FOR ESE

CONDUCTION
1. Heat losses from windows are to be reduced by covering them from inside with a polystyrene
insulation (𝑘 = .027 W/m-K). Consider application of 25mm thick insulation panel to 6mm thick
windows.(𝑘 = 1.4 W/m-K). The contact resistance between the glass and the insulation may be
approximated as (𝑅 , = .002 m²-K/W), while the convection coefficient at the outside surface of the
window (ℎ = 20 W/m²K).

With the insulation, the convection coefficient at the inner surface is (ℎ = 2 W/m²K); without insulation
it is ℎ = 5 W/m²K.

(i) What is the percentage reduction in heat loss associated with the use of insulation?

(ii) If the total surface area of the windows is 𝐴 = 12m², what are the heat losses associated with
insulated and uninsulated windows for interior and exterior temperature of 𝑇 , = 20℃ and 𝑇 , =
−12℃ ?

(iii) If the home is heated by a gas furnace operating at an efficiency of 𝜂 = 0.80 and the natural gas is
priced at 𝐶 = Re 1 per MJ, what is the daily saving associated with covering windows for 12 hours ?

2. A layer of 5 cm thick insulating brick having conductivity of 1.5 W/m-K is placed between two 0.5 cm
thick steel plates. The conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m-K. The faces of brick adjacent to the plates
are rough having solid-to-solid contact of 30% of total area. The average height of the asperities is 0.1
cm. If the outer plate surface temperatures are 100℃ and 500℃respectively, calculate the rate of heat
transfer per unit area. The conductivity of air is 0.02 W/m-K.

3. A plane wall of fireclay brick of thickness 25 cm has temperature of 1350℃ and 50℃ on its two sides.
K for fireclay brick varies as:

k(T) = 0.838 (1 + 0.0007T) W/m℃. Where T is in ℃. Calculate:

(i) The rate of heat flow per unit normal area in direction of heat transfer

(ii) The temperature at the mid plane

(iii) The distance of the plane at 400℃ from L.H.S.

1 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

4. Find Temperature distribution for given configuration:

Assume 1-D conduction in x direction, no heat generation, constant thermal conductivity and steady
state.Given that D =B 𝑥 (Diameter is function of 𝑥) and Take at 𝑥 = 𝑥 T = 𝑇 and 𝑥 = 𝑥 T =𝑇 . Also find
rate of heat transfer and 𝑅 .

5. A long cylindrical rod of diameter 200 mm and conductivity of 0.5W/m-K experiences uniform
volumetric heat generation of 24000 W/𝑚 . The rod is encapsulated by a circular sleeve having an outer
diameter of 400mm and conductivity of 4 W/m-K. The outer surface of sleeve exposed to air at 27℃
with convection coefficient of 25 W/𝑚 K.

Find

(i) Find the temperature at interface between the rod and sleeve and on the outer surface.

(ii) What is the temperature at the centre of the rod.

(iii) What is the temperature at mid radius of the rod.

6. A chemical reaction is being carried out at constant pressure in a packed bed between two coaxial
cylinders with radii of 1.2cm and 1.8cm. The entire inner wall is at a uniform temperature of 500 ℃ and
there is almost no heat transfer from this surface. The reaction releases heat at a uniform rate of 500
kW/𝑚 throughout the reactor. The effective thermal conductivity of the packed bed is 0.55 W/m-K.
Determine the temperature of outer wall.

7. A steel pipe having internal diameter of 2 cm, outer diameter of 2.4 cm and thermal conductivity of
steel of 54 W/m-K carries hot water at 95 ℃, heat transfer coefficient between the inner surface of steel
pipe and the hot water is 600 W/m²-K. An asbestos insulation with thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/m-K
and thickness 2 cm is put on the steel pipe. Heat is lost from the outer surface of the asbestos insulated
pipe to the surrounding air at 30℃, heat transfer coefficient for the outer surface of the insulation being
8 W/m²-K.

2 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

Determine

1. The rate of heat transfer per metre length of pipe.

2. Determine the temperature at the inner surface and outer surfaces of the steel pipe and the outer
surface of the insulation.

3. What do you understand by the term “critical radius of insulation”? What is the value of critical radius
in the above question? What is the rate of heat loss, if thickness of insulation were to correspond to
critical radius? Comment on results.

8. A cylindrical 5 cm diameter and 50 cm long, is provided with 14 longitudinal straight fins of 1 mm

thick and 2.5 mm height from cylinder surface. Calculate the rate of heat transfer from the cylinder if
surface temperature of cylinder is 200℃. Take ambient temperature as 45℃, heat transfer coefficient
25 W/𝑚 -K, thermal conductivity of fin material 80 W/m-K. Also find out temperature at the tip of
the fin?

9. An electronic semi-conductor device generates heat equal to 480 x 10 W. In order to keep the
surface temperature at the upper safe limit of 70 ℃, the generated heat has to be be dissipated to the
surrounding which is at 30 ℃. To accomplish this task, aluminium fins of 0.7 mm square and 12 mm long
are attached to the surface. The thermal conductivity of aluminium fins is 170 W/m-K. If the heat
transfer coefficient is 12 W/m²-K, calculate the number of fins required. Assume no heat loss from the
tip of fins.

10. A rectangular fin of length 30 cm, width 30 cm and thickness 2 mm is attached to a surface at 300℃.
The fin is made of aluminium (k= 204 W/m-K) and is exposed to air at 30℃. The fin is uninsulated and
can lose heat through its end also. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the fin surface and
air is 15 W/m²K.

Determine:

(i) The temperature of the fin at 30 cm from the base.

(ii) The rate of heat transfer from the fin.

(iii) Fin efficiency.

3 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

11. To determine the thermal conductivity of a long, solid 2.5 cm diameter rod, one half of the rod was
inserted into a furnace while the other half was projecting into air at 27℃. After steady state had been
reached, the temperature at two points 7.6 cm apart were measured and found to be 126℃ and 91℃,
respectively. The heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the rod exposed to air was estimated to be
22.7 W/m²K. What is conductivity of rod?

12. The temperature distribution at any instant across a large concrete slab 50 cm thick heated
from one side as measured by thermocouples approximates to the following relation:

𝑇 = 60 − 50𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 20𝑥 − 15𝑥

where T is in ℃ and x is in metres. Considering an area of 5 𝑚 , compute

a) The heat entering and leaving the slab in unit time

b) The heat energy stored in unit time

c) The rate of temperature change at both sides of the slab

d) The point where the rate of heating or cooling is maximum

Take following data for concrete

K = 1.2 W/m-K, α = 1.77 × 10 𝑚 /ℎ

13. At a certain time instant temperature distribution in cylinder tube can be represented
approximately by relation 𝑇 = 65 + 80𝑟 − 425 𝑟 , where temperature is in ℃ and radius r in
meters. Rate of change of temperature at inside and outside surface of the tube, if tube
measures: inside radius 25 cm, outside radius 40 cm and length 1.5 m, tube material k =
5.5 W/m-K, α = 0.004 𝑚 /ℎ𝑟.

14. The maximum edge dimension of solid aluminium cube at 100℃ subjected to a convection
heat transfer with h = 25 W/𝑚 𝐾, for a lump heat analysis to be used in (metre) _________.
Take K= 206 W/m-K

15. What do you understand by the lumped capacity?

4 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

Determine time required in minutes for a 50 mm diameter steel sphere (ρ= 7800 kg/𝑚 , c = 0.46 kJ/kg-
K, k = 35 W/m-K) to cool from 600℃ temperature to 100℃ temperature if exposed to a cooling air at
30℃. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m-K.

16. A copper sphere weighing 3 kg is heated in a furnace to a temperature of 300℃ and is suddenly
taken out and allowed to cool in ambient air at 25℃.

If it takes 60 min. for copper sphere to cool down to 35℃, what is the average surface heat transfer
coefficient? Take density of copper sphere= 8950 kg/m³ and specific heat =0.383 kJ/kg-℃

17. A 50 cm × 50 cm copper slab, 6mm thick, at a uniform temperature of 350℃, suddenly its surface
temperature is lowered. The surrounding temperature is 30℃. Find the time at which he slab
temperature becomes 100℃. Given ρ = 9000 kg/𝑚 , 𝐶 = 0.38kJ/kg-K, K= 370 W/m-K and h = 100 W/𝑚 -
K. Also, find out the rate of cooling after 60 seconds.

18. Two cylindrical shafts A and B at the same initial temperature are simultaneously placed in a
furnace. The surfaces of the shafts remain at the furnace gas temperature at all times after they
introduced into furnace. The temperature variation in the axial direction of the shafts can be
assumed to be negligible. The data related to shafts A and B is given in following table:

Quantity Shaft A Shaft B

Diameter (m) 0.4 0.1
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) 40 20
Volumetric heat capacity 2 × 10 2 × 10
(J/𝑚 𝐾)

The temperature at the centreline of the shaft A reaches 400℃after two hours. The time
required (in hours) for the centreline of the shaft B to attain the temperature of 400℃ is
____________.

19. A steel plate (∝ = 1.2 ×10 𝑚 /𝑠, K = 43 W/m-K), of thickness 2L = 10 cm, initially at a
uniform temperature of 250℃ is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 𝑇 = 45℃ . h = 700
W/𝑚 𝐾

(i) How long will it take for centre plane to cool to 100℃ ?

(ii) Find surface temperature when centre has reached 100℃.

5 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

(iii) What fraction of energy is removed during this time ?

20. A long, 15 cm diameter cylindrical shaft made of stainless steel 304 (K = 14.9 W/m-K, ρ =
7900 kg/𝑚 ,

C = 477 J/kg-K and ∝ = 3.95 ×10 𝑚 /𝑠) comes out of an oven at an uniform temperature of
450℃. The shaft is then allowed to cool slowly in a chamber at 150℃ with an average heat
transfer coefficient of

85 W/𝑚 𝐾.

(i) Determine the temperature at the centre of the shaft 25 min. after the start of the
cooling process.

(ii) Determine the surface temperature at that time.

(iii) Determine the heat transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time period

6 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

 CONVECTION
1. Engine oil at 30℃ is flowing with a velocity of 2 m/s along the length of a flat plate, maintained at
90℃. Calculate, at a distance of 40 cm from the leading edge:

(i) Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness

(ii) Local friction coefficient and local heat transfer coefficient

(iii) Average value of friction coefficient and average value of heat transfer coefficient till 40 cm length of
plate

(iv) Heat transferred from first 40 cm of the plate for 1m width.

Properties of engine oil are to be taken at film temperature of 60℃:

ρ= 864 kg/𝑚 , 𝐶 = 2047 J/kg-K, μ= 72.5×10 N-s/𝑚 , k = 0.140 W/m-K, Pr = 1050

2. The heat transfer coefficient for a gas flowing over a thin flat plate 3m long and 0.3m wide varies with
distance from the leading edge according to

ℎ (𝑥) = 10 (𝑥) W/𝑚 − 𝐾

Calculate:

(i) The average heat transfer coefficient

(ii) The rate of heat transfer between the plate and the gas if the plate is at 170℃ and the gas is at 30℃

(iii) The local heat flux at 2m from the leading edge.

3. A commercial aeroplane is modelled as a flat plate which is 1.5m wide and 8m long in size. It is
maintained at 20℃. The aeroplane is flying at a speed of 800 km/hr in air at 0℃ and 60 cm of Hg
pressure. Calculate the heat loss from the wing if the flow is made parallel to the width of the wing. Take
the thermo-physical properties of air at the mean film temperature of 10℃ as

K = 2.511 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 − 𝐾 , 𝜈 = 14.16 × 10 𝑚 /𝑠 , Pr = 0.705

4. A refrigerated truck carrying foodstuff is speeding on a highway at 90 km/hr in a desert area where
the ambient air temperature is 55℃. The body of the truck may be modelled as a rectangular box
measuring 11m long, 4m wide and 3m high. Consider the boundary layer on the four walls to be
turbulent and the heat transfer only from the four surfaces. The wall surfaces of the truck are

7 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

maintained at 10℃. Assume the flow to be parallel to 11m long side. The thermo-physical properties at
the mean film temperature of 32.5℃ are:

K = 2.673 × 10 W/m-K, 𝑐 = 1.005 kJ/kg-K, ρ = 1.165 kg/𝑚 , 𝜈 = 16 × 10 𝑚 /𝑠, Pr= 0.701

Find:

(i) Heat loss from the four surfaces

(ii) Tonnage of refrigeration needed

(iii) Power required to overcome the resistance acting on four surfaces.

5. Water at 20℃ flows normal to the axis of circular tube with a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The diameter of the
tube is 25mm. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube surfaces is maintained at a
uniform temperature of 80℃. Also estimate the heat transfer rate per unit length of the tube.

Properties of water at 𝑇 = = 50℃ are:

K = 0.6395 W/m-K, 𝑐 = 4.1813 kJ/kg-K, ρ = 990 kg/𝑚 , 𝜈 = 0.568 × 10 𝑚 /𝑠, Pr= 3.68

𝜇 at 80℃ = 3.5456 × 10 kg/m-s

𝜇 at 20℃ = 1.006 × 10 kg/m-s

Use the relation:

/
𝑁𝑢 = 0.4𝑅𝑒 .
+ 0.06𝑅𝑒 /
𝑃𝑟 .

6. A simple water heating system consist of thick walled tube of I.D. 25 mm and O.D. 40mm. Water at
the rate of 5 kg/min enters at 20℃ and leaves at 70℃. Electrical heating within the wall of the tube
generates heat at a uniform rate of 10 W/𝑚 . The outer surface of the tube is well insulated. Calculate
the length of tube. Also compute heat transfer coefficient at the outlet if inner surface temperature of
the tube is 80℃. Take the specific heat of water at 45℃ as 4.179 kJ/kg-K.

7. Air at 200 kPa and 200℃ is heated as it flows through tube with a diameter of 25 mm at a velocity of
10 m/s. Calculate the heat transfer per unit length of tube if constant heat flux condition is maintained
at the wall and the wall temperature is 20℃ above the air temperature, all along the length of tube.
How much the bulk temperature increases over a 3 m length of tube?

Take the properties of air, at 100 kPa and 200 C,

8 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

Pr = 0.6974, μ = 2.577 x 10 N-s/𝑚 , K = 0.03779 W/m-k, 𝐶 =1.023 kJ/kg-K

8. Air with an average velocity of 10 m/s at 300 k enters a copper tube of 11.2 mm diameter and
2.5 m length. The tube wall is maintained at 373K by condensing steam at atmospheric pressure. Using
LMTD method, determine the temperature of air at the outlet of tube. Average properties of fluid.
K = 0.02624 W/m-k, ρ = 1.174 kg/ 𝑚 , 𝐶 = 1.005kJ/kg-k, V = 1.568 x 10 𝑚 /𝑠, Pr = 0.7
Given correlation
. ⌊( / ) ⌋
Nu = 3.66 + ⌊( / ) ⌋ /
Re < 2300
.

Nu = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 .
𝑃𝑟 .
Re>2300

Where d an L are diameter and length of tube, respectively.

Assume heat transfer coefficient to be constant and neglect thermal resistance of copper.

9. In an oil cooler the oil enters 10mm diameter tubes at 160℃ and is cooled to 40℃. The mean velocity
of oil in the tubes is 1.5 m/s. Calculate the mean heat transfer coefficient. For turbulent flow of liquid
being cooled take Nu= 0.0265 𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 . and for laminar flow Nu= 3.65. Take all properties at bulk
mean temperature and the properties are listed below:

T (℃) ρ(kg/𝑚 ) 𝜈 (centistokes) K (W/m-K) C(kJ/kg-K)

40 878 251.0 0.144 1.96
100 839 20.4 0.137 2.22
160 806 5.7 0.131 2.48
1 centistoke = 10 𝑚 /𝑠

10.Air flows through a 25mm diameter tube with mean velocity of 30 m/s. The tube wall temperature is
280℃ and the air temperature increases from 20℃ to 260℃. Using simple Reynold analogy, calculate
.
the length of tube required and the pumping power. For turbulent flow in tube take f = . .
The properties may be taken at the mean temperature and from the table

K = 38.45 ×10 W/m-K, 𝑐 = 1.0268 kJ/kg-K, ρ = 0.7306 kg/𝑚 , μ = 26.17 ×10 kg/m − s

11. Estimate the coefficient of heat transfer from a vertical plate 2m × 2m to the surrounding air at 25℃.
The plate surface temperature is 150℃. Also calculate the rate of heat transfer from the plate. For air
assume the kinematic viscosity as 1.6 ×10 𝑚 /s. The properties of air at film temperature are density
0.972 kg/𝑚 , Specific heat 1.009 kJ/kg-K, thermal conductivity 3.13 × 10 W/m-K, Pr= 0.69. The
constant ‘C’ and ‘n’ in Nusselt no. equation are 0.15 and 1/3 respectively

9 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

 RADIATION

Re-radiating surface (Also called as insulated surface or adiabatic surface or

refractory surface)

It is an assumption in many industrial application. It is surface with zero net radiation

transfer.

𝑞 = = = = =𝑞

𝑅 =𝑅 + + 𝑅

∈ ∈
𝑅 = ,𝑅 = ,𝑅 = ,𝑅 = ,𝑅 =
∈ ∈

Applying energy balance at node 3,

= and𝐽 = 𝐸 so, 𝐽 = 𝜎 𝑇 and 𝑇 can be calculated.

10 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

 RADIATION CONVENTIONALS:
1.A black body emits radiation at 2000K. Calculate

(i) Monochromatic emissive power at 1μm wavelength, (ii) Wavelength at which the emission is
maximum

(iii) The maximum spectral emissive power corresponding to 2000 K.

(iv) Total emissive power corresponding to this temperature

(v) If temperature of black body increases by two times then its total emissive power increases by how
many times?

(vi) If the temperature of black body increases by two times what is corresponding increase in maximum
spectral emissive power ?

2. A small surface of area 𝐴 = 0.0015 𝑚 emits diffusely and measurements indicate that the total
intensity associated with emission in the normal direction𝐼 = 6500 𝑊/𝑚 − 𝑠𝑟. The radiation thus
emitted is intercepted by three surfaces of areas 𝐴 = 𝐴 = 0.001 𝑚 and 𝐴 = 0.00125 𝑚 which are
at distance of 0.6 m from 𝐴 as shown in the figure below:

Find:

(i) Intensity associated with emission in each of three directions,

(ii) Solid angles subtended by the intercepting surfaces 𝐴 , 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 when viewed from emitting
surface 𝐴 ,

(iii) Rate at which radiation emitted by 𝐴 is intercepted by the three surfaces 𝐴 , 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 .

11 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

12 HMT BY RAHUL SIR
3.Find the view factor 𝐹 shown below

4.A solid sphere of diameter 10cm is heated to 1000℃ and suspended in a room whose walls are at
30℃. Compute the following:

(i) Rate of heat transfer due to radiation only neglecting other losses

(ii) Time taken by the sphere to cool to 500℃. Assuming emissivity for sphere as 0.1 and density 8.68
gm/cc and specific heat 0.098 J/kg-K.

5.Determine the net radiant interchange between two parallel oxidized iron plates, placed at a distance
of 30mm having size of 4m × 4m. The surface temperature of the two plates are 120℃ and 40℃
respectively. The emissivity of both the plates is 0.736.

6.The cross-section of a very long black body enclosure consists of a semi-circle is 1000 K and that of
diameter is 500K. Determine the shape factors for diameter-semicircle combination and the radiation
heat transfer rate per unit width (in terms of D).

13 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

7.Three thin-walled, long circular cylinders 1, 2 and 3 of diameters 150 mm, 250 mm and 350 mm
respectively are arranged concentrically. The temperatures of cylinder 1 is 80 K and that of cylinder 3 is
300 K. Emissivity of cylinder 1, 2 and 3 is 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 respectively. Assuming that there is vacuum
inside the annular spaces, determine the steady state temperature attained by cylinder 2.

8.Consider a cylindrical furnace with 𝑟 = 𝐻 = 1𝑚 as shown in figure. The top surface 1 and base
surface 2 of the furnace have emissivity of 𝜖 = 0.8 and 𝜖 = 0.4 respectively and are maintained at
uniform temperature 𝑇 = 700 𝐾and 𝑇 = 500 𝐾. The side surfaces closely approximates a black
body and is maintained at a temperature of 𝑇 = 400 𝐾. Determine the net rate of radiation transfer at
each surface during steady state operation and explain how these surfaces can be maintained specified
temperature. Given that 𝐹 = 0.38

9. The configuration of a furnace can be approximated as an equilateral triangular duct which is

sufficiently long that the end effects are negligible. The hot wall is maintained at 𝑇 = 1000𝐾 and has
emissivity∈ = 0.8 and the cold wall is at 𝑇 = 500𝐾 and has an emissivity ∈ = 0.8 , the third wall is re-
radiating zone for which 𝑄 = 0. Calculate

(i) The net radiation flux leaving the hot wall

(ii) Temperature of re-radiating wall.

10.The net radiation from the surfaces of two parallel plates having equal emissivity of 0.8 and at
different temperature of 𝑇 and 𝑇 (𝑇 > 𝑇 ) is to be reduced by 99%. How many numbers of radiation
screens having equal emissivity of 0.05 are to be placed between the plates to achieve the reduction in
heat exchange?

11. An industrial furnace employs a hollow brick lining. The inside and outside surfaces of hollow brick
lining are maintained at 900 K and 430 K by placing the radiation shield in between hollow space. The

14 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

heat loss to the furnace surrounding at 300 K is both by radiation and natural convection. By sketching
the arrangement, calculate the number of radiation shields needed. The emissivity of the wall and the
shields may be taken as 0.85. The convective heat transfer coefficient is governed by the expression

h = 1.5 (∆T) .
W/𝑚 − 𝐾

12.Determine the radiant heat exchange in W/𝑚 between two large parallel steel plates of emissivity
0.8 and 0.5 held at temperatures of 1000 K and 500 K, respectively. If a thin copper plate of emissivity
0.1 is introduced as a radiation shield between the two plates.

13. A thin metal plate is exposed to solar radiation. The air and the surrounding are at 30℃. The heat
transfer coefficient by free convection from the upper surface of the plate is 17.4 W/𝑚 − 𝐾. The plate
has an absorptivity of 0.9 at solar wavelength and an emissivity of 0.1 at the long wavelength.
Neglecting any heat loss from the lower surface, determine the solar irradiation in kW/𝑚 , if the
equilibrium temperature of the plate is 50℃.

15 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

 HEAT EXCHANGER
SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

16 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

CONVENTIONALS
1. 5000 kg/h of oil is to be cooled from 70℃to 50℃in a counter flow heat exchanger by using
water at 20 ℃ flowing at a velocity of 8 m/s. The size of the inner copper pipe is 1.8cm ID and
2.1cm OD, oil flows through annulus between this pipe and a 3cm ID steel pipe. Thermal
conductivity of copper is 383.808 W/m-K.

Assume the following data for oil and water at their mean temperatures:

Property Water Oil

Density(kg/m³) 998.2 864
Cp (KJ/kg-K)) 4.187 2.047
K(W/m-K) 0.598 0.147
Kinematic viscosity (m²/s) 1.006 × 10 1.726 × 10
Prandtl no. 7.03 20.76
Find:

(i)a) LMTD

b) Heat transfer coefficients on water side and oil side

c) Over all heat transfer coefficient

d) Length of pipe required

(ii) Find the length of tube by NTU-EFFECTIVENESS method.

(iii) Find length of tube required for same given inlet and outlet conditions, but with fouling

Given that,

Fouling factor, water side 0.0005 m²-K/W

Fouling factor, oil side 0.0008 m²-K/W

2. In a counter flow heat exchanger water flow through a copper tube (19mm O.D. and 16mm
I.D.), at a flow rate of 1.48 m/s. The oil flows through the annulus formed by the inner copper
tube and outer steel tube (30 mm O.D. and 26 mm I.D.).The steel tube is insulated from
outside. The oil enters at 0.4 kg/s and is cooled from 65℃ to 50℃ whereas water enters at
32℃ . Neglecting the resistance of the copper tube, calculate the length of the tube required.
Data given Nusselt no. 𝑁 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 .

Fouling factor, water side 0.0005 m²-K/W

17 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

Fouling factor, oil side 0.0008 m²-K/W

Water and oil properties

Property Oil Water

Density(kg/m³) 850 995

𝐶 (kJ/kg-K) 1.89 4.187

K(W/m-K) 0.138 0.615

Kinematic viscosity(m²/s) 7.44 x 10 4.18 x 10

3. A chemical having specific heat of 3.3 kJ/kg-K flowing at the rate of 20,000 kg/h enters a
parallel flow heat exchanger at 120℃. The flow rate of cooling water is 50,000 kg/h with an
inlet temperature of 20℃ . The heat transfer area is 10 m² and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 1050 W/m²-K. Find the outlet temperature of water and chemical and
effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Take for water specific heat = 4.186 kJ/kg-K.

4. Cooling water at a steady rate of 0.5 kg/s flows through an inner tube having inner diameter
of 25mm and length of 10m of tube-in-tube condenser. The mean inlet temperature of cooling
water is 10℃ . Saturated steam condenses in the annulus at a uniform rate such that the inner
surface temperature of the tube is constant throughout the length of the tube at 40℃. The
average condensing side heat transfer coefficient is 10000W/m²-K. Neglect the thickness of the
heat exchanger tube. Calculate the effectiveness of the heat exchanger and the exit water
temperature.

Properties of water are given below:

Specific heat = 4180 J/kg-K

Density= 990 kg/m³

Dynamic viscosity= 0.8 x 10 Pa-s

Thermal conductivity= 0.57 W/m-K

You may use the relation;

𝑁 = 0.023 (Red) 0.8 (Pr) 0.4

18 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

5. Find the surface area required for the surface condenser dealing with 25000kg of saturated
steam per hour at a pressure of 0.5 bar. Temperature of condensing water is 25℃. Cooling
water is heated from 15℃ to 25℃ while passing through the condenser. Assume a heat transfer
coefficient of 10 kW/m²K. The condenser has 2 water passes with tubes of 19mm OD and
1.2mm thickness. Find the length and no. of tubes per pass. Assume velocity of water is 1 m/s.
Assume correction factor for 2 tube pass exchanger 0.86. At 0.5 bar saturation temperature is
32.55℃ and latent heat is 2560 kJ/kg. Specific heat of water is 4.18kJ/kg-K and density is 1000
kg/m³.

6. In a chemical plant a solution of density 1100 kg/𝑚 and specific heat capacity 4.6 kJ/kg-K is
to heated from 65℃ to 100℃. The required flow rate of the solution is 11.8 kg/s. A tubular heat
exchanger is used for this with the solution flowing at about1.2 m/s in 25 mm bore iron tubes
and being heated by wet steam at 115℃. The length of the tubes is not to exceed 3.5 m, taking
inside and outside heat transfer coefficient as 5 and 10 kW/𝑚 -K and neglecting the thermal
resistance of the tube wall. Estimate the number of tubes and the number of tube passes
required.

19 HMT BY RAHUL SIR

20 HMT BY RAHUL SIR
21 HMT BY RAHUL SIR
22 HMT BY RAHUL SIR
23 HMT BY RAHUL SIR
24 HMT BY RAHUL SIR
25 HMT BY RAHUL SIR