1

Dissertation
Effect of covid-19 on global economy
Submitted to
Amity University Lucknow, UP

Submitted by
Aradhya Kumar
A7006419004

Under the guidance of

Dr. Alpana Srivastava
AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL
AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW
UTTAR PRADESH



DECLARATION
Title of project report- Effect of covid-19 on global
economy.

I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of the Amity

University’s policy in this regard

I declare that

A. The work submitted by me in partial fulfilment of the

requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of
Business Administration assessment in this
Dissertation is my own, it has not previously been
presented for another assessment.

B. I declare that Dissertation is my original work.

Wherever work form other source has been used, all
debts (for words data, arguments and ideas) have been
appropriately acknowledged and referenced in
accordance with the requirements of NTCC
Regulations and Guidelines

C. I have not used work previously produced by another

student or any other person to submit it as my own.

D. I have not permitted, and will not permit, anybody to

copy my work with the purpose of passing it off as his
or her own work.

E. The work conforms to the guidelines for layout, content

and style as set out in the Regulations and Guidelines.

Date: 17TH January , 2022

Name of student- Aradhya Kumar

Enrolment no- A7006419004
Programme Name- BBA



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CERTIFICATE
Certified that this report is prepared based on the summer
internship project undertaken by me in Effect of covid-19 on
global economy from 17/01/2022 to 25/02/2022 , under the able
guidance of Dr. Alpana Srivastava in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for award of degree of Bachelor of Business
Administration from Amity University, Uttar Pradesh.

Date .

Aradhya Kumar Dr. Alpana Srivastava Prof.Rohit Kushwaha

(Student Name) (Faculty Guide Name) Director (ABS)

Synopsis
Amity Business School, Lucknow
Dissertation
Student Name: ARADHYA KUMAR

Enrolment No: A7006419004

Programme: Bachelor of Business Administration

Company's Name & Address:
Amity University Lucknow, Malhaur Railway Station
Road,Gomti Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.

Industry Guide

Name: Dr. Alpana Srivastava

Designation: Professor

Contact Number
Ph.(O) : 9415303802 (R):9415303802
Mobile : 9415303802
Fax : NIL
E-mail : [email protected]

AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR

PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS
Internship Program And Confidentiality Agreement
This AGREEMENT is between the office of the register
Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus and
Mr. Aradhya kumar a student presently studying at the
Amity University Lucknow.
The student named above desires to undertake summer
internship / training program as intern in the institute /
Department / Centre ----------------- Amity University as
a part of his studies. The competent authority of the
institute where the student is presently studying has
officially recommended the student, confirming his
antecedents, track record and good moral character.
CONFIDENTIALITY:
Confidential information means any information of a
secret or confidential nature relating to the internship /
training workplace. Confidential information may
include, but is not limited to, trade secrets, proprietary
information, customer information, customer lists,
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notebooks, reports, models, inventions, formulas,
processes, software, information system, contracts,
negotiations,

strategic planning, proposals, business, alliances, and

trading materials and / or any other intellectual property
of the University.
The student / intern agrees to observe the confidentiality
requirements of the Amity University, its Disciplinary
procedure in all respects and any additional
requirements set out by the Amity University.
Specifically, the students / intern agrees to observe
confidentiality in the following respects.
As University intern, I agree that:
2. I will use confidential information only as needed by
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means, among other things that.
3. I will not seek confidential information for which I
have no legitimate need to know,
4. I will not any way divulge share, copy, release sell
loan revise, alter or destroy any confidential
information except as properly authorised within the
scope of my internship:
5. I will not misuse confidential information or
carelessly care for confidential information; and
6. I will strive to protect the privacy of all confidential
information that I come into contact with.
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7. I will safeguard and will not disclose my access code

or any other authorisation I have that allows me to
access confidential information. I
accept responsibility for all activities undertaken using
my access code and other authorisation.
8. I will report to my Head / supervisor activities by any
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understand that I have no right or ownership interest in
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I have read and understand the above definition of
“confidential information “I agree that I will not at any
time, both during and after my enrolment in University
Internship, communicate or disclose confidential
information to any person corporation or entity. It is
 9

understood that any breach of confidentiality will result

in immediate termination of the internship and that a
report of the breach will be made by the concerned
Head of Institution.
HAVE READ THE ABOVE CONFIDENTIALITY
AGREEMENT AND AGREE TO ITS TERMS.

A G R E E D _______________________________
(S I G N A T U R E )

Aradhya Kumar (PRINTED FULL NAME)

17th January, 2022 (DATE)

Signature of Authorised signatory of the institution

(Institution deputing the students)
ACCEPTED REGISTRAR
AMITY UNIVERSITY, UP NOIDA

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Project Information
1) Project Duration : (40 Days)
• Date of Summer Internship commencement (17/01/2022)
• Date of Summer Internship Completion (25/02/2022)

2) Topic
E ect of covid 19 on global economy
3) Project Objective
• To increase the knowledge and the understanding of a
particular phenomenon.

• To appraise and explain a situation by focusing attention

on latent attributes that may not surface in class-room
discussions.

• Formulate a report through self-exploration, practical

experience, journals etc. 


4) Methodology to be adopted

Methodology to be adopted The methodology which is being
adopted while making the report is both primary and
secondary.

5) Brief Summery of project(to be duly certi ed by the

industry guide)
ff
fi

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The COVID-19 viral pandemic is an unprecedented global

phenomenon that is also a highly personal experience with
wide-ranging e ects. On September 20, 2021, U.S. viral
deaths surpassed the 675,446 total from the 1918 Spanish
u, the previously worst U.S. pandemic- related death total on
record. The pandemic has disrupted lives across all countries
and communities and negatively a ected global economic
growth in 2020 beyond anything experienced in nearly a
century.

Signature Signature Signature

(Student) (Industry Guide) (Faculty Guide)

fl
ff
ff
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ABSTRACT

The World Health Organization pronounced COVID-19 a

worldwide pandemic on the eleventh of March 2020, however the
world is as yet faltering from its result. Starting from China, cases
immediately spread across the globe, provoking the execution of
rigid measures by world states in endeavours to disengage cases
and breaking point the transmission pace of the infection. These
actions have anyway broken the centre supporting mainstays of
the advanced world economies as worldwide exchange and
participation capitulated to patriot concentration and rivalry for
scant supplies. Against this scenery, this paper presents a basic
survey of the index of negative and positive effects of the
pandemic and proffers points of view on how it very well may be
utilised to direct towards a superior, stronger low-carbon
economy. The paper analysed the risk of depending on pandemic-
driven advantages to accomplishing practical advancement
objectives and underscores a requirement for a definitive, essential
primary change to the elements of how we live. It contends for a
reexamine of the present worldwide financial development model,
formed by a straight economy framework and supported by
exploitative and energy-swallowing producing processes, for a
more feasible model recalibrate on roundabout economy (CE)
structure. Expanding on proof on the side of CE as a vehicle for
adjusting the intricate condition of achieving benefit with
negligible natural damages, the paper diagrams substantial area
explicit suggestions on CE-related arrangements as an impetus for
the worldwide financial development and advancement in a tough
post-COVID-19 world.

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Table Of Content
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CHAPTER-1


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LITERATURE REVIEW
A writing survey embodies a problem on the grounds that a compelling
one can't be led except if an issue articulation is laid out. However, a
writing search assumes a fundamental part in laying out many exploration
issues. In this paper, the methodology taken to beat this problem includes
looking and inspecting the current writing in the particular area of study
(for example effects of COVID-19 on worldwide economy and biological
systems with regards to CE). This was utilized to foster the hypothetical
system from which the current review arises and taking on this to lay out a
reasonable structure which then, at that point, turns into the premise of the
current audit. The paper takes on the basic writing survey (CLR) approach
given that it involves the evaluation, study and synthetisation of significant
writing with respect to the theme being scrutinized in a way that works
with the development of new hypothetical structures and points of view
from a wide exhibit of various fields. CLR experiences an inborn
shortcoming as far as subjectivity towards writing determination,
provoking to present that efficient writing survey (SLR) could alleviate
this inclination given its severe models in writing choice that works with a
point by point examination of a particular line of examination.
Nonetheless, various creators have revealed that SLR doesn't take into
account successful combination of scholastic and dim writing which are
not ordered in well known scholarly web search tools like Google Scholar,
Web-of-Science and Scopus. The current survey investigates the effects of
COVID-19 on the worldwide economy and biological systems and
potential open doors for roundabout economy procedures, rather than
exploring a particular part of the pandemic. In that capacity, taking on a
CLR approach is leaned toward in understanding the objective of the paper
as it takes into consideration the incorporation of a wide scope of
viewpoints and hypothetical underpinnings from various sources.

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INTRODUCTION
The world woke up to a hazardous reality on the eleventh of March, 2020
when the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed novel
(COVID-19) a pandemic. Starting from Wuhan, China, cases quickly
spread to Japan, South Korea, Europe and the United States as it arrived at
worldwide extents. Towards the conventional pandemic presentation,
meaningful financial signs from various channels, weeks sooner, showed
the world was inclining towards an extraordinary watershed in the course
of our life, in the event that not in mankind's set of experiences. In series
of life-changing reports, specialists across proficient frameworks had long
anticipated an overall pandemic would strain the components of the
worldwide inventory chains and requests, in this way lighting a cross-line
financial calamity on account of the exceptionally interconnected world
we presently live in. Apparently, the arising devastation created by the
pandemic surpassed the expectations in those analyses. At the hour of
composing, the infection has killed north of 800,000 individuals around
the world, disturbed method for livelihoods, cost trillions of dollars while
worldwide downturn looms. In endeavors to segregate cases and breaking
point the transmission pace of the infection, while relieving the pandemic,
nations across the globe carried out rigid measures, for example,
compulsory public lockdown and boundary terminations.These actions
have broken the center supporting mainstays of current world economies.
Presently, the monetary shock emerging from this pandemic is as yet being
gauged. Information stays in motion, government approaches waver, and
the executioner infection leaks through countries, influencing creation,
disturbing stock chains and agitating the monetary business sectors. Seen
comprehensively, the arising bits of proof show we are at a most
significant crossroads in history where a reconsider of reasonable
pathways for the planet has become appropriate. In spite of this, the
actions forced by legislatures have additionally prompted some
"inadvertent" constructive outcomes on the climate and normal

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environments. Therefore, going ahead, an essential change to human bio-

proactive tasks on earth currently shows up on the range of probability.
Nonetheless, as featured by, our dependence on globalization and
monetary development as drivers of green speculation and practical
advancement is as of now not sensible. The reception of round economy
(CE) a modern monetary model that fulfills the different jobs of
decoupling of financial development from asset utilization, squander the
executives and abundance creation has been promoted to be a practical
arrangement.

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CHAPTER-2


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Evaluation of policy frameworks

to combat COVID-19
The methodologies and strategies took on by various nations to adapt to
COVID-19 have differed over the advancing seriousness and lifetime of
the pandemic during which assets have been restricted. It is educational
that nations representing 65% of worldwide assembling and products (for
example China, USA, Korea, Japan, France, Italy, and UK) were probably
the hardest to be hit by COVID-19 . Given the degree of ineptness and
absence of versatility of clinics, various strategy accentuations have gone
into obtaining for medical services gear like individual defensive hardware
(PPE) and ventilators because of worldwide deficiencies. For ventilators,
specifically, systems for proportioning them alongside bed spaces have
must be created to improve their use. Different ventures have likewise
been impacted, with shocks to their reality, efficiency and productivity
including the CE-delicate materials extraction and mining enterprises that
have been hit by interruption to their activities and worldwide costs of
items.
As featured in resulting sub-areas, one of the mental effects of COVID-19
is alarm purchasing, which occurs because of vulnerabilities at public
levels (for example for scant hardware) and at individual levels (for
example for ordinary shopper items). In the two cases, the delicacy,
exploitative and unreasonableness of the current production network
model have been uncovered. Indeed, addressed whether the worldwide
economy could stand to get back to the without a moment to spare store
network system leaned toward by the medical care area, given its obvious
inadequacies in managing genuinely necessary supplies. The sub-segment
that follow inspects a portion of the full scale and miniature financial
consequences of COVID-19.

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Consumer behaviour in COVID-19

For a really long time, there has been a confuse between consumerist
propensities and biophysical real factors. Be that as it may, COVID-19
has additionally exacerbated the need to think about the social effects
of individual ways of life. The conduct of shoppers, in numerous
nations, was eventually scaremonger with a ton of frenzy purchasing
of food and clean items. At private level, shopper opinion is
additionally evolving. Troublesome admittance to labor and products
has constrained residents to rethink buying examples and
requirements, with center stuck around the most fundamental things.
Spash (2020) contended that mechanical outdated nature of present
day items achieved by quick advancement and individual
commercialization is additionally liable to influence the straight
economy model which sees, for example, cell phones having a normal
life season of four years (two years in the US), expecting their
production/fix administrations are obliged by monetary closure and
lockdowns. Then again, an area like medical services, which could
profit from large scale manufacturing and industrialism of crucial
hardware, is tormented by protecting. Most clinical hardware are
protected and the issue of a 3D printer's patent encroachment in Italy
prompted calls for 'Open Source Ventilators' and 'Great Samaritan
Laws' to assist manage worldwide wellbeing crises like COVID-19. It
is conceivable that such drives/approaches could assist with tending to
the costly, scant, high-expertise and material-concentrated creation of
basic gear, through house industry creation.

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For point of view, it should be noticed that creation limit of PPE (in
any event, for the omnipresent facial coverings have been shown by
COVID-19 to be restricted across numerous nations for certain nations
apportioning facial covering creation and dissemination in plants.
Obviously, the custom made facial covering industry has not just
arisen for the security of mass populaces as revealed by, it has become
basic for tending to deficiencies as well as being essential for a post-
lockdown leave technique. A recovery of house industry creation of
hardware and fundamental however fundamental things like facial
coverings could change the scene of worldwide creation for a really
long time, presumably prompting a constriction of consumerist
tendencies.This pandemic will likewise affect on R&D going ahead,
given the high probability that downturn will make organizations take
momentary perspectives, and drop long and medium-term R&D for
transient item improvement and quick income/benefit as was
unquestionably the situation for car and aviation areas in past
downturns.



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CHAPTER-3



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Negative impacts of COVID-19

The adverse consequences have gone from a serious constriction
of GDP in numerous nations to multi-faceted natural and social
issues across the layers of society. In many regards, financial
exercises stopped as: millions were isolated; borders were closed;
schools were shut; vehicle/aircraft, assembling and travel
businesses injured; exchange fairs/wearing/amusement occasions
dropped, and joblessness claims arrived at millions while the
global traveler areas were abandoned; and, patriotism and
protectionism re-surfaced. In the subsections that follow, an
outline of a portion of these adverse consequences on the
worldwide economy, climate, and society is introduced.

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Impact of COVID-19 on global supply

chain and international trade

Coronavirus adversely influences the worldwide economy by

reshaping supply chains and sectoral exercises. Supply chains
normally experience the ill effects of discontinuity and geological
scattering. Be that as it may, globalization has delivered them more
perplexing and reliant, making them defenseless against disturbances.
In view of an examination by the U.S. Establishment for Supply
Management, 75% of organizations have announced interruptions in
their store network , releasing emergency that exuded from absence of
understanding and adaptability of the few layers of their worldwide
stock chains and absence of enhancement in their obtaining
techniques. These interruptions will affect both trading nations (for
example absence of result for their nearby firms) and bringing in
nations (for example inaccessibility of unrefined components). Thus,
this will prompt the making of passing "fabricating deserts" in which
the result of a nation, locale or city drops altogether, transforming into
a limited zone to source something besides fundamentals like food
things and medications. This is because of the thump on impact of
China's rising predominance and significance in the worldwide
production network and economy. As an outcome of COVID-19, the
World Trade Organization (WTO) extended a 32% decrease in
worldwide exchange. For example, worldwide exchange has seen an
immense slump because of diminished Chinese imports and the
ensuing fall in worldwide financial exercises. This is apparent in light
of the fact that as of 25th March 2020, worldwide exchange tumbled
to more than 4% contracting for just the second time since the
mid-1980s.

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Fig. shows a pictorial representation of impact of pandemics on

global supply chains based on different waves and threat levels.

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Impact of COVID-19 on the

aviation sector
The transportation area is the hardest hit area by COVID-19 because
of the enormous scope limitations in portability and flight exercises .
In the avionics area, for instance, where income age is a component of
traffic levels, the area has encountered flight retractions and boycotts,
prompting less flights and a comparing massive misfortune in
aeronautical incomes. This is even compounded by the way that in
contrast with different partners in the avionics business, when traffic
request declines, air terminals have restricted roads to diminishing
expenses in light of the fact that the expense of keeping up with and
working an air terminal continues as before and air terminals can't
migrate terminals and wanderers or closure.

Outstandingly, these expectations are terrible information for the

business parts of air travel (and occupations) however from the
carbon/ozone harming substance emanation and CE point of view,
these decreases are edifying and should compel the carrier business to
ponder all the more naturally practical models. In any case, the onus is
likewise on the avionics business to stress R&D on arrangements that
are CE-accommodating (for example eco-friendliness; better
utilization of cooking squanders; end of administration reusing of
airplane in areas like mass lodging, or re-coordinating plane parts into
new stock chains) and not only researching ways of recovering lost
income because of COVID-19.

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CHAPTER-4

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Opportunities for circular economy

post COVID-19
Coronavirus has prompted an emphasis on energetic nearby
assembling as an empowering influence of versatile economy and
occupation creation; encouraged conduct change in purchasers; set off
the requirement for enhancement and circularity of supply chains, and
revealed the force of public approach for handling pressing financial
emergencies. As we adapt to the situations forced by COVID-19, the
inquiry is no longer would it be advisable for us we work back better,
yet how. Subsequently, going ahead, making a guide for a manageable
future is as much with regards to the legislative will to produce
another way to financial development all things considered with
regards to nearby organizations uniting with the customers to
empower the change to CE. As currently archived in the previous
areas of this paper, state run administrations all over the planet have
sent numerous monetary strategy instruments to battle the momentary
results of COVID-19 pandemic. All things considered, in the long
haul, the reception of roundabout economy standards across different
mechanical outskirts holds the guarantee to achieve an ideal
specialized and social change that will help numerous countries all
over the planet.

Specifically, adopting the CE principle will alleviate some of the

detrimental effects of COVID-19 pandemic in the future. To mention
just a few:

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1. In particular, taking on the CE standard will ease a portion of the

impeding impacts of COVID-19 pandemic from here on out. To
make reference to only a couple:

2. A public level reception of CE will lessen the over-dependence on

one country as the assembling center point of the world.

3. A precise shift away from the conventional contaminating, energy-

concentrated, producing driven economy to a CE, in light of
sustainable power, brilliant materials, shrewd re-fabricating, and
advanced innovation will reinforce the battle against
contamination.

4. The progress to CE will likewise spike nearby work creation along

a few of the tomahawks of cultural requirements (for example
fabricated climate, portability, wellbeing, consumables, and so on)

5. Likewise, in the subsections that follow, an outline of proposals as

well as strategy measures, motivators, and administrative help for
propelling area explicit CE methodologies in a post-COVID-19
world is introduced.

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Bio-cycle economy and the food

sector
Coronavirus or not, the food area is by and large inefficient, adds to
ecological corruption, upsets supplement streams because of the
current direct nature of its worth chain, accordingly lessening the
dietary nature of food. To resolve these issues, as a feature of a future
strength in the food area, various CE switches relevant to the area is
featured:
I. Shutting supplement circles through the reception of regenerative
horticulture. The natural substance of soil mirrors its soundness and
penchant to deliver nutritious yields. The reception of regenerative
agribusiness can work with the safeguarding of soil wellbeing
through restoring natural make a difference to the dirt as food
squander or treated the soil results or burrow domains from
treatment plants.

II. Esteem recuperation from natural supplements through the

reception of anaerobic assimilation offices, which is connected with
controlled biogas creation for ahead infusion into flammable gas
organization or transformation to electrical energy. This can
possibly change resulting methane from food squander into carbon-
nonpartisan energy.

III. The hug of metropolitan and peri-metropolitan horticulture, which

involves the "development of yields and raising of creatures for

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food and different uses inside and encompassing the limits of urban
communities, including fisheries and ranger service”.

To be sure, by developing food in nearness to where it will be eaten,

carbon impression can be alleviated in various ways. For example,
through the reception of metropolitan agribusiness, showed GHG
decrease of 11,668 trucks in the transportation area. The notoriety of
nearby ranches has seriously expanded as an immediate result of
COVID-19, by which individuals could encounter the force of
neighborhood food cycles and stay away from apparent pollution
gambles in grocery stores. This will additionally reinforce
metropolitan and peri-metropolitan farming.
All the previously mentioned CE techniques will contribute towards
the foundation of a superior and stronger future food framework.
Notwithstanding, with regards to COVID-19, changing to regenerative
agrarian creation processes and growing food assortment,
rearrangement and polarization offices comprise a vital piece of a
stronger and quality food framework that permits more noteworthy
food security and less wastage, post COVID-19.Investments towards
speeding up regenerative farming proposition financial advantages
worked with by changes in food, land, and sea use. It additionally
offer natural advantages by supporting organically dynamic
environments and through various cultivating instruments including
no-till cultivating, reception of cover crops, crop revolutions and
broadening as well as overseen brushing for regenerative domesticated
animals raising. Essentially, extending food assortment, reallocation
and polarization offices offers both monetary and natural advantages

 32

for the food framework. Nonetheless, understanding these advantages

will require interest in:

I. Actual foundation like virus chains that help the capacity, handling,
and supply of palatable food, particularly in low-pay nations.

II. Handling framework for the assortment and volarisation of waste

food. This will work with house to house squander food
assortment, offering roads for metropolitan natural waste
polarization.

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Impact on renewable energy generation

and penetration

The pandemic financial impact is broad, with adverse consequences

on renewables like different ventures.The review on the worldwide
environmentally friendly power industry is spread into the sunlight
based charger industry, the breeze energy industry, the hydropower
business, and different enterprises . Out of which sunlight powered
charger industry is projected to get affected fundamentally because of
the pandemic. In any case, the impact could be different for an
assortment of reasons than in other financial areas. Sustainable power
must be a here thing to live, and society has acknowledged it this way
overall. Almost certainly, the planet will require more sustainable
power regardless. Regardless, for sustainable power designers and
installers, this time is unusual, as power request rises, production
network instability proceeds, and tax reductions terminate.
Universally, nations in these business sectors are at different levels of
the Covid-19 flare-up influencing sun powered establishments in
various ways. Coronavirus is progressively projected to influence
zero-carbon energy development around the world this year.

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CHAPTER-5

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Conclusion
COVID-19 has highlighted the environmental folly of ‘extract-
produce-use-dump’ economic model of material and energy flows.
Short-term policies to cope with the urgency of the pandemic are
unlikely to be sustainable models in the long run. Nonetheless, they
shed light on critical issues that deserve emphases, such as the clear
link between environmental pollution and transportation/
industrialization. The role of unrestricted air travel in spreading
pandemics particularly the viral influenza types (of which COVID-19
is one) is not in doubt, with sectors like tourism and aviation being
walloped (some airlines may never recover or return to profitability in
a long time) due to reduced passenger volumes. The fallout will re-
shape the aviation sector, which like tourism has been among the
hardest to be hit economically, albeit with desirable outcomes for the
reduction in adverse environmental impacts. Peer-to-peer (P2P) or
sharing economy models (e.g. Uber, Airbnb) which have birthed a
new generation of service providers and employees are found to be
non-resilient to global systemic shocks.

The urgency of supply and demand led to a reduction in cargo

shipping in favour of airfreights whose transatlantic cost/kg tripled
overnight. This is matched by job losses, income inequalities, mass
increase in global poverty levels and economic shocks across
industries and supply chains. The practicability of remote working
(once the domain of technology/service industries) has been tried and
tested for specific industries/professions with its associated impacts on
reduced commuting for workers. Remote healthcare/telemedicine/ and
remote working, in general, is no longer viewed as unfeasible because

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it has been practiced with success over the best part of a four-month
global lockdown period. There was a corresponding reduction in
primary energy consumption due to the slowing and shutting down of
production and economic activities, and the delivery of education
remotely is also no longer questioned. The potential of automation,
and robotics in improving manufacturing processes, as well as the use
of cloud computing and big data analytics in streamlining supplier
selection processes and management of supplier relationships and
logistics are now better appreciated. Going forward, resilience
thinking should guide lessons learnt and innovations emanating from
circular thinking should target the general well-being of the populace
and not merely focus on boosting the competitiveness, profitability or
growth of businesses and national economies. The post-COVID-19
investments needed to accelerate towards more resilient, low carbon
and circular economies should also be integrated into the stimulus
packages for economic recovery being promised by governments,
since the shortcomings in the dominant linear economic model are
now recognized and the gaps to be closed are known.

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