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Agenda
Introduction • Curtain Wall Openings
• History of CFS - Durability and Fire Rating • Wall Sheathing and Mechanical Bracing
• Current Specification and Design Standards • Sliding and Rigid Connections
• Standard Nomenclature, Thickness and Coating • Demonstration of Capabilities of SteelSmart® System

Light Steel Framing Design Mid-Rise Load Bearing Steel Stud Framing
• Wall and Floor Systems
Construction Techniques
• Responsibilities of Design and Construction
• Wall Sheathing and Mechanical Bracing • Economics - Project Budget and Schedules
• Design of Wall Tracks - Partial Bearing on Concrete • Understanding Construction Methods
Nabil A. Rahman, Ph.D., P.E. & Scott Speaker - Load Distribution Members • Design-Assist Service
• Shear Walls – Diagonal Strap Bracing
The Steel Network, Inc. www.steelnetwork.com Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Light Steel
• Construction Bracing Framing
• Project Examples • Benefits of BIM - Levels of Development (LOD)
• Demonstration of Capabilities of SteelSmart • BIM in Light Steel Framing
Justin Fejfar, P.E. & Mohamed Khalil Software
• Demonstration of Capabilities of SteelSmart® Framer
FDR Engineers www.fdr-eng.com Wind-Bearing (Curtain Wall) Steel Stud Framing
• Infill vs. Bypass Framing

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History of Cold-Formed Steel History of Cold-Formed Steel

The use of CFS members in building construction began in the
1850s in both the USA and GB.
One of the first documented uses of CFS as a building
material is the Virginia Baptist Hospital, constructed around
1925 in Lynchburg, Virginia.
In the 1940s, Lustron Homes built and sold almost 2,500 • American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) published its 1st edition of the ASD CFS Specification in 1946 (AISI, 1946) based
steel-framed homes, with the framing, finishes, cabinets and on research work at Cornell University by Prof. George Winter.
furniture made from CFS.
• The ASD Specification was subsequently revised in 1956, 1960, 1962, 1968, 1980, and 1986.
• In 1991, AISI published its 1st edition of the LRFD CFS Specification.
• In 2001, AISI published its 1st edition of the North American CFS Specification.
• Latest edition is North American Specification AISI S100-16 (to be adopted by the 2018 building code)

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Durability of Cold-Formed Steel Cold-Formed Steel is GREEN

Mass Loss Exposure Duration Corrosion Rate1 Estimated Life Expectancy2
Site Location Sample Material Sample Location
(Grams) (months) (μ/yr) (years)
• Steel is the most highly recycled material in the world.
Attic 0.013 98 0.0223 841
Galvanize 2
Wall 0.020 98 0.0343 547 • Steel exhibits a minimum recycled content of 25% which aids in
Attic 0.017 98 0.0555 554 qualifying a project for LEED points as defined in the LEED rating
Hamilton, Ontario Galvalume
Wall 0.020 98 0.0653 471 system.
Galfan
Attic 0.013 98 0.0238 1,294
• U.S. Steel has supplied the industry with general information
Wall 0.020 98 0.0366 841
specific to the recycled content for coated sheet steel:
Galvanize 2 0.017 99 0.0289 650
• 60.7% of all steel packaging is recycled
Miami, Florida Galvalume Attic 0.013 99 0.0420 732
Galfan 0.033 99 0.0597 515
• 81% of all steel appliances is recycled
Wall 0.013 87 0.0251 757
• 97.6% of all steel automobiles is recycled
Galvanize 1 Floor 0.020 87 0.0386 485 • Steel framing can be easily recycled and not land-filled when it’s
Under Deck 0.030 87 0.0580 324 useful life is completed.
Wall 0.013 87 0.0478 643

Long Beach Island, New Jersey Galvalume Floor 0.027 87 0.0993 310

Under Deck 0.023 87 0.0846 363

Wall 0.013 87 0.0268 1,149

Galfan Floor 0.040 87 0.0823 373
Under Deck 0.027 87 0.0556 553
• Durability of Cold-Formed Steel Framing Members Technical Note by the Cold Formed Steel Engineers Institute (CFSEI) at www.cfsei.org.

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Fire Rating for Cold-Formed Steel Fire Rating for Cold-Formed Steel
A Guide to Fire & Acoustic Data for Cold-
• Fire Ratings of CFS Wall, Floor and Roof Assemblies
Formed Steel Floor, Wall & Roof Assemblies,
• CFS members are non-combustible, and will not supply Steel Framing Alliance, Feb. 2017
fuel to a spreading fire. The use of non-combustible
material can result in better fire resistance and lower
insurance premiums. • Floor/Ceiling Assemblies
• CFS members are required to be fire resistant when they
• Non-Load Bearing Wall Assemblies
are part of a wall, floor or roof assembly. In some cases,
these members can provide a fire rating of up to 4 hours.
• Load Bearing Wall Assemblies
• Fire Rating for CFS steel wall, floor and roof assemblies are
accomplished using a combination of sheathing and
insulation types and thickness tested by the Underwriters • Roof/Ceiling Assemblies
Laboratory (UL) and given a specific fire rating in hours.
These varying assemblies are typically called UL Assembly
Details.

7InsertSlide ©2006-18 Applied Science International, LLC 8 ©2006-18 Applied Science International, LLC

Category

Fire Rating for Cold-Formed Steel Specification and Design Standards

Head-Of-Wall Assemblies
Fire-resistance rating of a head-of-wall system (HW-
D) classifies the ability of the HW-D assembly to
confine and isolate fire within a zone comprised of
the assembly under ANSI/UL 2079 Standard.
AISI publishes general Design Specification for cold-formed steel
- Example: System No. HW-D-0042 members S100-07 for 2012 IBC, S100-12 for 2015 IBC
ANSI/UL2079 AISI also publishes Design Standards for CFS Components:
Assembly Fire Ratings — 1 and 2 Hours • Floor and Roof System Design S210-07 (2012)
Nominal Joint Width — 1 inch • Wall Stud Design S211-07 w/S1-12 (2012)
Class II Movement Capabilities — 50% Compression or Extension • Header Design S212-07 (2012)
• Lateral Design S213-07 w/S1-09 (2012)
L Rating At Ambient — Less Than 1 CFM/Lin Ft
• Prescriptive Method S230-07 w/S3-12 (2012)
L Rating At 400°F — Less Than 1 CFM/Lin Ft
• Seismic Design – Special Bolted Moment Frames S110-07 w/S1-09 (2012)
• General Provisions S200-12
• Product Data S201-12
• Truss Design S214-12
https://shop.steel.org/

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Specification and Design Standards Design Guides

Free AISI Standards! Design Guides and Aids
Includes the following: • AISI D100-13 Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual
• S200 Series – 2012 Framing Standards • AISI D110-16 Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Guide
• S310 - Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel • Brick Veneer Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Guide - 2013 Edition
Diaphragm Panels – 2013 Edition
• S900 Series - Test Standards

AISIStandards.org https://shop.steel.org/

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Common Cold-Formed Steel Sections Standard Nomenclature

Stud or Joist Standard Track SigmaStud® The industry created a standardized nomenclature for cold-formed steel sections. Each
(S) (T) (SG) member company is required to label members that are made for easy identification.

U-Channel
(U) Angle
(L) JamStud®
Furring Channel
(JAM)
(F)

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Standard Thickness Designation Standard Coating Designation

Coating Designation Zinc Coated A Zinc Iron B 55% Al-Zinc C Zinc-5% D Notes
Minimum Base Steel oz/ft2 (g/m2) oz/ft2 (g/m2) oz/ft2 (g/m2) oz/ft2 (g/m2)
Thickness Designation Design Thickness Galvanized Galvannealed Galvalume® Galfan®
Thickness
Metallic Coated E G40 [Z120] A40 [ZF120] AZ50 [AZM150] GF20 [ZGF60] Minimum coating
(mils) (ga) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) for non-structural
18 25 0.0179 0.455 0.0188 0.478 framing members

30 20 Drywall 0.0296 0.752 0.0312 0.792 G60 [Z180] A60 [ZF180] AZ50 [AZM150] GF30 [ZGF90] Minimum coating
33 20 0.0329 0.836 0.0346 0.879 for structural
framing members
43 18 0.0428 1.087 0.0451 1.146
54 16 0.0538 1.367 0.0566 1.438 G90 [Z275] Not Applicable AZ50 [AZM150] GF45 [ZGF135] --

68 14 0.0677 1.720 0.0713 1.811

A Zinc-coated steel sheet as described in ASTM A653/A653M
97 12 0.0966 2.454 0.1017 2.583 B Zinc-iron alloy-coated steel sheet as described in ASTM A653/A653M
C 55% aluminium-zinc alloy-coated steel sheet as described in ASTM A792/A792M
118 10 0.1180 2.997 0.1242 3.155
D Zinc-5% aluminium alloy-coated steel sheet as described in ASTM A875/A875M
E 1 oz/ft2 = 305.15 g/m2. Example G40 (0.4 oz/ft2) ≈ Z120 (122 g/m2). ASTM A1003/A1003M provides additional information for

painted-metallic and non-metallic coatings.

• ASTM A1003: Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Carbon, Metallic- and Nonmetallic-Coated for Cold-Formed Framing Members

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Cold-Formed Steel Framing Components of Load Bearing System

Cold-Formed Steel Framing as Secondary or Primary Framing of a Building. Walls to Support Gravity Loads:
• Studs typically spaced @ 16” o.c. (in some cases 12”
or 24” o.c.)
• Top and bottom track, fully seating studs (thickness
per design)
• Stud bracing (Bridging) @ 4’ to 5’ o.c. with bridging
anchorage
• Shear walls (X-bracing or shear panels)
• Temporary construction bracing

Floor/Roof System:
• Selected based on clear span
• Diaphragm system for lateral shear distribution to
shear walls
• Positive attachment with load bearing walls

Load Bearing Wall Application Curtain Wall Application

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Understanding Projects that Benefit Floor/Wall System Layouts

Stacked vertical lateral
Repeated floor plans Spans typically less than 30 feet braced shear walls

Old Dominion University Quad Housing - Norfolk, VA

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Floor System Types Floor Systems

Compatible With All Common Floor Systems Composite Joist/Concrete Deck
Pre-Cast Hollowcore Slab Cold-Formed Steel Joist
• Typically the most • Lightest Floor System
economical system • Reduces bearing weight on
• Precast Unit studs
• Begin M-E-P rough-in faster • Comparable material cost
• Typically frame one floor per with Hollowcore plank
week • One trade to install floor &
• Erect in poor weather wall systems
conditions
• Clear spans greater than 30’
are possible
Composite Steel Deck Composite Bar Joist
Seat Reaction Location with 2½” depth on CFS
• No camber • Longer spans provide design
• Flexible designs with larger flexibility
clear spans (less than H/C • No shoring
plank) • Plenums for mechanical
• Meets UL life-safety & STC chase • Joists ranging from 10” to 24” deep and a maximum span length of approximately 50’-0”. Joists are typically spaced
requirements • Reduced mass of structure at 4’-0” o.c.
• Simplified connection to the • Deck provides permanent form and tension reinforcement
structural wall
• Concrete slab thickness typically 2½” on top of deck, NWC

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Floor Systems Floor Systems

Composite Joist/Concrete Deck Precast Hollowcore Plank

• High stiffness-to-weight ratio

• Deck provides permanent form and tension reinforcement • Installation rate up to 5,000 sq. ft./day
• Typically requires shoring • Available depth 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, and 16”
• Typical clear spans 13-16 ft. Can go up to 24 ft. with deeper deck • Spans up to 22 ft. for 6” planks and 30 ft. for 8” planks
• Top track to be designed as a flexural distribution member • Sufficient bearing required (minimum 2.5” bearing)
• Positive connection is needed with wall (fasteners/weld) • Positive connection is needed with wall (embedded plate or key-way plate)
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Floor Systems Floor Systems

Precast Hollowcore Plank CFS Joists

Bearing Framing

• Spans up to 30 ft. with 16” deep joists Ledger Framing

• Connects to stud wall through rim tracks
• Web stiffeners needed at supports
• Lateral bracing (Blocking) needed every 8 to 10 ft.
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Wall Framing Wall Stud Bracing

North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Wall Stud Design
(AISI S211)
Top Track

Typical wall stud

Sheathing Braced Design

• Sheathing provides structural contribution to brace wall studs
Bracing/Bridging • Section B - AISI S211
X-Brace Shear Panel

Chords of shear panel

All Steel Design
Bottom Track • Wall Stud Assemblies shall be designed neglecting the structural contribution of the
attached sheathing
• Section D 4.1 – AISI S100
Anchor & Tie down

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Wall Studs – Sheathing Bracing Wall Studs – Sheathing Bracing

AISI 211-07 – Section B1 (b)
• Identical Sheathing attached to both sides of wall
o If not identical, use the weaker of the two sheathings for the design

• Sheathing attached to bottom and top horizontal members of wall

• Wall Studs shall be evaluated W/O sheathing for

1.2 D + (0.5L or 0.2S) + 0.2 W
Where: D – Dead Load L – Live Load S – Snow Load W – Wind Load
• Maximum axial nominal load limited by gypsum sheathing connection capacity (Table B1-1)
Gyp. Sheathing Screw Size Max. Nominal Stud Axial Load (lbs)
½” #6 5,800
From AISI D110 From AISI D110
½” #8 6,700
⅝” #6 6,800
Stud Bracing with Sheathing Material Only
⅝” #8 7,800

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Wall Studs - All Steel Bracing Wall Studs - All Steel Bracing
Face Mounted Straps Through Punch-Out Bridging
• Designed to resist stud buckling by means of pure tension • Standard channel 150U50-54, 33ksi
• Good for mechanical and electrical utilities inside the wall • Secured to stud by clip angle
• Needs access to both sides of the wall • Requires access to only one side of the stud wall.
• Flat straps must be installed tight • Stud punch-outs must align horizontally

From TN W400 From TN W400

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Wall Studs - All Steel Bracing Bracing – All Steel Design (Axial)
Continuous Blocking AISI S100-12, Section D3.3, Strength and Stiffness Approach
• Designed to resist stud buckling by means of full compression, little The required brace strength [resistance] acting on the brace shall be calculated as follows:
tension from screws
• Offers higher brace stiffness compared to the tension and the Prb = 0.01 Pra (Eq. D3.3-1)
tension-compression bridging systems
Prb = Required brace strength (brace force) to brace a single compression member with an axial load Pra
Pra = Required compressive axial strength [compressive axial force] of individual concentrically loaded compression
member to be braced

The required brace stiffness for ASD design method is given as:
From TN W400 βrb = Minimum required brace stiffness to brace a single
2[4  (2 / n)] compression member
βrb = (Pra ) Ω = 2.0 (Eq. D3.3-2a) Pra = Required compressive axial strength [compressive
Lb axial force] of individual concentrically loaded compression
member to be braced
While the required brace stiffness for LRFD design methods is given as: n = Number of equally spaced intermediate brace
βrb = 2[ 4  ( 2 / n)] ( Pra ) ϕ = 0.75 (Eq. D3.3-2b) locations
Lb = Distance between braces on individual concentrically
Lb  loaded compression member to be braced

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Bracing – All Steel Design (Axial) Bracing – All Steel Design (Axial)
Axial Bracing – AISI S100 Section D3.3, Strength and Stiffness Approach AISI S211, Section B3.1 Strength Only Approach

1% Force Accumulates Linearly, with Stiffness Requirement For axial loaded members, each intermediate brace shall be designed
for 2% of the design compression force in the member.

Prb = 0.02 Pra

No explicit brace stiffness requirement.

2% Force Accumulates Linearly, No Stiffness Requirement

From TN W400 From TN W400

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Bracing – All Steel Design (Axial) Anchorage Methods

Face-Mounted Straps (Anchorage Needed) Through Punch-Out Bridging (Anchorage Needed)

From AISI D110

From TN W400

Flat strap cross bracing attached from the bridging line to the bottom Diagonal piece of a stud or track welded to the bridging
Courtesy of FDR Engineers of the wall on each side of the studs line and to the bottom track

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Anchorage Methods Stud-Track Connection

AISI S200 General Provisions:
• Stud seated tight against track
• 1/8” maximum gap between the end of wall framing and the track
• For thickness of stud or track > 54mil, 1/16” max. gap is desirable
• For wind-bearing only framing, ¼” max. gap is allowed
• Typical stud to track attachment is a single screw or tack weld on each flange of the stud

Strong-back stud oriented with strong axis perpendicular to the Built-up stud section placed at specific intervals along the
bridging row and attached to bridging line and top/bottom of wall. wall length with bridging connected to it.

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Stud-Track Connection Design of Wall Track

SigmaTrak® web is oversized to allow the stud to seat fully in the track Top and bottom track of a load bearing stud should be designed to distribute the axial load across an acceptable bearing surface of
Eliminates the gap between the stud and the track as a result of bearing on corner radii concrete.
Typical rule of thumb to achieve acceptable load distribution is to require the same track thickness as the load bearing studs, but
no less than 54mil track.
A method of calculating the required track thickness is presented in the AISI Cold Formed Steel Framing Design Guide, Appendix F.
Calculation of the required track width for concrete bearing per method presented in AISI D110-16, Appendix F:
0.35 f c' x 2
Mreq  (ASD) x, width of track that can cantilever beyond the face of the stud
2
Z = plastic section modulus of track = (1/4)bt^2
ZFy b = 1”
M all 

Fy
M all  M req gives x  0.925t t
f c'

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Partial Bearing on Concrete Partial Bearing on Concrete

Design Issues: Research (2017-2018):
• Partial end supports caused by edge distance, overhang, or non- • Do concrete slabs create a non-uniform non-rigid bearing
uniform bearing surface. support for the studs?
• Concrete slabs assumed to provide rigid uniform support, resulting • What is the impact of edge distance on the concrete slab
in a uniform stress distribution on the stud end and the stud assembly?
• Realistic conditions create discontinuities at the member support, • Do overhang conditions dramatically reduce cross-section
resulting in reduced axial capacity of the stud. capacity?
• Concrete may spall (or crush) at the edge and the overhang will • How does the bearing stress distribution change when
result in some eccentricity of the stud. considering these conditions?

Practical Solution:
• Supporting bearing angle or channel

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Load Distribution Members Load Distribution Members

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Gravity load distribution: This image cannot currently be display ed.

• A rectangular hollow structural shape HSS is often used as a

distribution member at top of load bearing steel stud walls
• Using this detail may cause loading to concentrate on stud web only
which may cause crushing failure at top of stud.
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LGSEA Tech Note 2003

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Load Distribution Members Shear Walls

Solutions: North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Lateral Design
• Light and medium gravity loads This image cannot currently be display ed.
(AISI S213)
• Consider CFS distribution members (up to 97mil pieces)
• Requirements for Shear Walls Sheathed with:
• Heavy gravity loads
o Gypsum Wallboard
• Use HSS and check stud crushing OR add weld to HSS on top of studs
• Composite concrete/steel distribution member
o Plywood
o OSB
CFS Actual Allowable Allowable Actual Allowable Allowable
Distribution
Point
Load (lbs)
Stud / Load
Spacing (in.)
Moment 6” Moment 8” Moment Shear 6” Shear 8” Shear o Sheet Steel
Member (k-in.) (k-in.) (k-in.) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs)
16 / 24 6.15 1,010
2,000 16 / 48
24 / 48
9.08
9.45
1,170
1,020
• Design Requirements for:
16 / 24 12.3 2,020
Taken as CFS Load Distribution Built-Up o Type I Shear Walls
97 mil 4,000 16 / 48 18.16 23.01 23.38 2,340 7,960
the 6”
24 / 48 18.9 2,040 o Type II Shear Walls
16 / 24 18.45 3,030
6,000 16 / 48 27.24 3,510 o Diagonal Strap Bracing
24 / 48 28.35 3,060

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Shear Walls Shear Walls – Sheathing Bracing

• ASCE 7-10 for bearing wall systems Type I Shear Wall (AISI S213 Section C2)
• Additional requirements in AISI S213 Standard This image cannot currently be display ed.

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From AISI S213

From ASCE7-10

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Shear Walls – Sheathing Bracing Shear Walls – Sheathing Bracing

Type II Shear Wall (AISI S213 Section C3)
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From AISI S213

From AISI S213

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Shear Walls – Sheathing Bracing Shear Walls – Sheathing Bracing

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From AISI S213

From AISI S213

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Shear Walls – Sheathing Bracing Shear Walls – Sheathing Bracing

Key Design Requirements, AISI S213
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• Special Seismic Requirements

• Section C1.1 - For Seismic Design Categories A-C, an R value of 3 may be used and none of the
special seismic requirements need to be met, or an R > 3 may be used and the special seismic This image cannot currently be display ed.

requirements must be met. For Seismic Design categories D-F, designer does not have the option
to choose R of 3.
• Section C5.1.1.1 – The available strength of connections for boundary members and collectors
shall exceed the nominal tensile strength of the member, but need not exceed the Amplified
seismic load. Courtesy of FDR Engineers

• Section C5.1.2.2:- Studs or other vertical boundary members and uplift anchorage thereto shall
have the nominal strength to resist loads that the system can deliver, but need not exceed the
Amplified seismic load.

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Shear Walls – Strap Bracing Shear Walls – Strap Bracing

Diagonal Strap Bracing (AISI S213 Section C4)
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Key Design Requirements, AISI S213
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Standard Requirements
• Section C4.1 – The aspect ratio (height/width) of a shear wall with diagonal strap bracing shall
not exceed 2:1 unless a rational analysis is performed.
Special Seismic Requirements
• Section C1.1 - For Seismic Design Categories A-C, an R value of 3 may be used and none of the
special seismic requirements need to be met, or an R > 3 may be used and the special seismic
requirements must be met. For Seismic Design categories D-F, designer does not have the option
to choose R of 3.
• Section C5.2.1.1 – The available strength of connections for diagonal strap bracing members,
boundary members and collectors shall exceed the expected yield strength of the diagonal strap
bracing member, except the available strength need not exceed the Amplified seismic load.
• Section C5.2.1.2 - The pull-out resistance of screws shall not be used to resist seismic forces.
• Section C5.2.2.2:- All members in the load path and uplift and shear anchorage thereto from the
diagonal strap bracing member to the foundation shall have the nominal strength to resist the
expected yield strength of the diagonal strap bracing member(s), except the nominal strength
need not exceed the Amplified seismic load.
Courtesy of the Steel Network, Inc.

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Shear Walls – Strap Bracing Shear Walls – Strap Bracing

• No bump-outs at corners • Back-to-back columns required Common Column for Double
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• Delivered as a column-boot-assembly • Load transferred through track Shear Wall (Twin Stack)
(must upsize track as a result)
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Shear Walls – Strap Bracing Strap Out-of-Flatness

Overlapped Shear Walls
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Installation Issues:
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• AISI Standards require diagonal

straps to be installed tight
• Straps too long to get rid of all
waviness
• Framers install straps tight, then NEED NEW PHOTO
after framing upper floors the
straps go loose
• How “Tight” is Tight? What is An
Acceptable Out-of-Flatness?

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Strap Out-of-Flatness Strap Out-of-Flatness

Delta (in.) Wall Width (ft.) Wall Height (ft.) Diagonal Length (in.) a Arc Length (in.) Drift (in.)
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1 6 10 139.9428455 1.6687E-07 139.9618985 0.00980272

1 8 10 153.6749817 1.14754E-07 153.6923326 0.010839007

1 10 10 169.7056275 7.71605E-08 169.7213397 0.011110185

1 12 10 187.4459922 5.18412E-08 187.4602176 0.010928215

1 16 10 226.4155472 2.43531E-08 226.4273244 0.009987048

1 20 10 268.3281573 1.23457E-08 268.338095 0.008888593

Conclusion:
• Slight lateral movement in the shear panel will engage the straps
Mathematical Model • Some out-of-flatness in the diagonal straps is acceptable

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Construction Guide Construction Bracing - Walls

This guide educates Contractors, Architects and This image cannot currently be display ed.

Engineers on construction methods of load

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bearing wall systems.

www.steelnetwork.com/site/Catalogs

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Construction Bracing - Walls Construction Bracing - Walls

Determine Construction Loads In the Plane of the Wall Bracing
May use diagonal strap shear wall panels and/or adding diagonal kickers at the two ends of the wall
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o Self-Weight
• Live Loads
o Live Load from workers & equipment
 20 psf Unfactored Uniform Load (Steel Deck Institute)
 150 lb Concentrated Load (Steel Deck Institute)
• Wind Loads
o 75% of design wind pressure * Surface Area (ASCE 37-02, exposed period < 6 weeks)
• Impact Loads
o Example: Hollowcore slabs being seated on walls, horizontal force ≈ 20% of the weight of one unit
From TSN Construction Guide

Suggested Min. Construction Bracing for

Load Bearing Walls, In-Plane

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Construction Bracing - Walls Construction Bracing - Walls

In the Plane of the Wall Bracing Out of Plane of the Wall Bracing
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From TSN Construction Guide

Suggested Min. Construction Bracing for From TSN Construction Guide

Load Bearing Walls, In-Plane Suggested Min. Construction Bracing for

Load Bearing Walls less than 10 ft
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Construction Bracing - Walls Load Bearing Wall Design References

Out of Plane of the Wall Bracing Technical Notes and Design Guides
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• CFSEI Technical Notes
o L001-10 Design of Diagonal Strap Bracing
o W400-16 Mechanical Bridging and Bridging Anchorage of Axially Loaded CFS Studs
o W500-12 Construction Bracing for Walls

• Design Guides
o AISI D110-16 Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Guide
o ASCE, Bracing Cold-Formed Steel Structures: A Design Guide

From TSN Construction Guide

Suggested Min. Construction Bracing for

Load Bearing Walls Taller than 10 ft.

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Project Examples Port Imperial, Weehawken

Port Imperial South
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Weehawken, NJ
Project Facts:
• 9 Stories
• Hollow Core Plank Floor System

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Port Imperial, Weehawken Port Imperial, Weehawken

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Port Imperial, Weehawken Project Examples

Springhill Suites, Webster, TX
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• Composite floor slab. Completed

Spring 2009
• Owner: Concord Hospitality
• Architect:
Braun & Steidl, Akron, OH
• GC:
Langston Construction, Lufkin, TX
• Specialty Engineer:
Holland Engineering, Lindale, TX

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Springhill Suites, Webster, TX Springhill Suites, Webster, TX

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Cold-Formed Steel Projects Queens College

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Queens
College
Queens, NY

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Queens College Queens College

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SteelSmart® System Software Capabilities

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https://www.steelsmartsystem.com
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Wind-Bearing Curtain Walls Types of Curtain Wall Framing

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AISI S200 General Provisions: Definition of

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Curtain Wall Stud

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“A wall that transfers transverse (out-of-plane) loads

and is limited to a superimposed vertical load,
exclusive of sheathing materials, of not more than 100
lb/ft (1.46 kN/m), or a superimposed vertical load of
not more than 200 lbs (0.89 kN).”

Bypass (Balloon) framing Infill framing (Head of Wall)

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Curtain Wall Design Curtain Wall Openings

Serviceability (Deflection) Criteria: • Components: This image cannot currently be display ed.

• Header
Exterior Finish Deflection Limit • Sill
Metal Panel L/180 – L/240 • Jambs
EIFS L/240 – L/360 • Connections
Stucco L/360
Stone L/360 – L600
Brick* L/600 – L/720
* BIA Tech Note 28B recommends L/600 to allow maximum crack width of about 0.015 inches in the brick veneer for typical floor-to-
floor dimensions

Wind Load Distribution

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Curtain Wall Openings Curtain Wall Openings

• Header/Sill:
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Connection of Header to Jamb

• Raised header Using a Jack Stud Using a Clip Connection

(Clip eliminates web crippling of header at bearing point)
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• Dropped header This image cannot currently be display ed.

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Curtain Wall Openings Wall Studs – Sheathing Bracing (Bending)

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Jamb: Bending – Section B1.3 & B1.4

• Built-up vs. Wide flange • Wall Studs shall be evaluated w/o sheathing for 1.2 D + (0.5L or 0.2S) + 0.2 W

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• Flexural Strength – C3.1.1 of AISI S100
o Initiation of Yielding (or Inelastic Reserve Capacity)
Additional o Neglect rotational restraint from sheathing
Return Lip o No global or distortional buckling
o Mn = Se * Fy
 Se = Elastic Section Modulus of the Effective Section
Built-Up Members = More Time and $$
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 Fy = Design Yield Stress
• Shear Strength – C3.2 of AISI S100
Elongated o Same for All-Steel Design
Flange o Vn = Aw * Fv
 Aw = Area of Web Element
Wide Flange  Fv = Nominal Shear Stress

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Bracing – All Steel Design (Bending) Bracing – All Steel Design (Bending)
Lateral Bracing – AISI S100 Section D3.2.1 Face-Mounted Straps (Discrete Blocking) (No Anchorage Needed)
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W
Force per Stud Flange:
• PL = 1.5 (m/d) W for uniform load (Eq. D3.2.1-3)
o m = Shear Center Distance from Web
o d = Stud Depth
o W=wa
o w = Lateral Load/ft on the Stud
o a = Distance between Bracing Rows
Twist Moment:
• M = PL d

Courtesy of FDR Engineers

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Bracing – All Steel Design (Bending) Movement Connections

Through Punch-Out Bridging (No Discrete Blocking) (No Anchorage Needed) • All Structures deflect, or move, vertically and
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horizontally
• Curtain wall studs are typically not engineered
to bear the weight of the structure
• With 30 ft. beam span and live load deflection
of L/360, you get 1” possible beam deflection
in the middle
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From AISI D110

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Vertical Deflection Solutions Drift Solutions

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MasterClip® VLB VertiTrack® VTX VertiTrack® VT VertiClip® Splice VertiClip® SL DriftClip® DSLB DriftClip® DSL DriftClip® DSLS DriftClip® DSLD

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VertiClip® SLT VertiClip® SLS VertiClip® SLF VertiClip® SLB-HD VertiClip® SLB DriftTrak® Headed Stud DriftTrak® DTLB DriftTrak® DTSLB DritfTrak® DTSL DriftCorner®

*All TSN connections meet ICC AC261 requirements *All TSN connections meet ICC AC261 requirements
**ICC-ES Reports for VertiClip® & DriftClip® are available. **ICC-ES Reports for VertiClip® & DriftClip® are available.

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Rigid Connectors Bridging Connections

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StiffClip® CL StiffClip® LB StiffClip® HE StiffClip® RT

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BuckleBridge® BridgeClip®
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StiffClip® TD StiffClip® LB-HD StiffClip® FS StiffClip® PL

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BC600/800 BridgeBar®
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StiffClip® AL StiffClip® LS StiffClip® WC StiffClip® HC

NotchTrak® HD NotchTrak® NT
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New Solutions Curtain Wall Design References

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Technical Notes and Design Guides This image cannot currently be display ed.

• CFSEI Technical Notes

o W101-09: Common Design Issues for Deflection Track
o W102-12: Introduction to Curtain Wall Design Using
Cold-Formed Steel
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o W103-11: Design of By-Pass Slip Connectors in Cold-

Formed Steel Construction
DriftTrak® Headed Stud –PTS DTLB & DTSLB
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VertiClip® SLT(S)
• Design Guides
o AISI D110-16 Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Guide
o ASCE, Bracing Cold-Formed Steel Structures: A Design
Guide

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SteelSmart® System Software Capabilities

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https://www.steelsmartsystem.com
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Responsibilities of Design & Construction Economics - Project Scope

Engineer of Record: Full Scope Summary for a Mid-Rise Project
• Ensures safety of structural design Division 5
• Develops gravity and lateral loads, foundation design, design components of the structure • 05170 Composite Bar Joist: EcoSpan bar joist (various depth) at 48” centers with 4.5” joist seat to bearing
• Designates stud sizes and determine lateral bracing system and locations walls. Vulcraft 1.0C24 metal deck with 2.5” cover of normal weight concrete for total slab depth of 3.5”at
each elevated floor slab with option of flat roof system. Shoring not required. Includes materials supply
• Develops specifications for design requirements of the structure and erection with required form work with E-Closures and pour stop angles around perimeter.
• 05300 Composite Metal Deck: 2” Versa-Dek dovetail style deck 22 or 20 gauge with total depth of
CFS Shop Drawing Engineer:
o 5 ½” concrete for elevated floor slabs. Includes shoring as required for span lengths. Alternates provided for installation of steel
• Details the connections and components of the cold formed steel system (gravity studs and lateral bracing) pour stop for brick relief angle attachment, steel support angle install at CMU walls and blocking out shaft openings at slab.
• Details bridging requirements Steel angle and fasteners provided.
• Fabrication drawings (if applicable) o Steel Roof Deck: 1 ½” 22 gauge B-deck at trusses and cold formed roof joist.
o Safety Rails for Concrete Work: (Provided as alternate item) Includes materials, labor and equipment to install 2 x 4 safety
railings at each deck level for concrete work. Railing removed during wall panel erection and installation completed during
CFS Fabricator and Erector: decking installation at each subsequent level. 2 x 4 rails provided and installed at all exterior openings as wall panels erected.
• Fabrication and erection of all components of the cold formed steel system • 05400 Cold-Formed Metal Framing: Load bearing wall framing includes materials and labor to fabricate
• Construction bracing and blocking load bearing wall panels per fabrication drawings following approval of engineered shop drawings. Wall
panels include jambs, header, sills, and connections for rough openings with rigid insulation installed
• Drywall, sheathing and insulation within boxed headers or jambs as required (No infill framing required for RO). Includes metal stud post
• Safety located within walls, studs, track, nested stud lintels for truss load distribution, bridging, clips, shots, pins,
fasteners, temporary bracing, delivery, equipment to offload and erect, layout from control lines in each
direction at each floor level provided by others.
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Economics - Project Scope Economics - Project Scope

Full Scope Summary for a Mid-Rise Project Full Scope Summary for a Mid-Rise Project
Division 5 Division 8
• X – Braced Shear Walls for Lateral Loads: (Provided as alternate item predicated on design) includes • 08100 Metal Door Frames: Distribute and install welded hollow metal doorframes provided by others in
StiffWall engineered components including boundary post, StiffWall Boot connections, diagonal flat strap
within width of shear panel. (Option to include reinforced masonry as component of the total shear metal stud walls only. Offload, inventory and protection once installed.
resistance system – by others).
• Non-Bearing Exterior Curtain Wall: Includes exterior wall resisting out of plane wind pressures, soffits, Division 9
roof joist and parapet framing. • 09100 Non-Load Bearing Wall Framing: Furnish and install of light gauge non-structural partition wall
• Cold-Formed Metal Roof Trusses: Includes engineered trusses at 4’ centers (typical) ,bracing, connections, framing, shaft walls, soffits, ceilings, furring and resilient channel. All interior non-load bearing wall and
bent plates, hell blocking and x – bracing as drag strut for shear transfer to SW locations below. ceiling framing assumed as 20 gauge EQ or partition type if different.
Division 6 • 09200 Gypsum Board Assemblies:
• 06100 Rough Carpentry: Includes FRT wood blocking as may be required for ADA compliant units at grab o Exterior Sheathing: Includes 1 layer dens-glass at exterior walls (Air barrier, caulking of joints or flashing at
bars, metal flat strap blocking for bathroom accessories and FF& E per unit type.
windows, brick relief angles, etc. included)
Division 7
o Interior GWB: 5/8” Type X at walls, mold and mildew resistant at bathrooms and wet locations. All exposed
• 07200 Thermal Protection: Includes R-38 insulation at bottom chord of trusses, un-faced SAB at shafts, surfaces to receive Level Four finish and point up after first coat of paint. Acoustical sealant provided top and
corridor, public bathroom and unit demising walls per partition types. Spray applied foam insulation by
others. bottom of partitions with SAB. GWN installation per Architectural requirements of UL Life Safety and STC
requirements.

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Economics - Project Budget & Schedules Economics - Project Budget & Schedules
Example: Incorporating Metal deck Versa-Dek 2” Composite Deck. Scope items include Schedule of Fabrication
material, install, equipment, engineering and supervision 1. Shop Drawings, Fabrication Drawings following Design Assist 30 Days
2. Revit / BIM Model (If required) 15 Days per Floor
1. Composite floor Decking & Shoring: Versa-Dek $XX SF 3. Clash Report with MEP Input 10 Days per Floor
2. Engineered CFS Metal Truss and Roof Decking $XX SF 4. Fabricate Wall Panels 12 Days per Floor
3. Safety Rails $XX SF *It is assumed at minimum, schedule to allow for fabrication of Two Floor levels or more prior to initiating erection.
4. Load Bearing Wall Panel fabrications and erection $XX SF
5. X – Braced StiffWall Components $XX SF Schedule of Field Installation
6. Non – Load Bearing Exteriors $XX SF 1. Core Drill or weld Shear Wall Connections at PT slab (If required) 5 Days / Floor
7. Interior Blocking $XX SF 2. Layout and Erect Wall Panels 6 Days / Floor
8. Batt Insulation $XX SF 3. Bolt Support Angles to CMU Shafts, Steel Pour Stop, Shoring Post And
9. Hollow Metal Door frame, Installation only $XX SF Beams to support Decking, Deck erection and complete Safety Rail 6 Days / Floor
10. Light Gauge Partition framing $XX SF 4. Roof Trusses with Decking By Roof Installer
11. Exterior Glass mat sheathing $XX SF 5. Exterior Glass Mat sheathing 15 Days
12. Drywall Hanging & Finishing $XX SF
13. Acoustical Sealants $XX SF
14. Total Building / SF $XX SF
15. Total $XXXX

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Understanding Construction Methods Shop Panelization

Panelized vs. “Stick Built”
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Old Dominion Univ – QuadHousing, Norfolk, VA Wyndham Hotel – Gettysburg, PA

• Walls panels constructed on or off site • Walls constructed in place stud by stud
and lifted into place with a crane

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Shop Panelization Shop Panelization

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Shop Panelization Shop Panelization

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Shop Panelization Example Video On-Site Panelization

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1XYLnLukVo

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On-Site Panelization On-Site Panelization

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On-Site Panelization On-Site Panelization

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Design Assist
SEPARATE DOCUMENT This image cannot currently be display ed.

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BIM in Light Steel Framing

SEPARATE DOCUMENT

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