1.

The basic unit of structure and function in living things is:

A) tissue.
B) the cell.
C) the nucleus.
D) the organelle.

2. The two basic types of cells are ___________, which make up bacteria and other
single-celled organisms, and ____________, which are found in all living things.
A) eukaryotic; prokaryotic
B) prokaryotic; eukaryotic
C) organelles; prokaryotic
D) epithelial; organelles

3. I am a living thing with a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and other organelles. Who
am I?
A) A tissue.
B) A gland.
C) A prokaryotic cell.
D) A eukaryotic cell.

4. A group of similar cells that perform the same function is called a:

A) tissue.
B) gland.
C) cartilage.
D) tendon.

5. I am a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Who am

I?
A) gland
B) cartilage
C) organ
D) mesosome

6. Some neurons enable you to grasp objects by relaying outgoing messages to the
muscles in your arms and hands. These neurons are called:
A) glial cells.
B) sensory neurons.
C) interneurons.
D) motor neurons.

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 7. The communicating connection between two neurons is called a:
A) neurotransmitter.
B) synapse.
C) axon terminal.
D) axon sac.

8. Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?

A) axon  dendrite  cell body  synapse
B) dendrite  axon  cell body  synapse
C) synapse  axon  dendrite  cell body
D) dendrite  cell body  axon  synapse

9. Chemical messengers released by neurons are called:

A) chromosomes.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) hormones.
D) enzymes.

10. Increasing excitatory signals above a neuron's threshold will not affect the
intensity of an action potential. This indicates that the cell's reaction is:
A) inhibited by the myelin sheath.
B) limited by the number of dendrites being stimulated.
C) limited by the number of axons being stimulated.
D) an all-or-none response.

11. A friend has been taking a prescription drug and experiencing a number of
unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive
perspiration. It is likely that the medication is stimulating increased activity in
your friend's:
A) reticular formation.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) parasympathetic nervous system.
D) amygdala.

12. Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your heart by the:
A) limbic system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) central nervous system.
D) autonomic nervous system.

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 13. Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system produces
a reaction often described as the:
A) alarm stage.
B) relaxation response.
C) fight-or-flight response.
D) reaction formation.

14. Following Salah's near-fatal accident, her physician noticed that the pupillary
reflex of her eyes was abnormal, possibly indicating that Salah's
_______________ was damaged in the accident.
A) cerebellum
B) cortex
C) temporal lobe
D) autonomic nervous system

15. The part of the human brain that is most like that of a fish is the:
A) cortex.
B) right hemisphere.
C) limbic system.
D) brainstem.

16. The oldest part of the brain, and the point where most of the nerves passing
between the spinal cord and the brain cross over, is the:
A) cerebellum.
B) medulla.
C) brainstem.
D) hippocampus.

17. The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is:
A) limbic system, brainstem, cortex.
B) brainstem, cortex, limbic system.
C) limbic system, cerebral cortex, brainstem
D) brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex.

18. Damaging a person's reticular formation may cause the person to:
A) become violently aggressive.
B) cower in fear.
C) experience convulsive seizures.
D) lapse into a coma.

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 19. After Darren's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his
cerebellum. Darren is most likely to have difficulty:
A) playing his guitar.
B) reading printed words.
C) understanding what others are saying.
D) regulating his body weight.

20. To demonstrate that brain stimulation can transform a violently aggressive animal
into a docile one, a neuroscientist should lesion the animal's:
A) reticular formation.
B) cerebellum.
C) amygdala.
D) medulla.

21. The region of the brain that influences hunger, thirst, and body temperature and
contains the so-called reward centers of the brain is the:
A) cerebrum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobe.
D) motor cortex.

22. Because raccoons have much greater control of their paws than dogs, you would
expect them to have more cortical tissue dedicated to paw control in the motor
cortex, which is at the back of the _______________ of their brains.
A) frontal lobes
B) temporal lobes
C) occipital lobes
D) parietal lobes

23. The visual cortex is located in the:

A) occipital lobe.
B) temporal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) parietal lobe.

24. Areas of the cerebral cortex not directly involved in sensory or motor functions
are referred to as:
A) frontal matter.
B) white matter.
C) gray matter.
D) association cortex.

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 25. The gland referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system is the:
A) hypothalamus.
B) pineal gland.
C) adrenal gland.
D) pituitary gland.

26. A bodybuilder friend you haven't seen in a year seems to have grown several
inches in height. You suspect that your friend's sudden growth spurt may be
caused by drugs that affect the:
A) thalamus.
B) adrenal glands.
C) medulla.
D) pituitary gland.

27. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are _______________ that are released by the
_______________ gland(s).
A) neurotransmitters; pituitary
B) hormones; pituitary
C) lymphocytes; thyroid
D) hormones; adrenal

28. The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the
_______________ gland in response to stimulation by the _______________
branch of the nervous system.
A) adrenal; parasympathetic
B) pituitary; parasympathetic
C) adrenal; sympathetic
D) pituitary; sympathetic

29. The thyroid gland:

A) produces the hormone glucagon.
B) helps regulate the body's metabolism.
C) secretes hormones that play a crucial role in the body's response to stress.
D) secretes hormones that act on the hypothalamus.

30. Insulin acts to _______________, and glucagon acts to _______________.

A) take glucose into cells; stimulate the release of glucose into cells
B) stimulate the pancreas; stimulate the stomach
C) decrease hunger; increase hunger

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D) decrease blood sugar levels; increase blood sugar levels

31. Red blood cells, called _____________, contain _____________, which gives
blood its red color.
A) erythrocytes; hemoglobin
B) leukocytes; hemoglobin
C) erythrocytes; platelets
D) leukocytes; platelets

32. For an adult, a blood pressure of 180/110 would be considered:

A) normal.
B) below normal.
C) borderline.
D) hypertension.

33. The circulation of blood enables:

A) the removal of carbon dioxide from body cells.
B) the transportation of oxygen to body cells.
C) both the removal of carbon dioxide and the transportation of oxygen.
D) neither the removal of carbon dioxide nor the transportation of oxygen.

34. White blood cells, called _______________, are part of the body's ___________
system.
A) erythrocytes; immune
B) leukocytes; immune
C) platelets; endocrine
D) capillaries; endocrine

35. Arteries carry blood _______________, and veins carry blood

_______________.
A) from the capillaries to the heart; from the heart to other organs
B) from the heart to other organs; from the capillaries to the heart
C) from the lungs to the heart; from the heart to the lungs
D) from arterioles to capillaries; from capillaries to arterioles

36. Which blood vessels carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the
body's tissues?
A) arteries
B) capillaries
C) veins

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D) venules

37. Which is the correct sequence in the passage of oxygen-depleted blood from the
body through the heart and to the lungs?
A) right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary artery  lungs
B) right ventricle  right atrium  pulmonary vein  lungs
C) left atrium  left ventricle  pulmonary artery  lungs
D) left ventricle  left atrium  pulmonary vein  lungs

38. Which is the correct sequence in the passage of air from the nose and mouth into
the lungs?
A) larynx  pharynx  trachea  bronchi
B) pharynx  larynx  bronchi  trachea
C) trachea  pharynx  larynx  bronchi
D) trachea  larynx  bronchi  pharynx

39. Air passages in the nose, mouth, and trachea are lined with tiny germ-trapping
hairs called:
A) bronchi.
B) antigens.
C) cilia.
D) cytokines.

40. It is estimated that by 2020, over 70 percent of the global burden of disease will
be caused by:
A) asthma.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) endocrine disorders.
D) noncommunicable diseases.

41. Which is the correct sequence in the passage of food from the mouth through the
body?
A) esophagus  stomach  intestines  rectum
B) stomach  esophagus  intestines  anus
C) intestines  stomach  esophagus  rectum
D) esophagus  intestines  stomach  anus

42. The stomach enzyme that breaks down protein and, in some people, contributes
to ulcers, is:
A) bilirubin.

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B) pepsin.
C) E coli.
D) GABA.

43. Compared to carnivores that may eat only once every few days, mammals that
eat more frequently have:
A) smaller stomachs.
B) larger stomachs.
C) more rapid digestion.
D) slower digestion.

44. An antigen is a:
A) foreign substance that triggers an immune response.
B) genetic marker for a specific disease.
C) risk factor for an autoimmune disease.
D) white blood cell.

45. The immune system is located:

A) in the central nervous system.
B) as a special division of the circulatory system.
C) throughout the body in the form of the lymphatic system.
D) in the spleen and thymus.

46. The white blood cells that are involved in the immune response are called:
A) antigens.
B) interferons.
C) lymphocytes.
D) immunoglobulins.

47. A type of white blood cell that attacks foreign substances by engulfing and
digesting them is the:
A) macrophage.
B) phagocyte.
C) T cell.
D) B cell.

48. Inflammation-causing chemicals released by the body in response to antigens are:

A) bronchi.
B) histamines.
C) thrombi.

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D) bronchioles.

49. Some lymphocytes release proteins that produce systemic effects. This means
that they produce effects:
A) that are very short in duration.
B) that are long-lasting.
C) throughout the entire body.
D) in one specific location.

50. Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called:
A) NK cells.
B) phagocytes.
C) macrophages.
D) antigens.

51. The antimicrobial protein released by NK cells to inhibit the spread of viral
infections to healthy cells is:
A) lymphokine.
B) interferon.
C) IgG.
D) anti-HIV 2.

52. The immune system's specific defense system is based on the activity of:
A) B and T cells.
B) natural killer cells.
C) phagocytes.
D) macrophages.

53. The function of immunoglobulins is to allow a:

A) cleansing and filtering of the blood and lymph.
B) generalized or nonspecific defense against an antigen.
C) specific defense or attack against an antigen.
D) quick, nonspecific attack on an antigen.

54. In immunization, a weakened form of a virus or bacteria is:

A) modified so that it becomes harmless.
B) introduced to the body to stimulate the production of antibodies.
C) destroyed by a phagocyte.
D) injected with a lethal toxin.

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 55. Which type of immune response involves an immunological memory?
A) specific immunity
B) nonspecific immunity
C) lymph response
D) inflammatory response

56. One hour after stepping on a piece of glass, Luke feels sick and feverish and his
foot is becoming inflamed. These are all signs of:
A) specific immunity.
B) immunological memory.
C) antigens.
D) the inflammatory response.

57. The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are:
A) T lymphocytes.
B) B lymphocytes.
C) both T and B lymphocytes.
D) antigens.

58. Which immune cells are equipped with receptors that match one specific
antigen?
A) cytotoxic T cells (killer cells)
B) helper T cells
C) suppressor T cells
D) macrophages

59. Helper T cells and suppressor T cells regulate the overall immune response by
secreting chemical messengers called:
A) hormones.
B) lymphokines.
C) immunoglobulins.
D) interferons.

60. When an infection occurs in some part of your body, your brain is notified by
communication molecules called:
A) macrophages.
B) cytokines.
C) antigens.
D) vagus nervus.

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 61. Fever, inflammation, and increased sensitivity to pain are called:
A) the acute phase response.
B) specific immunity.
C) immunological memory.
D) systemic effects.

62. Which of the following would prevent the sickness response from occurring?
A) Lesioning the amygdala
B) Stimulating the hypothalamus
C) Cutting the vagus nerve
D) Increasing the production of cytokines

63. When a sperm and an ovum merge, a one-celled _______________ is formed.

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) fetus
D) blastocyst

64. Each cell of the human body has a total of:

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 genes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 46 genes.

65. A fertilized egg will develop into a boy, if, at conception:

A) the sperm contributes an X chromosome.
B) the sperm contributes a Y chromosome.
C) the egg contributes an X chromosome.
D) the egg contributes a Y chromosome.

66. Chromosomes are composed of small segments of _______________ called

_______________.
A) DNA; genes
B) DNA; neurotransmitters
C) genes; DNA
D) DNA; proteins

67. I am a living cell with the potential to develop into any other type of specialized
cell. What am I?

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A) A stem cell
B) A genome
C) A leukocyte
D) An erythrocyte

68. Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of development during the period of
the embryo?
A) Implantation
B) Appearance of the primitive streak
C) Formation of the neural tube
D) Buds that will become the arms and legs form

69. Most human traits are:

A) determined by a single gene.
B) unpredictable.
C) learned.
D) influenced by many genes acting together.

70. To say that a trait is polygenic means that:

A) many genes make it more likely that the individual will inherit the trait.
B) several genes must be present in order for the individual to inherit the trait.
C) the trait is multifactorial.
D) most people carry genes for the trait.

71. Genotype is to phenotype as _______________ is to _______________.

A) nonphysical traits; physical traits
B) physical traits; nonphysical traits
C) all of a person's genes; a person's observable traits
D) a person's observable traits; all of a person's genes

72. A person who inherits a gene that is not expressed in his or her observable
characteristics is said to be _______________ for that gene.
A) dominant
B) recessive
C) a carrier
D) polygenic

73. The inheritance of many of our physical characteristics, including eye color,
follows which pattern of gene-gene interaction?
A) additive

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B) multifactorial
C) dominant-recessive
D) carrier

74. Nutrition, medical care, and other environmental influences affect the expression
of genes through the process called:
A) neurogenesis.
B) synaptogenesis.
C) DNA methylation.
D) the acute phase response.

75. The epigenome refers to the:

A) process by which ribonucleic acid alters the expression of genes.
B) set of environmental influences that affect a person's genetic makeup.
C) period of human development immediately before and after birth.
D) layer of proteins that package a person's hereditary information and point cells to
specific instructions.

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Answer Key

1. B
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. D
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. D
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. D
19. A
20. C
21. B
22. A
23. A
24. D
25. D
26. D
27. D
28. C
29. B
30. D
31. A
32. D
33. A
34. B
35. B
36. C
37. A
38. B
39. C
40. D
41. A
42. B
43. A
44. A

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45. C
46. C
47. B
48. B
49. C
50. A
51. B
52. B
53. B
54. B
55. A
56. D
57. C
58. A
59. B
60. B
61. A
62. C
63. A
64. C
65. B
66. A
67. A
68. A
69. D
70. A
71. C
72. C
73. C
74. C
75. D

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