RJITProceedingChapter RSandGIS
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Conference Proceedings
The NCEETR-2016 Conference was sponsored by MPCST Bhopal and organized by:
Department of Allied Sciences
Rustamji Institute of Technology, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior
Organising Committee
Chief Patron
Shri K K Sharma, IPS
Director General BSF
Chairman RJIT
Patrons
Shri R K Mishra, IPS
ADG/Director, BSF Academy, Tekanpur
Vice Chairman RJIT
Chairperson
Shri Mukesh Tyagi
Commandant, CSMT
Principal RJIT
Conveners
Dr. Rakesh Sohal
Dr. Namita Saxena
Co-conveners
Dr. H. S. Jat
Dr. Punam Bajpai
Organizing Secretary
Dr. Rashmi Shah
Dr. Manoj Sharma
Dr. Uma Shankar Sharma
Organizing Members
Mr Ranvir S Sikarwar
Dr. Sanjay Gupta
Mr. Anand Jha
Mr. Manoj Niranjan
Mr. Suhel Ahmad Khan
Mr. Jankisharan Pahariya
Dr. Yogita Verma
Dr. Jagdish Makhijani
Ms. Aradhana Saxena
Mr. Ajay Bangar
Mrs. Mugdha Shrivastava
Mrs. Tripti Sharma
Mrs. Soniya Tyagi
Ms. Shweta Goklani
Mr. Gopal Shrivastava
The National Conference on Energy and Environment: Threats and Remedies, NCEETR – 2016, took place in
Rustamji Institute of Technology, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, on May 05-06, 2016.
The general focus of the conference was Awareness about the Energy Issues to Protect Environment.
The conference was organized by the Department of Allied Sciences, RJIT, Tekanpur, Gwalior; financial
support was provided by Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology (MPCST), Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh.
The conference was held at the campus of Rustamji Institute of Technology, where, over the course of two
days, more than two hundred participants took the opportunity to inspire each other, as well as exchange
new ideas and experiences. The success of the conference was due in part to staff of several departments
of BSF Tekanpur namely, CSMT, TSU, etc. who gave their full support during the course of this event.
Being physicists, we should provide also some numbers characterizing the conference: 206 participants
from 5 states, 21 Institutes and Universities, presented two keynote lectures, five expert lectures and ten
oral presentations. Together, the scientific programme filled up about fifteen hours. Informal discussion,
undoubtedly added a lot more to that.
Looking beyond numbers, as they cannot express the atmosphere of the conference, we should state that,
in accordance with the conference subtitle, the participants were tremendously energetic in spreading
awareness to protect environment. We would like to thank all who helped to make the whole NCEETR –
2016 an interesting, inspiring and fruitful event: the members of the organising committees, the session
chairs, keynote speakers, expert speakers and in fact, all the participants who presented their ideas and
results.
Now let us turn to this Proceedings, altogether we received two keynote papers, five expert lectures and 56
papers for oral presentations.
To collect all the papers, communicate with authors, put the book in its final form and to ensure that it
would be finished in a finite time, was a formidable task. Finally, there are the 20 accepted papers to
publish in this book. Their topics, the age groups which they are concerned with and other characteristics
form a rather complex mosaic. We hope that these publications will provide you, the reader, the
opportunity to get acquainted in greater detail with the ideas and results of the conference participants
and also, perhaps, to recall some of the friendly and inspiring atmosphere of NCEETR – 2016.
Rakesh Sohal
Proceedings of National Conference on Energy and Environment: Threats and Remedies May 05-06, 2016
Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) and Its Application
in Various Fields
Jitendra Kumar Singh1, Krishna Kumar Yadav2,*, Neha Gupta2, Vinit Kumar2
1
School of Environment & Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar,
India
2
Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
*[email protected]
Abstract
Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information system (GIS) has become
exciting and desirable with rapidly expanding opportunities and provides vital tools which can be
applied in the various levels leading to decision making toward sustainable socio-economic
development and conservation of natural resources. Remote sensing and GIS technology, and its
applications in various fields, have experienced a successful development in recent decades. In this
paper the most commonly used processing procedures for remotely sensed data in particular image
processing techniques and the application capabilities of GIS technologies are presented.GIS and
remote sensing can play an important part in the rapid planning of various control management
programmes. Further, remote sensing and GIS have been used conjunctively in several studies for
addressing issues related to developmental planning. Remote sensing also provides a sound data base
for generating baseline information on natural resources, a pre-requisite for planning and
implementation, and monitoring of any developmental programme.
Remote Sensing and GIS has proved a powerful tool for the environmental monitoring in many cases.
Satellite remote sensing showed monitoring capability not only at global scale but also at local scale.
1. Introduction
Remote sensing technology in recent years has proved to be of great importance in acquiring data for
effective resources management and hence could also be applied to coastal environment monitoring
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Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) and Its Application in Various Fields
and management (Ramachandran, 1993; Ramachandran et al., 1996; 1998). Further, the application of
Geographical Information System (GIS) in analyzing the trends and estimating the changes that have
occurred in different themes helps in management decision making process. In particular, GIS and
remote sensing technologies together offer the abilities of rapidly collecting data, processing and
integrating data and information, and displaying results in geographic referenced maps and reports.
Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly
expanding opportunities. A GIS based integrated approach can be used for the risk management of
natural hazards. Several researchers (Brown, 1978; Gilmer et al., 1980; Berry, 1986; Welch et al.,
1988; Jensen et al., 1992) have documented the theory behind the use of these techniques for
monitoring aquatic weeds. And other authors (Campell, 1987; Lillesand and Kieffer, 1987; Jensen,
1989; Lo, 1990) have explained eloquently how remote sensing can be used as a tool for natural
resource management. Nowadays, the remote sensing technology can be used to investigate urban
terrain, physiognomy, lakes, plants, sights, traffic, land utilization, building and population distribution
quickly.
2. Remote Sensing
The technical term remote sensing was first coined by Evelyn Pruitt at the United States office of novel
research in the 1958 (Estes and Jensen, 1998). Since, Landsat – 1 is the first earth observation satellite
was launched in 1972; remote sensing has become widely used. Remote sensing is defined as the
science and technology by which the characteristics of objects of interest can be identified, measured or
analyzed the characteristics without direct contact. According to Colwell (1997), remote sensing is “the
art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the
environment, through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting imagery and digital
representations of energy patterns derived from noncontact sensor systems”.
• Transmission of energy from the source to the surface of the earth, as well as absorption and
scattering
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Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) and Its Application in Various Fields
The characteristics of an object can be determined, using reflected or emitted electromagnetic radiation,
from the object. That is “each object has a unique and different characteristics of reflection or emission
if the type of object or the environmental condition is different.” Remote sensing is a technology to
identify and understand the object or the environmental condition through the uniqueness of the
reflection.
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• Practical limitations, which are usually inherent in the technology itself, for instance, the limited
ability of light to penetrate in water and atmospheric attenuation.
• User limitations referring to difficulties of assessing suitability of certain sensors. For example,
remote sensing tends to provide geo-morphological rather than ecological information on reef
structure. This is due to limited spectral and spatial resolution of the sensors, and factors that
confound image interpretation such as turbidity and variation in water depth. A more
pronounced limitation in the tropics is cloud cover which significantly reduces the number of
suitable images (Bainbridge, 1988) to be available at all seasons. This situation has serious
implications on change detection studies and efforts to relate field data to images.
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2. Passive Remote Sensing
The remote sensing is classified into three types with respect to the wavelength region they are as
follows:-
1. Visible and Reflective Infrared Remote Sensing
The energy source used in the Visible and reflective infrared remote sensing is the Sun. the sun radiates
electromagnetic energy with a peak wavelength of 0.5 µm and remote sensing data obtained mainly
depends on the reflectance of objects on the ground surface.
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In order to manage tropical waters effectively it is inevitable that a large amount of data is handled.
Those involved in the general management of these resources require rapid access to statistical data and
thematic maps. Manual interpretation only allows integrating of relatively small amounts of field data,
maps and aerial imagery. A GIS brings together spatially referenced statistics and remotely sensed
imagery into one integrated system. GIS can also be useful in improving information extraction
capabilities from remotely sensed data as outlined by Venkatachary, 2001. The integration of remote-
sensing into GIS has provided environmental studies with a genuine investigation power. Nevertheless,
it is only a potential source of data among others whose use finds its justification in the aim to be
reached. At the spatial scales at which satellites observe the Earth, one cannot seriously envision to use
satellite imagery to monitor the dynamics of small environments on short time-scale, e.g. every 5 years.
To detect space changes in these areas, data-acquisition and-analysis scales must be greater than 1:5
000, with a measurement precision of 1 meter. Today, numerical ortho-photographies or aerial remote-
sensing (CASI) can punctually overcome the too low resolution of satellite sensors; so, one can use
them to monitor tropical shallow lakes.
A GIS must be able to present information to users in a language and format that is not only accurate,
but also graphic and comprehensible to all users. To facilitate urgent response from decision-makers in
matters related to tropical water management, it is prudent to have a high ratio of maps and diagrams in
written text. Such documents constitute a visual help essential for field staff, an aid for drawing up
inventory as well as a mean of information and communication. In a short access time GIS allows one
to store data from various origins, facilitates the design of maps meeting specific needs, e.g. scale,
typology, and enables one to spare time in the production information through a possible automation of
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design. All these characteristics not only increase map production, but also improve their quality by a
better adequacy with the objectives to be reached.
To secure such information, there are six prerequisite stages in a GIS to be followed as detailed by
Tomlinson et al., 1976 and Jackson, 1985: Data acquisition, input and storage, processing, output and
use.
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Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) and Its Application in Various Fields
• target detection - identification of landing strips, roads, clearings, bridges, land/water interface
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The oceans not only provide valuable food and biophysical resources, they also serve as transportation
routes, are crucially important in weather system formation and CO2 storage, and are an important link
in the earth's hydrological balance. Coastlines are environmentally sensitive interfaces between the
ocean and land and respond to changes brought about by economic development and changing land-use
patterns. Often coastlines are also biologically diverse inter-tidal zones, and can also be highly
urbanized.
Ocean applications of remote sensing include the following:
• Ocean Pattern Identification:
currents, regional circulation patterns, shears
frontal zones, internal waves, gravity waves, eddies, upwelling zones, shallow water bathymetry
• Storm Forecasting:
wind and wave retrieval
• Fish Stock and Marine Mammal Assessment
water temperature monitoring
ocean productivity, phytoplankton concentration and drift
aquaculture inventory and monitoring
• Oil Spill
mapping and predicting oil spill extent and drift
strategic support for oil spill emergency response decisions
identification of natural oil seepage areas for exploration
• Shipping
navigation routing
traffic density studies
operational fisheries surveillance
near-shore bathymetry mapping
• Intertidal Zone
tidal and storm effects
delineation of the land /water interface
mapping shoreline features / beach dynamics
coastal vegetation mapping
human activity / impact
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Conclusion
Remote sensing and GIS are integral to each other. The development of Remote Sensing is of no use
without the development of GIS and vice versa. Remote Sensing has the capability of providing large
amount of data of the whole earth and also very frequently. GIS has the capabilities of analyzing a
large amount of data within no time. These voluminous data would have become useless without the
development of GIS. Many environmental issues have motivated significant investments in the use and
development of Remote Sensing and GIS technology. Remote sensing technology has developed from
balloon photography to aerial photography to multi-spectral satellite imaging. Radiation interaction
characteristics of earth and atmosphere in different regions of electromagnetic spectrum are very useful
for identifying and characterizing earth and atmospheric features. Now-a-days the field of Remote
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Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding opportunities. So the
Remote Sensing and GIS based integrated approach can be used for solving the problems in the various
fields.
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