UNIT – II ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

PART - A

1. What is truss?(May/June 2014)

A truss is an assemblage of bars with pin joints and a frame is an assemblage of beam elements. Truss
can able to transmit load and it can deform only along its length. Loads are acting only at the joints.

2. State the assumptions made in the case of truss element.

The following assumptions are made in the case of truss element,
1. All the members are pin jointed.
2. The truss is loaded only at the joints
3. The self weight of the members are neglected unless stated.
3. What is natural co-ordinate?(Nov/Dec 2014), (April/May 2011)
A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity, This system is useful inassembling of
stiffness matrices.

ww
4. Define shape function. State its characteristics (May/June 2014), (Nov/Dec 2014), (Nov/Dec 2012)
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by the

w .E
following approximate relation:
u (x,y) = N1(x,y) u1+N2 (x,y) u2+ N3(x,y) u3

asy
Where u,1 u2, u3 are the values of the field variable at the nodes and N1 N2 N3 are interpolation
function. N1 N2 N3 is called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry or shape

En
of the element.
The characteristics of the shape functions are follows:

gin
1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at the
other nodes.
2. The sum of the shape function is equal to one.
5. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function? eer
ing
Polynomials are generally used as shape functions due to the following reasons:
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.

.ne
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the Polynomial.
3. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
t
6. Write the governing equation for 1D Transverse and longitudinal vibration of the bar at one end
and give the boundary conditions. (April/May 2015)
The governing equation for free vibration of abeam is given by,
𝜕4 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
𝐸𝐼 4 + 𝜌𝐴 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Where,
E – Young’s modulus of the material.
I – Moment of inertia
Ρ – Density of the material.
A – Cross sectional area of the section of beam.

The governing equation for 1D longitudinal vibration of the bar at one end is given by
d2 U
AE + ρAUω2 = 0
dx 2
Where,
U – axial deformation of the bar (m)
ρ – Density of the material of the bar (kg/m3)

1
 ω – Natural frequency of vibration of the bar
A – Area of cross section of the bar (m2)
7. Express the convections matrix for 1D bar element. (April/May 2015)
hPL 2 1
[ ]
6 1 2
Convection stiffness matrix for 1D bar element:

hPTaL 1
2 1
Convection force matrix for 1D bar element:
Where,
h- Convection heat transfer coefficient (w/m2k)
P – Perimeter of the element (m)
L – Length of the element (m)
Ta – Ambient temperature (k)

ww
8. State the properties of a stiffness matrix.(April/May 2015), (Nov/Dec 2012)
The properties of the stiffness matrix [K] are,
1. It is a symmetric matrix

w .E 2. The sum of the elements in any column must be equal to zero.

3. It is an unstable element, so the determinant is equal to zero.

asy
9. Show the transformation for mapping x-coordinate system into a natural coordinate system for

En
a linear bar element and a quadratic bar element.(Nov/Dec 2012)
For example consider mapping of a rectangular parent element into a quadrilateral element

gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
The shape functions of this element are

To get this mapping we define the coordinate of point P as,

10. Define dynamic analysis.(May/June 2014)

When the inertia effect due to the mass of the components is also considered in addition to the
externally applied load, then the analysis is called dynamic analysis.

2
11. What are the types of boundary conditions used in one dimensional heat transfer problems?

(i) Imposed temperature

(ii) Imposed heat flux

(iii) Convection through an end node.

12. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem?
(i) The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
(ii) If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with initial conditions then it is
known as initial value problem.
(iii) If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions then it is
known as boundary value problem.
PART -B

1. For the beam and loading shown in fig. calculate the nodal displacements.
Take [E] =210 GPa =210×109 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 , [I] = 6×10-6 m4 NOV / DEC 2013
ww 12 𝐾𝑁 𝑚
w .E 6 KN

asy 1m
2m

En
Given data
gin
Young’s modulus [E] =210 GPa =210×109 𝑁 𝑚2
Moment of inertia [I] = 6×10-6 m4
eer
Length [L]1 = 1m ing
Length [L]2 = 1m
W=12 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 =12×103 𝑁 𝑚 .ne
To find
F = 6KN
t
 Deflection
Formula used
−𝑙
2 – 12 6𝑙
−𝑙 2 𝐹1 12 6𝑙 𝑢1
12 𝑀 𝐸𝐼 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 𝜃1
f(x) + 1 = 𝑢2
−𝑙 𝐹2 𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 12 – 6𝑙
2 𝑀2 𝜃2
𝑙2 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 6 KN
12
M1,θ1
M1,θ1
Solution
1 2
For element 1

𝑣1, F1 𝑣2 ,F2

3
 −𝑙
2 – 12 6𝑙
−𝑙 2 𝐹1 12 6𝑙 𝑢1
12 𝑀1 𝐸𝐼 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 𝜃1
f(x) + = 𝑢2
−𝑙 𝐹2 𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 12 – 6𝑙
2 𝑀2 𝜃2
𝑙2 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2
12

Applying boundary conditions

F1=0N ; F2=-6KN=-6×103 N; f(x)=0
M1=M2=0; u1=0; θ1=0; u2≠0; θ2≠0
12 – 12 6
6 𝑢1
0
210×10 9 ×6×10 −6 6 4–6 2 𝜃1
103× 0 = 𝑢2
−6 13
– 12 – 6 12 – 6 𝜃2
0
6 2 –6 4

12 6 −12 6 0
ww
=1.26×106 6 4 −6
−12 −6 12
2
−6
0
𝑢2 M3,θ3

w .E 6
For element 2
2 −6 4 0 M2,θ2

2
12 𝐾𝑁 𝑚

3
asy
−𝑙
2

En
−𝑙 2 𝐹2
𝑀2
12
6𝑙
6𝑙
4𝑙 2
– 12 6𝑙
– 6𝑙 2𝑙 2
𝑢2
𝜃2
𝑣2, F2 𝑣3 ,F3
f(x) 12
−𝑙
2
+
𝐹3
𝑀3
=
𝐸𝐼
𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 gin
12 – 6𝑙 𝑢3
𝜃3
𝑙2
12
6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2
eer
Applying boundary conditions ing
f(x) = -12 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 =12×103 𝑁 𝑚; F2=F3=0=M2=M; .ne
u2≠0; θ2≠0; u3=θ3=0 t
−6 0 12 6 − 12 6 𝑢2
𝜃2
103 × −1 + 0 = 1.26×106× 6 4 −6 2
−6 0 −12 6 12 − 6 0
1 0 6 4 −6 4 0
−6 12 6 − 12 6 𝑢2
𝜃2
103 × −1 = 1.26×106× 6 4 −6 2
−6 −12 6 12 − 6 0
1 6 4 −6 4 0

4
Assembling global matrix

0 12 6 −12 −6 0 0 0
0 6 4 −6 2 0 0 0
3 −12 6 −12 −6 24 0 −12 6 𝑢2
10 × = 1.26×10 × 𝜃2
−1 6 2 0 8 −6 2
−6 0 0 −12 −6 12 −6 0
1 0 0 6 2 −6 4 0
Solving matrix
-12×103=1.26×106×24u2=0; u2=-3.96×10-4m
-1×103=1.26×106×8θ2=0; θ2=-9.92rad
Result
θ2=-9.92rad
u2=-3.96×10-4m

ww
2. Determine the axial vibration of a steel bar shown in fig. Take [E] =2.1×105
𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐 , [ρ] = 7800 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑 NOV/DEC 2014

w .E 1200mm2 900mm2

asy 300mm 400mm

En
Given data
A1=1200mm2; A2=900mm2
l1 =300mm; l2=400mm
Young’s modulus [E] =2.1×105 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 gin
Density [ρ] = 7800 𝐾𝑔 𝑚3 eer
To find
=7.8×10-6 𝐾𝑔 𝑚𝑚3
ing
 Stiffness matrix
 Mass matrix .ne
 Natural frequency
 Mode shape
t
Formula used
General equation for free vibration of bar 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {u}= 0
𝐴𝐸 1 –1
Stiffness matrix [k] = 𝑙
–1 1
𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 6
1 2
𝜌𝐴𝐿 1 0
Lumped mass matrix [m] = 2
0 1
Mode shape 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 U1 = 0 ; Normalization 𝑈1𝑇 M U1 = 1

Solution
For element 1 u1 u2
1200mm2

300mm

5
 𝐴𝐸 1 –1
Stiffness matrix [k] = 𝑙 –1 1
𝐴1 𝐸1 1 –1 1200 ×2.1×10 5 1 −1
[k1] = ; =
𝑙1 –1 1 300 −1 1
1 –1 8.4 – 8.4
=8.4×105 ; =105
–1 1 – 8.4 8.4

𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
Consistent mass matrix [m] = ;
6 1 2

𝜌𝐴1 𝐿1 2 1
[m1] = 6 1 2
1200 ×300×7.8×10 −6 2 1
= 6 1 2
2 1
= 0.468×
ww [m1] =
1 2
0.936 0.468
0.468 0.936
w .E
For element 2
u2 900 mm2 u3

asy
Stiffness matrix [k] =
𝐴𝐸 1 –1
400mm

En 𝑙

1 –1
–1 1

[k2] =
𝐴2 𝐸2
𝑙2 –1 1
;
gin
=
900×2.1×10 5
400 −1
1 −1
1 eer
= 4.73×10 5 1 −1
−1 1 ing
[k2] = 105
4.73 – 4.73
– 4.73 4.73
; .ne
Consistent mass matrix [m] =
𝜌𝐴𝐿
6
2 1
1 2
; t
𝜌𝐴2 𝐿2 2 1
[m2] = 6 1 2
900×400×7.8×10 −6 2 1
= 6 1 2
2 1
= 0.468
1 2
0.936 0.468
[m2] =
0.468 0.936
Assembling global matrix
8.4 −8.4 0
Stiffness matrix [k] = 105 −8.4 13.13 −4.73
0 −4.73 4.73

0.936 0.468 0
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 0.468 1.87 0.468
0 0.468 0.936

6
General equation for free vibration of bar 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {u} = 0
8.4 −8.4 0 0.936 0.468 0
105 −8.4 13.13 −4.73 - λ 0.468 1.87 0.468 =0
0 −4.73 4.73 0 0.468 0.936

13.13 −4.73 1.87 0.468

105 –λ =0
−4.73 4.73 0.468 0.936

13.13 × 105 − 1.87𝜆 −4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆 = 0

−4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆 4.73 × 105 − 0.936𝜆

[(13.13×105 -1.87λ)( 4.73 × 105 − 0.936𝜆) – (−4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆)( −4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆)] =0

6.2×1011 – 1.23× 106 λ – 8.84×10 5 λ + 1.75×λ2 -2.24×1011 -2.21×105 λ -2.21×105 λ – 0.22 λ2 =0

1.53λ2 -2.55×105 λ+3.96×1011 =0

ww
Solving above equation
𝜆1 = 1.49×106
w .E 𝜆2 = 1.73×105 = 0.173×106

asy
To find mode shape

En
𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {𝑢} = 0
𝜆1 = 0.173×106
;

gin
105
13.13
−4.73
−4.73
4.73
– 0.173×106
1.87
0.468 eer
0.468
0.936
𝑢2
𝑢3 = 0

0.99 × 106 −0.55 × 106 𝑢2 ing

−0.55 × 106 0.31 × 106 𝑢3 = 0
.ne
6 6
0.99×10 u2 – 0.55× 10 u3 =0
- 0.55×106 u2 + 0.31×106 u3 =0
t
u3 = 1.77u2
𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {𝑢} = 0
𝜆2 = 1.49×106

13.13 −4.73 1.87 0.468 𝑢2

105 – 1.49×106 𝑢3 = 0
−4.73 4.73 0.468 0.936

−1.48 × 106 −1.17 × 106 𝑢2

−1.17 × 106 −0.924 × 106 𝑢3 = 0

-1.482×106 u2 – 1.17× 106 u3 =0

- 1.17×106 u2 -0.924×106 u3 =0
𝑢3 =-1.26u2
Normalization 𝑈1𝑇 M U1 = 1
Normalization of 𝜆1

7
 1.87 0.468 𝑢2
𝑢2 1.77𝑢2
0.46 0.936 1.77𝑢2 =1

𝑢2
𝑢2 1.77𝑢2 1.77𝑢2 = 1

2.7𝑢22 + 3.79𝑢22 =1
1
𝑢22 = 6.4 ; 𝑢2 = 0.392

𝑢3 =1.78𝑢2 ; 𝑢3 = 0.698

Normalization of 𝜆2

𝑈2𝑇 M U2 = 1

1.87 0.468 𝑢2
𝑢2 −1.26𝑢2 −1.26𝑢2 =1
ww 0.46 0.936
𝑢2

w .E 1.28𝑢2 −0.707𝑢2

1.28𝑢22 + 0.88𝑢22 =1
−1.256𝑢2 = 1

asy 𝑢22 = 0.46;

En 𝑢3 =-1.268𝑢2

𝑢3 = -0.84
gin
Result
Mode shape eer
ing
1 2 3 .ne
u2=0.392
u3=0.698
t
u1=0
Mode 1

u2=0.678
u1=0
Mode 2

u3=-0.698

8
3. Consider the simply supported beam shown in fig. let the length L=1m,
E=2×1011𝑵 𝒎𝟐 , area of cross section A=30cm2, moment of inertia I=100mm4,
density[ρ] = 7800𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑 . Determine the natural frequency using two types of
mass matrix. Lumped mass matrix and consistent mass matrix. APRIL / MAY 2011

Given data

Length = 1m
Young’s modulus E=2×1011 𝑁 𝑚2
Area A=30cm2 = 3×10-3 m2
Moment of inertia I=100mm4 = 100×10-12 m4
ww Density[ρ] = 7800 kg/m3=76518 𝑁 𝑚3

w .E
To find

asy  Lumped mass matrix

 Consistent mass matrix

En
 Natural frequency

Formula used gin

eer
General equation for free vibration of beam 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0
12 6𝑙 – 12 6𝑙 ing
𝐸𝐼
Stiffness matrix[k] = 𝑙 3
6𝑙 4𝑙 2
– 12 – 6𝑙 12
– 6𝑙 2𝑙 2
– 6𝑙 .ne
6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙
156
4𝑙 2
22𝑙 54 −13𝑙
t
𝜌𝐴𝐿 22𝑙 4𝑙 2 13𝑙 −3𝑙 2
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 420
54 13𝑙 156 – 22𝑙
−13𝑙 −3𝑙 2 −22𝑙 4𝑙 2
1 0 0 0
𝜌𝐴𝑙 0 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix [m] = 2
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

Solution
For element 1

9
 12 6𝑙1 −12 6𝑙1
𝐸1 𝐼 6𝑙1 4𝑙12 −6𝑙1 2𝑙12
Stiffness matrix[k]1 =
𝑙 13 −12 −6𝑙1 12 −6𝑙1 θ1 θ2
6𝑙1 2𝑙12 −6𝑙1 4𝑙12
1 2
0.5 m

𝑣1 𝑣2
12 6 × 0.5 −12 6 × 0.5
=
2×10 11 ×100×−12 6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52
0.53 −12 −6 × 0.5 12 −6 × 0.5
6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52

12 3 −12 3
[k]1 =160× 3 1 −3 0.5
−12 −3 12 −3
3 0.5 −3 1

ww 𝜌𝐴 𝑙 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w .E
Lumped mass matrix [m]1 = 2 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

asy 1 0 0 0

En =
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

gin
0 0 0 0

eer
[m]1
57.38
= 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ing
0
0
0
0
57.38
0
0
0 .ne
𝜌𝐴 𝑙 1
156
22𝑙1
22𝑙1
4𝑙12
54
13𝑙1
−13𝑙1
−3𝑙12
t
Consistent mass matrix [m]1 = 420 54 13𝑙1 156 −22𝑙1
−13𝑙1 −3𝑙12 −22𝑙1 4𝑙12

156 22 × 0.5 54 −13 × 0.5

=
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5 22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52
420 54 13 × 0.5 156 −22 × 0.5
−13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52 −22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52

42.63 3 14.74 −1.77

[m]1 = 3 0.27 1.77 −0.20
14.74 1.77 42.63 −3
−1.77 −0.20 −3 0.27

10
For element 2
12 6𝑙2 −12 6𝑙2 θ2 θ3
𝐸𝐼 6𝑙2 4𝑙22 −6𝑙2 2𝑙22
Stiffness matrix[k]2 = 𝑙 3
2 −12 −6𝑙2 12 −6𝑙2 2 3
6𝑙2 2𝑙22 −6𝑙2 4𝑙22 0.5 m

𝑣2 𝑣3

12 6 × 0.5 −12 6 × 0.5

=
2×10 11 ×100×−12 6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52
0.53 −12 −6 × 0.5 12 −6 × 0.5
6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52

12 3 −12 3
[k]2 = 160× 3 1 −3 0.5
−12 −3 12 −3
3 0.5 −3 1

ww 𝜌𝐴 𝑙 2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w .E
Lumped mass matrix [m]2 = 2 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

asy 1 00 0

En =
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

57.38 0
0
0 gin
00
0
0

[m]2 = 0
0
0
0
0 0
57.38 0 eer
0 0 0 0
ing
156
22𝑙2
22𝑙2
4𝑙22
54
13𝑙2
−13𝑙2
−3𝑙22
.ne
Consistent mass matrix [m]2 =
𝜌𝐴 𝑙 2
420 54
−13𝑙2
13𝑙2
−3𝑙22
156
−22𝑙2
−22𝑙2
4𝑙22
t
156 22 × 0.5 54 −13 × 0.5
=
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5 22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52
420 54 13 × 0.5 156 −22 × 0.5
−13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52 −22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52
42.63 3 14.74 −1.77
[m]2 = 3 0.27 1.77 −0.20
14.74 1.77 42.63 −3
−1.77 −0.20 −3 0.27
Global matrix

11
 12 3 −12 3 0 0
3 1 −3 0.5 0 0
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3
Stiffness matrix [k] =160×
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1

57.38 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 114.77 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix [m]=
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 57.38 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

42.63 3 14.74 −1.77 0 0

3 0.27 1.77 −0.2 0 0
14.74 1.77 85.26 0 14.74 −1.77
Consistent mass matrix[m]=
−1.77 −0.2 0 0.5 1.77 −0.2
ww 0
0
0
0
14.74
−1.77
1.77
−0.2
42.63
−3
−3
0.27

w .E
Frequency for lumped mass matrix
𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0

asy
12 3 −12 3 0 0 57.38 0 0 0 0 0 𝑣1
3
−12En −3
1 −3
24
0.5
0
0
−12
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
114.77
0
0
0
0
0
0
𝜃1
𝑣2

gin
2
160 × −𝜔 𝜃2 =0
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 0 0 57.38 0 𝑣3
𝜃3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0
eer
0 0 0 0 0

Applying boundary conditions

𝑣1 =0=𝜃1 ; 𝑣2 ≠0; 𝜃2 ≠0 𝑣3 =0=𝜃3 ; ing
12
3
−12 −3
3 −12
1 −3 0.5
24
3

0 −12
0
0
0
0
3
57.38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 114.77
0
0
0
0
0
0 .ne 0
0
0
0
0
𝑣2
160 ×
0
0
3 0.5
0 −12 −3
0
0

3 0.5
2 −3
12
−3
0.5
−3
1
−𝜔 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
57.38
0
t0
0
0
𝜃2 =0
0
0

24 0 114.7 0 𝑣2
160 × − 𝜔2 𝜃2 = 0
0 2 0 0

3840 − 𝜔2 × 114.7 0−0

=0
0−0 320 − 0

{(3840 − 𝜔2 × 114.7) × ( 320 − 0)-0-0} =0

1228800-36704𝜔2 = 0

𝜔2 = 33.47
𝜔 = 5.78 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠

Frequency for consistent mass matrix

12
 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0

12 3 −12 3 0 0 42.63 3 14.74 −1.77 0 0 𝑣1

3 1 −3 0.5 0 0 3 0.27 1.77 −0.2 0 0 𝜃1
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3 14.74 1.77 85.26 0 14.74 −1.77 𝑣2
160 × − 𝜔2
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 −1.77 −0.2 0 0.5 1.77 −0.2 𝜃2 =0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 14.74 1.77 42.63 −3 𝑣3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0 0 −1.77 −0.2 −3 0.27 𝜃3

Applying boundary conditions

𝑣1 =0=𝜃1 ; 𝑣2 ≠0; 𝜃2 ≠0 𝑣3 =0=𝜃3 ;

12 3 −12 3 0 0 42.63 3 14.74 −1.77 0 0 0

3 1 −3 0.5 0 0 3 0.27 1.77 −0.2 0 0 0
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3 2 14.74 1.77 85.26 0 14.74 −1.77 𝑣2
160 × −𝜔
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 −1.77 −0.2 0 0.5 1.77 −0.2 𝜃2 =0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 14.74 1.77 42.63 −3 0
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0 0 −1.77 −0.2 −3 0.27 0

ww
160 ×
24
0
0
2
− 𝜔2
85.26
0 0.5
0 𝑣2
𝜃2 =0

w .E
3840 − 85.26ω2 0−0
320 − 0.5ω2
=0

asy
0−0

En
(3840 − 85.26𝜔2 ) 320 − 0.5𝜔2 = 0
1.23×106-1920𝜔2 -27283.2𝜔2 +42.63𝜔4 =0
gin
Take λ = 𝜔 2

eer −𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐

42.63 λ2 -29203.3 λ+1.23×106 =0
ing
ax2 +bx+c=0; x = 2𝑎

𝜆=
29203 .3 ± 29203 .32 −4×42.63×1.23×10 6
2×42.63 .ne
=
29203 .3 ±25359 .28
85.26
t
29203 .3+25359 .28 29203 .3−25359 .28
𝜆1 = ; 𝜆2 =
85.26 85.26

𝜆1 =639.95; 𝜆2 =45.08

λ = 𝜔2

𝜔1 = λ1 ; 𝜔 2 = λ2

𝜔1 = 639.95 𝜔2 = 45.08

𝜔1 = 25.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 𝜔2 = 6.7 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠

13
4. For a tapered plate of uniform thickness t = 10mm as shown in fig. find the
displacements at the nodes by forming in to two element model. The bar has mass
density ρ = 7800𝑲𝒈 𝒎𝟑 Young’s modulus E = 2×105𝑴𝑵 𝒎𝟐 . In addition to self
weight the plate is subjected to a point load p = 10KN at its centre. Also
determine the reaction force at the support. Nov/Dec 2006
80mm

150m
P m
300m
m

40m
Given data
Mass density ρ = 7800𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 m
ww = 7800 × 9.81=76518 𝑁 𝑚3

w .E = 7.65 × 10-5 𝑁 𝑚𝑚3

Young’s modulus E = 2×105𝑀𝑁 𝑚2 ;
= 2×105 × 106 𝑁 𝑚2
asy = 2×105 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2

En
Point load P = 10 KN

To find gin
 Displacement at each node
 Reaction force at the support eer
Formula used
{F} =[K] {u}
ing
Stiffness matrix [k] =
𝐴𝐸 1 – 1 𝑢1
1 𝑢2
.ne
Force vector 𝐹 =
𝜌𝐴𝑙
2
𝑙
1
1
–1
t
𝐹1 𝐴𝐸 1 – 1 𝑢1
=
𝐹2 𝑙 –1 1 𝑢2

{R} =[K] {u} -{F}

Solution
The given taper bar is considered as stepped bar as shown in fig.
W1=80mm W1=80mm

150m 150mm
P m 2
300m 1
m 10KN
150mm
3
W3=40 14
mm
 W1 = 80mm
𝑊1 +𝑊3 80+40
W2 = = = 60 mm
2 2

W3 = 40mm

Area at node 1 A1 = Width × thickness

=W1 × t1

= 80 × 10 = 800mm2

Area at node 2; A2 = Width × thickness

=W2 × t2 = 60 × 10 =600mm2

Area at node 1 A1 = Width × thickness

ww = W3 × t3 = 40 × 10 =400mm2

w .E Average area of element 1

Ā1 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 1 +𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2
=
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
=
800+600
= 700mm2

asy
Average area of element 2
2 2 2

En 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2 +𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 3 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 600+400

= 500mm2
Ā2 = 2
=
gin2
= 2

For element 1
eer u1,F1
Stiffness matrix [k]1 =
Ā1 𝐸1
𝑙1
1
–1
– 1 𝑢1
1 𝑢2 ing
=
700 ×2×10 5 1 −1 𝑢1
1 𝑢2
.ne 150mm

= 2× 10
150

4.67
−4.67
5
−1
−4.67 𝑢1
4.67 𝑢2 10KN
t
u2,F2

𝜌 Ā1 𝑙 1 1
Force vector 𝐹 1 = 2 1
7.65×10 −5 ×700×150 1 4.017
= =
2 1 4.017
u2,F2
For element 2

Ā2 𝐸2 1 – 1 𝑢2 150mm
Stiffness matrix [k]2 = 10KN
𝑙2 –1 1 𝑢3

500 ×2×10 5 1 −1 𝑢2 u3,F3

= 150 −1 1 𝑢3
3.33 −3.33 𝑢2
= 2× 105
−3.33 3.33 𝑢3

15
 𝜌 Ā2 𝑙 2 1
Force vector 𝐹 2 = 2 1
7.65×10 −5 ×500×150 1 2.869
= =
2 1 2.869
Global matrix

4.66 −4.66 0
Stiffness matrix [k] = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33
0 −3.33 3.33
4.017
Force vector 𝐹 = 6.88
2.87
Finite element equation

{F} =[K] {u}

ww 𝐹1 4.66
𝐹2 = 2×105 × −4.66
−4.66
7.99
0
−3.33
𝑢1
𝑢2

w .E 𝐹3 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3

asy
Applying boundary conditions

𝑢1 = 0; 𝑢2 ≠ 0; 𝑢3 ≠ 0; 𝐹2 = 10 × 103 N
En
𝐹1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1
𝐹2 = 2×105 × −4.66
𝐹3 0
7.99
−3.33
gin
−3.33
3.33
𝑢2
𝑢3

4.017 4.66 −4.66 eer 0 0

6.88 + 10 × 10
2.87
3
= 2×10 5
× −4.66
0
7.99
−3.33
−3.33
3.33 ing
𝑢2
𝑢3

10006.88
= 2×105
7.99 −3.33 𝑢2 .ne
2.86 −3.33
2×105 (7.99𝑢2 − 3.33𝑢3 ) = 10006.88
3.33 𝑢3
t
2×105 (-3.33𝑢2 + 3.33𝑢3 ) = 2.86

Solving above equation

2×105 (4.66 𝑢2 ) = 10009.74

𝑢2 = 0.01074 mm

2×105 (-3.33×0.01074+3.33𝑢3 ) = 2.86

666000𝑢3 = 2.86 + 7152.88

𝑢3 = 0.01074

16
Reaction force

{R} =[K] {u} -{F}

𝑅1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1 𝐹1
𝑅2 = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33 𝑢2 - 𝐹2
𝑅3 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3 𝐹3

𝑅1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1 4.017

𝑅2 = 2×10 × −4.66
5
7.99 −3.33 0.01074 - 10006.88
𝑅3 0 −3.33 3.33 0.01074 2.87
0 − 0.05 + 0 4.017
=2×105 0 + 0.086 − 0.036 - 10006.88
0 − 0.036 + 0.036 2.87
−0.05 4.017

ww = 2×105 0.05 - 10006.88

0 2.87

w .E −10000 4.017
= 10000 - 10006.88

asy 0
−10004.017
2.87

En = −6.88
−2.86
Result gin
𝑅1 −10004.017 eer
𝑅2 =
𝑅3
−6.88
−2.86 ing
5. .ne
A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mk. The wall is to
be insulated with a material of thickness 0.06m having an average thermal
conductivity of 0.3 W/mk. The inner surface temperature in 1000OC and outside
of the insulation is exposed to atmospheric air at 30oc with heat transfer co-
t
efficient of 35 W/m2k. Calculate the nodal temperature. NOV/DEC 2014

Given Data:-

Thickness of the wall, l1 = 0.6m

Conduction Conduction Convection
Thermal conductivity of the wall K1= 1.2W/mk
h
Thickness of the insulation l2 = 0.06m
T1 T2 T3
Thermal Conductivity of the wall K2 = 0.3W/mk

Inner surface temperature T1= 1000oC+273 𝑇∞

Wall Insulation
= 1273 K
𝑙1 𝑙2

17
 Atmospheric air temperature T2 = 30 +273

= 303 K

Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side h = 35W/m2k

To find

Nodal temperature T2 and T3

Formula used

1D Heat conduction
𝐹1 𝐴𝑘 1 – 1 𝑇1
=
𝐹2 𝑙 –1 1 𝑇2
1D Heat conduction with free end convection
𝐴𝑘 1 –1 0 0
[K]= + hA
0 1
ww 𝑙 –1 1

w .E
Solution
Conduction

asy
For element 1
T1 T2
f1
f2
=
En
k1 A1 1 −1 T1
l1 −1 1 T2
For unit area: A1 = 1m2
1.2 1 −1 T1
gin
f1
= 0.6
−1 1 T2
2 −2 T1
eer
f2
=
−2 2 T2 ingL1

For element (2) .ne

A2 K 2 1 −1
l2 −1 1
1 X 0.3 1 −1
+ hA
0 0 T2
0 1 T
0 0
3
= h T2 A
T
0
1
0
t
Conduction Convection
2
+ 35 × 1 =35×303×1× T2 T3 h T∞
0.06 −1 1 0 1 T3 1

5 −5 0 0 T1 0
+ =
−5 5 0 35 T2 10.605 × 103 L2
5 −5 T1 0
=
−5 5 T2 10.605 × 103

Assembling finite element equation

f1 2 −2 0 T1
f2 = −2 7 −5 T2
f3 0 −5 40 T3

Applying boundary conditions

f1 = 0

18
f2 = 0
f3 = 10.605 x 103
2 −2 0 T1 0
−2 7 −5 T2 = 0
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103

Step (1)
The first row and first column of the stiffness matrix K have been set equal to 0
except for the main diagonal.

1 0 0 T1 0
T
0 7 −5 2 = 0
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103

Step – II
The first row of the force matrix is replaced by the known temperature at node 1
ww 1 0 0 T1 1273
w .E 0 7 −5 T2 =
0 −5 40 T3
0
10.605 × 103

asy
Step – III
The second row first column of stiffness K value is multiplied by known

En
temperature at node 1 -2 × 1273 = -2546. This value positive digit 2546 has been

1 0
0 7 −5 T2 =
gin
added to the second row of the force matrix.
0 T1 1273

0 −5 40 T3 10.605
2546
eer
× 103
⟹ 7 T2 − 5 T3 = 2546
−5 T2 + 40 T3 = 10.605 × 103 ing
Solving above Eqn ×8 56 T2 − 40T3 = 20.368 × 103
5 T2 − 40T3 = 10.605 × 103
.ne
t
51 T2 = 30973
T2 = 607.31 K

7 × 607.31 -5 T3 = 2546
4251.19 - 5 T3 = 2546
-−5 T3 = −1705
T3 = 341.03 K
Result
Nodal Temp T1 = 1273 K
T2 = 607.31K
T3 = 341.03 K
19
7. Derivation of the displacement function u and shape function N for one dimensional
linear bar element. OR

Derive the shape function, stiffness matrix and load vector for one dimensional bar
element. May / June 2013

Consider a bar with element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 𝜐1 and 𝜐2 are the
displacement at the respective nodes. 𝜐1 And 𝜐2 is degree of freedom of this bar element.

1 2
𝑢1 𝑢2

ww 𝑙

w .E Fig Two node bar element

asy
Since the element has got two degrees of freedom, it will have two generalized co-ordinates.
𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥

En
Where, 𝑎0 and 𝑎1 are global or generalized co – ordinates.
Writing the equation in matrix form,
𝑢 = 1𝑥 𝑎
𝑎0 gin
At node 1, 𝑢 = 𝑢1 , 𝑥 = 0
1
eer
At node 1, 𝑢 = 𝑢2 , 𝑥 = 1
Substitute the above values ion equation, ing
𝑢1 = 𝑎0
.ne
𝑢2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑙
Arranging the equation in matrix form, t
𝑢1 1 0 𝑎0
𝑢2 = 1 𝑙 𝑎1

𝑢∗ 𝐶 𝐴
∗
Where, 𝑢 ⟶ Degree of freedom.
𝐶 ⟶ Connectivity matrix.
𝐴 ⟶ Generalized or global co-ordinates matrix.
𝑎0 1 0 −1 𝑢1
𝑎1 = 𝑢2
1 𝑙

1 1 −0 𝑢1
= 𝑢2
𝑙−0 −1 1
𝑎11 𝑎12 −1 1 𝑎22 −𝑎12
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑎 𝑎22 = × −𝑎 𝑎11
21 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 21

20
 𝑎0 1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
𝑎1 = 𝑙 −1 1 𝑢2
𝑎0
Substitute 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
𝑢 = 1 𝑥 𝑙 𝑢2
−1 1
1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
= 𝑙 1 𝑥 𝑢2
−1 1
1 𝑢1
= 𝑙 1−𝑥 0+𝑥 𝑢
2
∵ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 × 2 2 × 2 = 1 × 2
1− 𝑥 𝑥 𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑙 𝑙 𝑢2
𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑢
2
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥
Where, Shape function, 𝑁1 = ; 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑁2 =
ww
Stiffness matrix for one dimensional linear bar element
𝑙 𝑙

w .EConsider a bar with element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 𝜐1 and 𝜐2 are the
displacement at the respective nodes. 𝜐1 And 𝜐2 is degree of freedom of this bar element.

asy 𝓍

En 1 2
𝑢1 gin 𝑢2

eer
𝑙
ing
Stiffness matrix, 𝐾 = B T
𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑣 .ne
Shape function, 𝑁1 =
𝑣
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥
; 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑁2 =
𝑥
t
𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑁1 𝑑𝑁2
Strain displacement matrix,[B] = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
= 𝑙 𝑙
−1
𝑙
[B]T= 1
𝑙
One dimensional problem [D] = [E] = young’s modulus
−1
𝒍 𝑙 −1 1
[K] = 𝟎 1 ×𝐸× 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑣
𝑙

21
 1 −1
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2
= 0 −1 1 × 𝐸 × 𝑑𝑣 [dv = A×dx
𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2
= 0 −1 1 × 𝐸 × A × dx
𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1 1 −1
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙
= AE −1 1 × 0
𝑑𝑥 = AE −1 1 𝑥 0
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1
𝑙2 𝑙2
= AE −1 1 (𝑙 − 0)
𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1

ww = AE 𝑙 𝑙2
−1
𝑙2
1

w .E = 𝑙2
𝐴𝐸𝑙 1
𝑙2 𝑙2

−1

asy −1

1 –1
1

En [K] =
𝐴𝐸
𝑙 –1 1

Finite element equation for finite element analysis gin

{F} =[K] {u}
eer
𝐹1
𝐹2
=
𝐴𝐸 1 – 1 𝑢1
𝑙 –1 1 𝑢2
ing
.ne
t
Load vector [F]
Consider a vertically hanging bar of length𝑙, uniform cross section A, density ρ and young’s
modulus E. this bar is subjected to self weight Xb
The element nodal force vector
𝑇
𝐹 𝑒 = 𝑁 Xb
Self weight due to loading force Xb = ρAdx
x
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥
Where; 𝑁1 = ; 𝑁2 = ;
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥 xb
[N] = 𝑙 𝑙

22
 𝑙− 𝑥
𝑙
[N]T = 𝑥
𝑙
Substitute Xb and [N]T values

𝑙− 𝑥 𝑙− 𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝐹 𝑒 = 0 𝑥 ρA dx = ρA 0 𝑥 dx
𝑙 𝑙

𝑙
𝑥2 𝑙2 𝑙
𝑥− 𝑙− 𝑙−
2𝑙 2𝑙 2
= ρA 𝑥2
= ρA 𝑙2
= ρA 𝑙
2𝑙 0 2𝑙 2

𝑙
2
= ρA 𝑙
2

ww
Force vector {F} =
𝜌𝐴𝑙
2
1
1

7.
w .E DERIVATION OF SHAPE FUNCTION AN STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR ONE-
DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT: May / June 2012

asy
Consider a quadratic bar element with nodes 1,2 and 3 as shown in

En
Fig.(i), 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 are the displacement at the respective nodes. So, 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 are
considered as degree of freedom of this quadratic bar element.
gin
𝓍
eer
ing
𝜐1 1
3 𝜐3
2
.ne
𝜐2

𝑙
t
2

Fig. (i). Quadratic bar element

Since the element has got three nodal displacements, it will have three generalized
coordinates.

u = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2

Where, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 are global or generalized coordinates. Writing the equation is matrix
form,

23
 𝑎0
𝑈 = 1𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑎1
𝑎2

At node 1, u = u1 , 𝑥 = 0

At node 2, u = u2 , 𝑥 = 1
1
At node 3, u = u3 , 𝑥 = 2

Substitute the above values in equation.

u1 = 𝑎0

u2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2

𝑙 𝑙 2
u3 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
2 2

ww
Substitute the equation we get

w.E
u2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2

u3 = 𝑢1 +
asy
𝑎1 𝑙
2
+
𝑎2 𝑙2
4

u2 − u1 = 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2
En
u3 − 𝑢1 =
𝑎1 𝑙
2
+
𝑎2 𝑙2
4
gi nee
Arranging the equation in matrix form,
rin
u2 − u1
u3 − 𝑢1 =
𝑙
𝑙
2
𝑙2
𝑙2
4
a1
a2 g .ne
⇒
a1
a2 =
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙2
𝑙2
−1
u2 − u1
u3 − 𝑢1
t
2 4

𝑙2
1 −𝑙 2 u2 − u1
4
= 𝑙3 𝑙3 −𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
4
−
2 𝑙
2

𝑎11 𝑎12 −1 1 𝑎22 −𝑎12

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∵ 𝑎 𝑎22 = X −𝑎 𝑎11
21 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 21

𝑙2
a1 1 4
−𝑙 2 u2 − u1
⇒ a2 = −𝑙 3 −𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
4 𝑙
2

−4 𝑙2
⇒ 𝑎1 = 𝑙3 4
u2 − u1 −𝑙 2 u3 − 𝑢1

24
 −4 −𝑙
⇒ 𝑎2 = u2 − u1 + 𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
𝑙3 2

−4 𝑙2 𝑢2 𝑙2 𝑢1
Equation 𝑎1 = 𝑙3 4
− 4
−𝑙 2 𝑢3 + 𝑙 2 𝑢1

−4𝑙 2 𝑢 2 4𝑙 2 𝑢 1 4𝑙 2 𝑢 3 4𝑙 2 𝑢 1
= 4𝑙 3
+ 4𝑙 3
+ 𝑙3
− 𝑙3

− 𝑢2 𝑢1 4 𝑢3 4 𝑢1
= 𝑙
+ 𝑙
+ 𝑙
− 𝑙

−3 𝑢 1 𝑢2 4 𝑢3
𝑎1 = − +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

Equation

−4 −𝑙𝑢 2 𝑙
𝑎2 = − 𝑢1 + 𝑙𝑢3 − 𝑙𝑢1
𝑙3 2 2

4𝑙 𝑢 2 4𝑙 4𝑙 4𝑙
+ 2 𝑙 3 𝑢1 − 𝑢3 + 𝑢1
ww =

2𝑢 2
2 𝑙3

2 4
− 𝑙 2 𝑢1 − 𝑙 2 𝑢3 + 𝑙 2 𝑢1
𝑙3

4
𝑙3

w.E =

𝑎2 = 𝑙 2 𝑢1 +
𝑙2

2 2𝑢 2
− 𝑙 2 𝑢3
4

a
Arranging the equation in matrix form, syE
𝑙2

𝑎0 1
−3
𝑎1 = 𝑙 ngi −1
0
𝑙 𝑙
0
4 𝑢1
𝑢2
𝑎2 2
𝑙2
2
𝑙2
−4
𝑙2 nee
𝑢3

Substitution the equation

rin
𝑢 = 1 𝑥 2
−3
1
−1
0 0
4
g.n 𝑢1
𝑢2
𝑥 𝑙
2
𝑙2
𝑙
2
𝑙2
𝑙
−4
𝑙2 et
𝑢3

𝑢1
3 2 𝑥2 −𝑥 2 𝑥2 4𝑥 4 𝑥2
𝑢 = 1− 𝑥+ + − 𝑢2
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑢3
𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑢2
𝑢3

𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2 + 𝑁3 𝑢3

Where, shape function,

3𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁1 = 1 − +
𝑙 𝑙2

−𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁2 = +
𝑙 𝑙2

4𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑁3 = 𝑙
− 𝑙2

25
 STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT:

𝜐1 1 1 2 𝜐1 2 23 𝜐2
𝑙
2

Fig. A bar element with three nodes

Consider a one dimensional quadratic bar element with nodes 1,2, and 3 as shown in Fig. 2.

ww
Let 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 be the nodal displacement parameters or otherwise known as degree of
freedom.

w .E
We know that,

asy Stiffness matrix, 𝑘 = 𝑣

𝐵 𝑇
𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑣

En
In one dimensional quadratic bar element,

gin
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2 + 𝑁3 𝑢3

Where, 𝑁1 = 1 −
3𝑥
𝑙
+ 𝑙2eer
2𝑥 2

𝑁2 =
−𝑥
+
2𝑥 2
ing
4𝑥
𝑙

4𝑥 2
𝑙2

.ne
We know that,
𝑁3 = 𝑙
− 𝑙2
t
𝑑 𝑁1 𝑑 𝑁2 𝑑 𝑁3
Strain – Displacement matrix, 𝐵 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑁1 −3 4𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2

𝑑 𝑁2 −1 4𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2

𝑑 𝑁3 4 8𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2

Substitute the equation

−3 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 4 8𝑥
𝐵 = + + −
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2

26
 −3 4𝑥
+
𝑙 𝑙2
𝑇 −1 4𝑥
𝐵 = +
𝑙 𝑙2
4 8𝑥
+
𝑙 𝑙2

In one dimensional problems,

𝐷 = 𝐸 = 𝐸 = 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑇
Substitute 𝐵 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 values in stiffness matrix equation 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑙 .

−3 4𝑥
+ 2
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
−1 4𝑥 −3 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 4 8𝑥
⟹= + 2 + 2 + 2 − × E 𝑑𝑣
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙2
0
4 8𝑥
−
𝑙 𝑙2
ww
w .E −3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2

⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
asy 0
𝑙 −3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
𝑑𝑥

En −3
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
−1
𝑙
+
4𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2
4
𝑙
−
8𝑥
𝑙2

⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
gin
9
−
12𝑥
−
12𝑥
+
16𝑥 2 3
−
12𝑥
−
4𝑥
+
16𝑥 2
eer
−12
+
24𝑥
+
16𝑥
−
32𝑥 2

0
𝑙
𝑙

𝑙2
2

3
−
𝑙3
12𝑥
𝑙3
−
𝑙3
4𝑥
𝑙3
+
𝑙4
16𝑥 2
𝑙4
𝑙

𝑙2
2

1
−
𝑙3
4𝑥
𝑙3
− 𝑙3
𝑙3
4𝑥
+
𝑙4
16𝑥 2
𝑙4
𝑙2
−4
𝑙2
+ ing
𝑙3
8𝑥
𝑙3
+
𝑙3
16𝑥
𝑙3
−
𝑙4
32𝑥 2
𝑙4
𝑑𝑥
−12
𝑙2
+
24𝑥
𝑙3
+
16𝑥
𝑙3
−
32𝑥 2
𝑙4
−4
𝑙2
+
8𝑥
𝑙3
+
16𝑥
𝑙3
−
32𝑥 2
𝑙4
16
𝑙2
−
32𝑥
𝑙3
−
32𝑥
𝑙3 .ne
+
64𝑥 2
𝑙4

9𝑥 12𝑥 2 12𝑥 2 16𝑥 3

𝑙2
−
2 𝑙3
−
2 𝑙3
+
3 𝑙4
3𝑥 12𝑥 2 4𝑥 2 16𝑥 3
𝑙2
−
2 𝑙3
− 3+
2𝑙 3 𝑙4
−12 24𝑥 2 16𝑥 2 32𝑥 3
𝑙2
+
2 𝑙3
+
2 𝑙3
t−
3 𝑙4
2 2
3𝑥 12𝑥 4𝑥 16𝑥 3 𝑥 4𝑥 2
4𝑥 2
16𝑥 2 −4 8𝑥 2
16𝑥 2
32𝑥 2
= 𝐸𝐴 − − + − − + + + − 𝑑𝑥
𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4
−12 24𝑥 2 16𝑥 2 32𝑥 2 −4 8𝑥 2 16𝑥 2 32𝑥 2 16 32𝑥 2 32𝑥 64𝑥 2
+ + − + 3+ − − − 3+
𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2𝑙 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2𝑙 3 𝑙4

9 6 6 16 3 6 2 16 −12 12 8 32
− − + − − + + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙
3 6 2 16 1 2 4 16 −4 4 8 32
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴 − − + − − + + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙
−12 12 8 32 −4 4 8 32 16 16 16 64
+ + − + + − − − +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙

27
 7 1 −8
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙
1 7 −8
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙
−8 −8 16
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙

𝐸𝐴 7 1 −8
⟹ 𝑘 = 1 7 −8
3𝑙
−8 −8 16
LOAD VECTOR FOR ONE DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT:

`We know that, general force vector is,

𝑙 𝑇
𝐹 = 0
𝑁 Xb

3𝑥 2𝑥 2

ww Where, 𝑁 𝑇
𝑁1
= 𝑁2 =
1− 𝑙
−𝑥
+

+
𝑙2
2𝑥 2

w .E 𝑁3
𝑙
4𝑥
𝑙
−
𝑙2
4𝑥 2
𝑙2

asy Due to self weight, Xb = ρ A 𝑑𝑥

En
Substitute the equation,

1− gin
3𝑥
+
2𝑥 2
𝑙2

𝐹 = 0
𝑙
𝑙
−𝑥
𝑙
+
2𝑥 2
𝑙2 eer ρ A 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
𝑙
−
4𝑥 2
𝑙2 ing
𝑥−
3𝑥 2
+
2𝑥 3
1
.ne
𝐹 =ρA
2𝑙
−𝑥 2
2𝑙
4𝑥 2
+
3 𝑙2
2𝑥 3
3 𝑙2
4𝑥 3
t
−
2𝑙 3 𝑙2 0

3𝑙 2 2𝑙 3
1− +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
−𝑙 2 2 𝑙3
= ρA +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
4 𝑙2 4𝑙 3
−
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
3𝑙 2𝑙
𝑙− +
2 3
−𝑙 2𝑙
=ρA +
2 3
4𝑙 4𝑙
−
2 3

28
 0.166 𝑙
=ρA 0.166 𝑙
0.166 𝑙
0.166
= ρ A 𝑙 0.166
0.166
1
6
1
𝐹 =ρA𝑙
6
2
3
1
𝐹1 6
1
𝐹2 = ρ A 𝑙
ww 𝐹3 6
2

w .E 3

asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

29