Voc = 8 V

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent
Finding the Thévenin resistance (RTh)

RTh= Req

RTh = Req = 5 kΩ

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Thévenin Equivalent

Thévenin
1 kΩ
Equivalent

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Norton and Thévenin

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Norton and Thévenin

Thévenin Equivalent

1 kΩ

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Norton and Thévenin

Thévenin Equivalent

Source
1 kΩ Transformation

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Example: Norton and Thévenin

Thévenin Equivalent Norton Equivalent

Source
1 kΩ Transformation

Electrical Science-I Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad