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Revision Notes Class - 8 Science Chapter 5 - Coal and Petroleum

The document discusses various fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. It explains that coal was formed from decaying plant matter under intense heat and pressure over millions of years. Coal is classified as a fossil fuel and burned to produce electricity and various byproducts. Similarly, petroleum was formed from decaying marine organisms and is refined to produce fuels like petrol and diesel. Both coal and petroleum are exhaustible resources that should be used judiciously.

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Arpit Sharma
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963 views4 pages

Revision Notes Class - 8 Science Chapter 5 - Coal and Petroleum

The document discusses various fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. It explains that coal was formed from decaying plant matter under intense heat and pressure over millions of years. Coal is classified as a fossil fuel and burned to produce electricity and various byproducts. Similarly, petroleum was formed from decaying marine organisms and is refined to produce fuels like petrol and diesel. Both coal and petroleum are exhaustible resources that should be used judiciously.

Uploaded by

Arpit Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Revision Notes

Class - 8 Science
Chapter 5 - Coal and Petroleum

Natural Resources:

● Everything that nature provides is considered a resource.


● They contribute to a country's riches.
● Natural resources can be broadly categorised into two types based on the
abundance of various resources in nature:

1. Inexhaustible Natural Resources:


o These resources are abundant in nature and are unlikely to be
exhausted as a result of human activities. o Sunlight and air are two
examples.

2. Exhaustible Natural Resources:


o These resources are scarce and can quickly become depleted if
they are overused. o Forests, wildlife, minerals, coal, petroleum,
and other natural resources are the examples.
Fossil Fuels:

● Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are examples of non-renewable


natural resources.
● Millions of years ago, fossil fuels were produced from the dead remains
of live species.
● Fossil fuels are finite resources that cannot be replenished.
Coal:

● Coal is a black substance that is as hard as stone.


● One of the fuels used to prepare food is coal.
● It was once utilised in railway engines to generate steam to power them.
● It's also utilised to generate electricity in thermal power plants.
● Coal is also employed as a source of energy in a variety of sectors.
● Dead plants were slowly transformed to coal under intense pressure and
high temperature.
● Carbonisation is the lengthy process of converting dead plants into coal,
because coal is primarily made up of carbon.
● Coal is classified as a fossil fuel since it was created from the leftovers of
plants.
● When coal is burned in the presence of air, it burns and produces primarily
carbon dioxide gas.
● In industrial, coal is processed to produce useful products such as coke,
coal tar, and coal gas.

● Coke: o It's a dark, rough, porous substance. o It's a carbon that's


practically completely free of impurities.
o Coke is utilised in the production of steel as well as the extraction
of a variety of metals.

● Coal Tar:
o It's a dark, thick liquid with an obnoxious odour.

o It's made up of almost 200different chemicals. It's a dark, thick


liquid with an obnoxious odour. o Coal tar are used as starting
materials for the manufacture of various substances used in
everyday life and industry, such as synthetic dyes, drugs,
explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints, photographic materials,
roofing materials and so on. o Coal tar is also used to make
naphthalene balls, which are used to repel moths and other insects.
o Bitumen, a petroleum product, is now used to metalize roads in
place of coal tar.

● Coal Gas:
o Coal gas is created when coal is processed to make coke. o Many
companies near coal processing plants use it as a source of energy.
o For street illumination, coal gas was employed.
o It is now employed as a heat source rather than a light source.

● Petroleum:
o Petrol and diesel are made from petroleum, a natural resource. o
Petroleum is formed from the words petra (rock) and oleum (oil)
since it is obtained from between the rocks beneath the Earth. o
Petroleum is made up of organisms that live in the water.
o When these organisms perished, their remains sank to the seafloor
and were covered in layers of sand and clay. o The absence of air,
high temperature, and high pressure turned the dead organisms into
petroleum and natural gas over millions of years.
o Refining of Petroleum:
⮚ Petroleum is a thick, viscous liquid with a dark colour.
⮚ It has an unpleasant odour.
⮚ It is made up of a variety of ingredients such as petroleum
gas, gasoline, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, and so
on.
⮚ Refining is the process of separating the various
constituents/fractions of petroleum.
⮚ It takes place in a petroleum refinery.
o The following table gives details about petroleum
constituents and their applications.

Sr. No. Constituents of Petroleum Uses

Petroleum Gas in Liquid


1. form (LPG) Fuel for home and industry
Motor fuel, aviation fuel, solvent for
2. Petrol dry cleaning

Fuel for stoves, lamps and for jet


3. Kerosene aircrafts

Fuel for heavy motor vehicles,


4. Diesel electric generators

5. Lubricating Oil Lubrication

6. Paraffin wax Ointments, Candles, Vaseline etc.

7. Bitumen Paints, road surfacing


o Petroleum and natural gas are used to make a variety of useful
compounds. These are also called as Petrochemicals.
o They are used in manufacturing of products like Detergents, fibres
(polyester, nylon, acrylic, etc. ), polythene, and other man-made
polymers. o Fertilizers are made from hydrogen gas, which is
derived from natural gas (urea).
o Petroleum is sometimes known as "black gold" due to its high
commercial value.

● Natural Gas:
o Compressed Natural Gas is a very essential fuel since it is easy to
transfer through pipes and can be compressed and stored under high
pressure.
o It does not pollute the environment and has a high calorific value.
o CNG is utilised to generate electricity. o It is now used as a
transportation vehicle fuel. o It is a cleaner fuel. o Natural gas is
also utilised as a raw material in the production of a wide range of
chemicals and fertilisers. o India has enormous natural gas
reserves.
o Natural gas has been discovered in Tripura, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, and the Krishna Godavari delta in our country.

● The availability of coal and petroleum is restricted. We should use them


with caution.
● The Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) in India
offers tips on how to save petrol and diesel when driving.
The following are their recommendations:
1. Drive at a consistent and moderate speed as far as feasible;
2. Turn off the motor at traffic signals or other places where you must
wait;
3. Maintain proper tyre pressure.
4. Ensure that the car is maintained on a regular basis.

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