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ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION AND CONTROL

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Introduction

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2
Air Pollution
4
Air Pollution Control

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41
Noise Pollution
57
Water Pollution AU 74
Global Environmental Issues
91
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Administrative Control on Environment 101
Environmental Laws 104
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INTRODUCTION
Multiple Choice Type
Questions
1.
Basic concept of an ecological
system is most appropriate
when it is
a) inter-relationship
b) relationship between organization WBUT
between human & industry and the environment 2011
c) relationship between

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d) relationship human & nature
between human & air
Answer: (c)

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2. Pollution is
a
a) event or fact
c) beneficial material b) harmful material [WBUT 2011]

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Answer: (a) d) none of these
3.,4ccording to the WHO's
reports of 1992, the
a)Delhi
c) N w York
AU most polluted city in
b) Bangkok
the worlid, is
WBUT 2012]
Answer:1) d) Tokyo
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4. De-nitrifiction occurs
a) aerobic condition
in 9
c) anoxic condition b) anaerobic condition WBUT 2015]
Answer: (6) d) none of the
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above
5. The permissible
ShM standard in industrial
a) 100 g/m areas in India is WBUT 2017]
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b) 200 g/m
c)500 4g/m
Answer: (a) d) 1000 u glm*
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Long Answer Type Questions

1. Write short note on the impact
af mining on the
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surrounding environment.
Answer
WBUT 20171
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The environmental
impact of miningg includes
of biodiversity, and contamination erosion, formation
foration sinkholes, loss
groundwater and surface of
loss
from mining of soil,
processes. Besides water by chemicals
resulting from leakage creating environmental
of chemicals also affects the damage, the contaminatu0
companics in some health of the local population. Mimng
countries are required
odes, ensuring the area to follow environmental and rehabilitation
mined is returned close
to its original state. Some
min
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AN
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND
ONTROL

methods may have significant environmental

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and public health effects. Nuss and
Fckelman (2014) provide an overview of the life-cycle wide environmental impacts
of
metals production associated with 62 metals in year 2008.
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Erosion of expused hillsides, mine dumps, tailings dams and resultant siltation of
drainages, creeks and rivers can significantly impact the surrounding areas, a prime
example being the giant Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea. In wilderness areas mining
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may cause destruction and disturbance of eco systems and habitats, and in areas of
farming it may disturb or destroy productive grazing and croplands. In urbanised
environments mining may produce noise pollution, dust pollution and visual pollution.
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AIR POLLUTION
Multiple Choice Type Questions

1. The primary air pollutant formod due to tlhe incomplote combustion of oraani
mattor is [WBUT 2007 ic
a) mothane b) sulphur dioxide
c) ozone d) carbon monoxide

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Answer: (d)

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2. The poisonous gas, responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragody in India is
[WBUT 2007, 2008, 2010]
a) sulphur dioxide b) methyl isocyanide
c) carbon monoxide d) laughing gas

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Answer: (b)

3. The adiabatic lapse rate (in °C/km) varies between [WBUT 2007]
a) 2.006.00
c) 9.8012.00
Answer: (b)
AU b) 6.00- 9.80
d) 12.00- 15.00
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4. Looping plume occurs in [WBUT 2008, 2015]
a) superadiabatic environment b) sub-adiabatic environment
c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these
Answer: (a)
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5. SO2 and NOx are [WBUT 2009]

a) primary pollutants b) secondary pollutants
c) none of these
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Answer: (a)
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6.Which one of the following plume behaviours occur when atmospheric inversion
begins from the ground level and continues? WBUT 2009]
a) Looping b) Fumigation
c) Coning d) Fanning
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Answer: (d)
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7. Which one of the following pollutants or pair of pollutants is formed due to

photo-chemical reactions? WBUT 2009]
a) CO alone b) Og and PAN
c) PAN and NH3 d) NH, and Co
Answer: (C)

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ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTON
AND CONIROL

oh list
sMatch (air pollutant) with list i (harmful offocts)
I
ancd soloct tho corroct
answer using the given below the list: [WBUT 2009)
List List Il
a) SPM 1. Blood haemoglobin
b) NO 2. Vegation
c) CO 3. Respiratory system
d) SO: 4. Building material.
Codes:

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B
A
C d
A)3

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B)1 2
2 1 4
C 4 3
D)1 |2
AnsWer: (a)

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The permissible SPM standard in industrial
areas in India is WBUT 2010]
9.
b) 200 ug/m*
a) 100 ug/m
c) 500 cug/m
Answer: (c)
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d) 1000 ug/m*

WBUT 2010, 2015)

temperature gradient of ambient air is called
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10. The
a) Adiabatic lapse rate b) Super adiabatic lapse rate
c) Environmental lapse rate
d) Dry adiabatic lapse rate
Answer: (c)
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ambient air quality standard for NO2 is about 100 pg/m°, which in
11. The specified WBUT 20101
Ppm is approximately c) 0.1 d) 0.5
a) 0.01 b) 0.05
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Answer: (6)
pollutants tend to [WBUT 2012]
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in atmosphere air
12. During temperature inversion b) accumulate beloW inversion
layer
inversion layer
a) accumulate above d) disperse vertically
c) disperse laterally
Answer: (c)
WBUT 2012]
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13. Air pollution may be caused

by
b) natural disastrous events
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a) human activities d) none of these

C) both (a) and (b)
Answer: (c) includes
Matter (RSPM) concentration
Suspended. Paticulate WBUT 2012]
4. The Respiratory mass of size up to
particles in an air b) 25 micron
a) 10 micron d) none of these
c) 50 micron
Answer: (a)
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15.Carbon monoxide is hazardous to health, because NBUT

a) it causes loss of sense of smell 201
b) it is carcinogenic in nature
c) it reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood
d) it may cause conjunctivitis
Answer: (c)

16. The air pollutant which causes severe damage to plants, even at much

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concentrations than what may be harmful to human health, is lower
WBUT
a) Fluorine b) Ozone 2013

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c) PAN d) None of these
Answer: (c)

17. Among the following the secondary

pollutant is

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a) Sulphuric acid WBUT 2015
b) Hydrocarbons
c) Ozone
d) None of them
Answer: (a)

18. Which of the following

a) CHC0ONO
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chemical formulae of PAN is
b) CH,COSO,
correct? WBUT 201M5]
c) CH,CO0,NO2
d) CH,C0ONO2
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Answer: (d)

19. Which are thought

to be the most severe indoor air pollution
developed and developing threats in
nations,
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a) indoor cooking fires; respectively?

radon WBUT 2015]
b) Pesticides; cigarette
c) Cigarette smoke;
smoke
indoor cooking fires
d) Industrial smog;
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carbon monoxide
Answer: (a)
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20. Specified standard

for SO2 under US Ambient
This is approximately Air Quality standard is 80 ygl/m.
a) 0.03 ppm equivalent to
b) 0.05 ppm WBUT 2016]
Answer: (c) c) 0.08 ppm
d) 8.0 ppm
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21. Gaussian Equation

is applicable for the
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transport of particulates having

size
a)20 b) 20 c) >100 u
WBUT 2017)
Answer: (b) d) none of these

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Short Answer Type Questions

in brief in relation to
Sketch the following plume phenomena and discuss each
1.
dry-adiabatic iapoe rde ) Looping, (i) Fanning. (ii) Trapping. (iv) Neutral2008] and
dry- [WBUT
( Lofting
Answer
i) Looping
Pume environment (here,
LOoping plume nas a wavy character and occurs in super adiabatic
rapid mixing.
ELR)ALR) which produces highly umstable atmosphere, because of

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as a
During the high degree of turbulence, the
dispersion of plume would be rapid and
it is
take place. To avoid this,

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result high concentrations near the ground may
SUggested to design high stack where atmosphere is generally
super adiabatic.

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ALR

ELR

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Fig: Looping plumne

i) Funning Plume condition (due to negative

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available under the extreme inversion
The fanning plume is
to stable environmental condition just above
condition leads
lapse rate). This inversion emitted from the stack does not move in
upward
smoke
the stack. As a result, the
direction but moves horizontally.
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Inversion layer
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ELR
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ALR

Fig: Fanning plume

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wellas below the source,

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ii) Trupping Plume layer exist above the emission source, as Here, the plume will
When the inversion as trapping plume.
emitted from the stack is known confined or trapped between these
then the plume and would remain
go up nor will go down as a bad condition for dispersion,
neither considered
layers. This plume is also
Two inversion height.
can not go above a certain
as the dispersion

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Inversion above

Inversion below
ELRALR

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Fig: Trapping plume

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iv) Neutral Plume
Neutral plume is available in the neutral atmospheric condition (1.e., ELR ALR)
=

This type of plume rises vertically in upward direction. This upward lifting of the plume
will continue till it reaches at the height where density and temperature of sSurrounding air

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equal to it.

ALR
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ELR

Fig: Neutral plume

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v) Lofting Plune
This type of plume is available when there is a strong super adiabatic lapse rate just
above the stack and negative lapse rate (inversion) just below the opening of stack.
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Such a plume has minimum downward mixing, as its downward motion is prevented by
inversion, but the upward mixing will be quite turbulent and rapid.
The dispersion of
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pollutant will therefore, be rapid, and no pollutants will touch the

ground. Hence, this
would be the most ideal case for dispersion of air pollutants.
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Inversion layer

Fig: Lofting plume

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do you mean by (a) Primary Pollutants, (b) Secondary Pollutants? Give

2. What
examples. WBUT 2008]
OR,
Differentiate between the primary and secondary air pollutants and enumerate the
uarious such pollutants or both the categories.
various su Explain each in detail.
[WBUT 2012]
Answer:
Primary air pollutant

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Primary air pollutants are those emitted directly from the identified sources
e.d, Oxides of Sulphur, Oxides of nitrogen, Carbon mono oxide etc.

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Secondary air pollutants
Secondary air pollutants are those which are produced in the air by the interaction among
two or more primary pollutants or by reaction with normal
atmospheric constituentsS.

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e.g., Ozone, Formaldehyde, PAN, photochemical smog etc.

in relation too
Sketch the following plume phenomena and discuss each sketch WBUT 2009]
3.
dry adiabatic lapse rate:
a) looping
c) trapping
b) fanning
d) lofting
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e) fumigating.
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Answer:
a) to d) Refer to Question No. 1 of Short Answer Type Questions.

e)Fumigating Plume When inversion layer occurs at a

lofting plume.
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This type of plume is just opposite to

and super adiabatic conditions
prevail below
short distance above the top of the stack
to be fumigating. In such a case, the pollutants can not
the stack, then the plum is said
stack because of inversion layer and will be brought down
escape above the top of
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the
to turbulence in the region above the ground and below
near the ground due case of atmospheric conditions for dispersion.
inversion. This represents quite a bad
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Inversion

ALR
e

ELR
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Fig: Fumigating plume

lapse rate and the wet adiabatic lapse rate? Explain

4. What are the dry adiabatic WBUT 2009, 2010, 2013]
why they differ.

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Answer
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR): temperature is more than the dew pois
When the artificially heated air is dry and the
temperature (the temperature at which dew is formed), the
adiabatic lapse rate is called
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR). The Dry Adiabatic Lapse
Rate (DALR) is constant
at-10°C/l km.

Saturated adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR):

and temperature is less than the

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When the artificially heated air is saturated by moisture
dew point temperature, the adiabatic lapse rate is called Saturated
Adiabatic Lapse Rate

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or wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR). The average SALR is -5.4C/km.
and so actual
The artificially heated air normally neither fully dry nor fully saturated
ALR is in between DALR and SALR i.e., in between -10°C/km and
-5.4°C/km.

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ALR DALR
2000

1500

1000
*
ELR
AU SALR

Condensation level
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or
500 dew point
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10 15 20 Temp.
Temp./°C

Fig: (a) Fig: (b)

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Fig: (a) Graphical representation of ELR & ALR

(b) Graphical representation of DALR & SALR
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5. Distinguish between: WBUT 2009, 2010]

a) primary. and secondary air pollutants
b) stationary and mobile sources of air pollutants.
Answer:
e

a) Refer to Question No. 2 of Short Answer Type Questions.

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Air pollutants may be classified, on the basis of their source, into the following groups
Total Sources

Pollutants from Pollutants from

Stationary Sources Mobile Sources

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Pollutants from Pollutants from

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Point Source Area Source
> Industries Residential
Power plants Industrial
&

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Fuel combustion
Commercial
Solid waste disposal
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Line sources
Highway
AU Area sources
Motor
Vehicles
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vehicles
Railways Rail yard
Port
Airport
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Miscellaneous

and discuss each sketch in relation to

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6. Sketch the following plume phenomena

dry adiabatic lapse rate:
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a) Looping
b) Fanning
c) Trapping
d) Lofting
umigating WBUT 2010]
e

) Coning
Answer:
Short Answer 1ype Questions.
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a) to e) Refer to Question No. 3 of

velocity is
) Coning Plume:
form cone like structure, when the horizontal wind
The neutral plume tends to radiation by day and
when cloud cover blocks the solar
greater than 32 km/hr and
Terrestrial radiation by nignt.

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ALR

ELR

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Fig: Coning plume

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WBUT 2011
7. Differentiate between the following:
a) Particulates and aerosols
b) Super-adiabatic and sub-adiabatic.
Answer

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a) Particulates and aerosols:
in
Particulate matter: There are different kinds of particulate matters present air.
They are collectively known as Suspended Particular Matter (SPM). Among
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them, the particulate matters which respirable are known as Respirable Particulate
Matter (RPM) and remaining part is known as Residual dust (RD).
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Aerosols: An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or
another gas. Aerosols can be natural or not. Examples of natural aerosols are fog.
forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of artificial aerosols are haze, dust,
particulate air pollutants and smoke. The liquid or solid particles have diameter
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mostly smaller than um or so; larger particles with a significant settling speed make
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the mixture a suspension, but the distinction is not clear-cut. In general conversation,
aerosol usually refers to an aerosol spray that delivers a consumer product from a can
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or similar container. Otlher technological applications of aerosols include dispersal of

pesticides, medical treatment of respiratory illnesses, and combustion technology
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Diseases can also spread by means of small droplets in the breath, also called
aerosols.

b) Super-adiabatic and sub-adiabatic:

Atmosphere is unstable when Environmental Lapse rate (ELR) is
greater than Adiabatie
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Lapse rate (ALR). ELR is then is called as Super adiabatic lapse rate.
Atmosphere is stable when Environmental Lapse rate (ELR) is
lesser than Adiabatic
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Lapse rate (ALR). ELR is then is called as Sub adiabatic

lapse rate.
8. Describe the phenomena of the following:
a) Coning WBUT 2011]
b) Looping.
Answer:
Refer to Question No. 6 () & (a) of Short Answer Type Questions.

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nlain the relation between ambient
at 2100 m. and adiabatic lapse rates and
the temperature determine
dotermination of temperalure WBUT 20111
der al 2100 m is not possible due to lack of
data]
Answer:
Ambient lapse rates
1 the atmosphere, the temperature
In of the ambient (surrounding) air changes with
increase in altitude (height). This is called an
Rate (ELR). This rate will differ from
ambient lapse rate of Environmental Lapse
place to place and from time to time even at same
pnlace. Generally this is about 6.5 C per 1000m. This rate does vary and depends on

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local air condition.

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Adiabatic lapse rate
This is a theoretical rate and can be calculated. Under the prevailing environmental
conditions, when a parcel of air (e.g.. automobile exhaust, smoke from factories etc.),

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which 1s hotter ana lighter than the surrounding air is released, then naturally it tends to
move in upward direction. It will move, until it reaches to a level or height where its own
temperature and density become equal to that of the air surrounding it. Hence, when a
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pocket of artificially heated air (i.e., automobile exhaust or gas coming from factories) is
emitted into the atmosphere, it rises up, expands, become lighter and gets cooled. This
change of temperature with height. (i.e., lapse rate) may be considerably diferent from
the Environmental Lapse Rate and can be calculated using the law of conservation of
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energy and gas law. As we consider that the whole process is taking place under the
adiabatic condition, the Lapse rate is known as 'Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR)'.
Air Quality
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10. Enumerates various air pollutants for which National Ambient

various non point sources
Standards have been given in india. Explain the [WBUT 2012]
contributing to air pollution.
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Answer:
1s"
Part: Limits in ug/NM'
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SI. No. Category CO

| SPM_| SO, | NO,
500 120 120 5000
Industrial area 80 80 2000
2. Residential area 200 1000
30
Sensitive area 100 30
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2nd
Part:
of Short Answer Type Questions.
Refer to Question No. 5(b)
height of a chimney and how is it computed?
effective WBUT 2012]
11. What is meant by the
What is its use? which
height (h) plus the height (Ah ) to
Answer:
height (H) consists of actual
The effective stack
the stack. i.e., H=h +Ah
the plume rises above
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where, h = actual height of stack, Ah = plume height

cmited smoke

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Stack (chimney)

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Fig: Stack with plume

The plume height or plume rise (Ah) can be calculated with the help of following
equation-

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Ah= 1.5+2.68x 10 P.D.

Where, Ah = AU
rise of plume above the stack
V, stack gas velocity i.e., emission
velocity from the stack.
D= inside exit diameter ofstack
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u atmospheric wind speed.
P = atmospheric pressure.
T,= stack gas temperature.
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T atmospheric air temperature.

12. Write brief note on Kyoto
protocol.
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Answer: WBUT 2012]

The Kyoto Protocol is an
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international agreement proposed

Kyoto, Japan. In a nutshell the on December 11, 1997 in
agreement requires the United
and Japan to reduce greenhouse gas States, the European Union
emissions (below 1990 levels)
respectively, by the year 2010. by 7%%, 8% and 67,
industrialized countries, which The burden of initial emission reduction rests on
have built high standards the
n tne
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use, and which have produced of living based on fossil fuel

most of the greenhouse
atmosphere. Eventually, developing gases residing in the Earths
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too. countries will have to reduce their

carbon emission
13. Write short note on
Radiation inversion.
Answer: WBUT 2013]
Refer to Question No. 3(4"
Part) of Long Answer Type Questions.

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A4. Write a short note on automobile

pollution mentioning the chief pollutants in
auto-exhaust and the methods of control. [WBUT 2013]
OR,
Discuss briefly the problems of automobile pollution giving salient points e.g.,
emission of pollutants and their contents, controlling equipment for engine,
preventive administrative measures etc. WBUT 2016]
Answer:

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Automobiles are a necessary evil, while they have made living easy and convenient, they
have also made human life more complicated and vulnerable to both toxic emissions and

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an increased risk of accidents. Urban people are most affected and amongst the worst
sufferers are traffic policemen who are particularly close to the fumes of automobile
exhaust. Studies made in Jaipur, India, indicate that there is high rate of occurrence of
respiratory, digestive, ocular and skin problems amongst the traffic policemen and a

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significant number of them become victims of lung disorders in the very first few months
of their posting to a traffic department. Traffic policemen everywhere should wear

automobile pollution. AU
pollution masks for their own safety and to arouse public awareness of the risk of

Automobiles include cars, trucks, motorcycles and boats (anything that burns gas). They
nitrogen
leave oil, antifreeze, grease and metals on streets and driveways. They also emit
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and other contaminants, which settle in water.

Sources oÍ Automobile Pollutants:

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i. Hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons are toxins and are a major

A class of burned or partially burned fuel,
problem in urban areas.
contributor to smog, which can be a major
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ii. Carbon monoxide (CO): carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to
product of incomplet comustion,
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carry oxygen.

ii. Nitrogen oxides (NOx): air reacts with oxygen at the high
temperature and
Generated when nitrogen in the
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pressure inside the engine.

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iv. Particulate matter:particles in the micrometre size

range
S0ot or smoke made up of
fuel
v. Sulfur oxide (SOx): which are emitted from motor vehicles burning
A general term for
Oxides of sulphur,
concentration of sulphur.
containing a high

COntrol ofAutonobile
Pollution:
improved with improved engine design.
L. Engine efficiency has
been steadily

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systems is secondary air ini..

ii. Oneof the first-developed exhaust emission control njection
to
Originally, this system was used to injcct air into the engine's
cxhaust pots
oxygen so unburned and partially-burned hydrocarbons
iin the exhaust would finish
burning.
Air injection is now used to support the catalylic converlers oxidalion reaction, an. to
reduce emissions when an engine is started from cold. Alter a cold start, an engine ned

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a fuel-air mixture richer than what it needs at operating temperature, and the catalytie
converter does not function efficiently until it has reached its own operaling temperature

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The air injected upstream of the converter supports combustion in the cxhaust head pipe
which speeds catalyst warm up and reduces the amount of unburned hycdrocarbon emitted
from the tailpipe.
ii. Converter does not füunction efficiently until it has reached its own operating

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temperature. The air injected upstream of the converter supports combustion in the
exhaust head pipe, which speeds catalyst warm up and reduces the amount of unburned
hydrocarbon emitted from the tailpipe.
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iv. The catalytic converter is a device placed in the exhaust pipe, which convents
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and NO, into less harmful gases by using a combination
of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts.
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v. Evaporative emissions control-Emissions are the result of gasoline vapours escaping
from the vehicle's fuel system. In a typical system, vapours from the fuel tank and
carburetor bowl vent (on carbureted vehicles) are ducted to canisters containing activated
carbon. The vapours are adsorbed within the canister, and during certain engine
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operational modes fresh air is drawn through the canister, pulling

the vapour into the
engine, where it is burned.
vii. Reduce use, and car pool.
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vii. Monitor and repair any leaks.

ix. Always take used oil, batteries and other
fluids to a repair shop for proper disposal.
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x. Never allow oil or other toxins to

runoff into the ground, street gutters or storm drains.
xi. Take your car to a commercial car
wash or use detergents that don't contan
phosphorus to wash your car and direct the flow
of runoff to grass clippings or gravel
instead of the street.
xii. When purchasing a new automobile
look for cars with high fuel efficiency ratings.
e

15. Define stable, unstable

and neutral conditions in the atmosphere.
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atmospheric condition would pollutants disperse quickly in Under whicn

the atmosphere?
[WBUT 2013]
Answer:
Atmospheric stability is defined as that
condition in the atmosphere in which vertica
motions are absent or definitely restricted;
and, conversely, instability is defined as tne
state where in vertical movement is
prevalent.
The determination of atmospheric
stability is possible with the help
change of temperature with respect of data regarding
to the height or altitude. The
height is known as "lapse rate graph of temperature v
ELR lines on the graph sheet,
graplh'. Depending upon the relative position of ALR na
the stability of the atmosphere can
be determined.
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of these relative positions of both
he basis
On the
Environmental
Environmental Lapse Rate the lines of Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALRR)
and
nd (ELR), there are
three different atmospheric conditions
areavailable.
Unstable atmospheric condition
Stable atmospheric condition
ii) Neutral condition.

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linstable Afmosplheric Condition

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The atmosphere is said to be
unstable when ELR (say 15°C/km.) is more than ALR (say
s°C/km.). In such case, 1T a pocket of artitficially heated air introduce
will move in the upward direction to the atmosphere, it
and always be warmer than the surrounding air. This is
sO because
as we go up, the environment is getting cooler more quickly

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than the rising
heated air (as ELR) ALR). As a result, the upward movement of warmer
and lighter air
will continue. This Is called vertical mixing of air. In such circumstances, the dispersion

AU
of pollutants will be rapid. This is called absolute instability. in atmosphere. In this
particular casE,Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is greater than Adiabatic Lapse
Rate (ALR) and so it (ELR) is called as Super-adiabatic Lapse Rate.
AK
ALR

ELR
M

Height
E

Temp
AR

unstable condition
Fig. The above graph showing that ELR) ALR i.e.,

Stable Atmospheric Condition

atmospheric condition is called as stable. In this
When ELR is less than ALR, then the
of the artificially heated air will greater than that of
e

particular case, the rate of cooling fal

result, instead of moving in the upward direction, it will start to
Surrounding air. As a dispersion of
is restricted here. In such case,
W

tO the ground. The vertical mixing of air

pollutants is very slow. Rate (ALR)
Lapse Rate (ELR) is less than Adiabatic Lapse
n this case, as Environmental
Lapse Rate.
and so it (ELR) is called as Sub-adiabatic

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ELR

ALR
Height

S
Temp

AN
Fig. The above graph showing that ELR (ALR
i.c., stable condition

Neutral A1mospheric Condition

TI
When ELR is equal to ALR, the atmospheric condition is considered as neutral

16. a) Explain "CO is a criteria air pollutant but CO% is not". WBUT 2015, 2016)
Answer: AU
CO has immediate toxic effects on living organism. It forms the Carbo oxy haemoglobin
which reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. It may leads to fatal when
AK
concentration becomes high.
On the other hand CO2 is not toxic but is the main contributor of the greenhouse effect.
So, CO is a eriteria air pollutant but C0, is not.
M

b ifthe average formula of hydrocarbon used in vehicles is CH18, what wil be the
stoichiometric air fuel ratio? Assume complete oxidation of hydrocarbon.
WBUT 2015, 2016]
E

Answer:
The general reaction takes place during the burning of fuel
AR

CH+20O CO, +2H,0

If we look up the atomic weights of the atoms, we get
C12.01
016
e

H1.008
So, molecule of CH1 has molecular weight
I
W

of
1x 12.01 + I.08x 1.008 =13.09
One oxygen molecule weights: 2x16 32
. The Oxygen-fuel mass ratio=- 2x32
m4.88
Ix13.09
So, we need 4.88 kg
of oxygen for every 1
kg of fuel. Since, 23.2 mass-percent air
actually oxygen, we need,
4.88x100
23.2
-21.07 kg of air for every 1
kg of fuel. (Ans.)

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ENVIRONMENTALrULlUi

, Calculate the temperature of a planet having 1.5 times the diameter of planet
th, Assume the planet to be isothermal and 80% of the incoming solar radiation
C=1372 W/m) is absorbed by it. Only long-wavelength energy is radiated.
(S [WBUT 2015]
Answer:
The temperature of
the planet would be

TS-0.27

S
T
4.6

AN
1372x0.8
392010 4

4x5.67x 10* 81

TI
=48.39x 10* =263.74 K (Ans.)

18. a) State about lapse

b) Calculate the change
from sea level to a height of
arte.
in temperature
1 km.
AU
if a parcel of dry air moved adiabatically
[WBUT 2016]

Answer:
AK
Type Questions.
a) Refer to Question No. 3(1" Part) of Long Answer
heated air is introduced to the
b) Let us consider that a certain amount of artificiallythe surrounding air and so moves
than
atmosphere. This artificially heated air warmer
is
M

it will experience less pressure (as

height
in upward direction. During this movement
it to expand, i.e., increase of volume
(as Pc
increases pressure decreases), causing
E

where
whole process is taking place under the adiabatic system
If we consider that the surrounding is not possible, then the internal
AR

system and
exchange of heat in between utilized for the expansion of volume. As
a
heated air will be
energy of the artificially with height or altitude and so
it is lapse
temperature decreases
result it gets cooled. Here under the adiabatic condition, it is called the
taking place
rate. As the whole process is
Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR). thermodynamics, we can write
e

Now, according to the first law of

W

dQ = dE +dW
of heat, dE
=
change of internal energy,
Where, dQ= change
dW = work done.
(1)
or, dQ=C,dT+ PdV C,dT & dW = PdV
constant volume and dE =
Where, C, = specific heat at
gas laws)
Again, PV = nRT (according to
or, d(PV) = d(nRT)
=
or. PdV +VdP nRdT (2)
-
or, PdV nRdT VdP
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and get
We can put the value of PdV in the equation (1)
dQ= C,dT+ nRdT-VdP
or, dQ=(C, +nR)dT- VdP
or, dQ=C,dT- VdP ...(3)
nR and C, = specific heat at constant
pressure.
Where, C,-C, =

S
i.e., dQ=0.
Under the adiabatic condition, exchange of heat
0=C,dT -VdP

AN
or, C,dT = VdP
V .. (4)

TI
dP C,
The above equation is indicating how temperature of atmosphere is changing with respen
to the pressure of the atmosphere. Now we will establish the relationship
between

pressure and altitude. AU

Pressure on
top
AK
dZ
M

Pressure at
bottom
Z
E

Fig: Static column of air

AR

Consider a static column of air with cross sectional area A. A horizontal slice of air in
that column having thickness dZ and density p, will have mass = p.Adz and placeda
the height Z from the base.
On the top of the slice pressure is P(ZtuZ) and at the bottom, it is P(Z). The difference
e

these two pressures (dP) is for the slice of air. Therefore,

W

dP=p(ZtlZ)- P (5) then

f the pressure on the top of the slice due to the weight of air above it is P(Z+dZ), then
the pressure at the bottom of the slice P(Z), will be P(Z+dZ) plus the added weignt
unit area of the slice itself; i.e.,

P(Z)= P(Z + dZ) + 8P.A.dz . (6)

A
(Where, g gravitational constant & weight = mass x
g)
Put the value of P (Z) in equation no. (5) and
we will get,
dP= P(Z + dZ) - P(Z + dZ) - 8:P.4.4z
A
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dP=-gp.dz
ddZ 8P (7)
dl dT dP
dP dZ
.p [From equation no. (4) & (7)]

S
--Vpc .. (8)

AN
As, we know y-M
P

TI
=
V.p M
Here, M= mass
If unit mass present in the gas slice, then V.p = M

Therefore,
AU (9)
= 1

9.8m/sec--9.8 m.Kg. 2C
AK
1005.JIKg C 1005 J.sec
C.sec
-0.00976 m.Kg. 1J=lKg.m /sec?
Kg.m.sec
M

=-0.00976°C/m =-9.76°C/1000m
dT
CIkm.
E

dZ
AR

Long Answer Type Questions

concentration of pollutants in ambient
1. Discuss various models for finding the [WBUT 2007]
air.
OR
from the Gaussian Dispersion Equation
e

Derive the expressions for concentrations

for the following situations
W

level
Receptor at groundbeneath the plume centre line and at ground level level
) At a point directly the plume centre llne at ground level from a ground2016]
in) At a point just beneath WBUT
release.
Answer: IS released into the atmosphere
from a
containing air pollutants,
Once a pocket of smoke, It gets dispersed into the
atmosphere
automobile or a 1actory chimney,
Source like an winds and temperature and
directions, depending upon the prevailing
towards various environment.
pressure conditions in the
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Mathematical approaches have been applied to the problem of dispersion of polluta. tants
into the atmosphere, although of course the process of dispersion 1S quite complicated
and depends upon several meteorological factors. Moreover, the dispersion is general.
three dimensional, which makes the mathematical solution a little
more difficult
Several empirical equation have been developed by several investigator. These equationo 1ons
do estimate the concentration of pollutants in the plume at any distance x, y and z. in
horizontal down wind direction, horizontal crosswind direction and vertical direction

S
respectively.
All such equations are based on Fick's law of turbulent diffiusion. Assuming ks, k, and k,

AN
as eddy diffusivity coefficients in three directions and applying continuity principle, one
gets:
öclot =6(k,.öc/a,)/3, +8{k,.öe/a,)/6, +8(k,.Oefd,)/8, +.

TI
where, Qyz represents the source or sink, expressed in appropriate terms.
While this equation will be comprehensive and general, it would not be amenable to
direct integration, can only be solved on a computer. Moreover k, k, and k, will also vary

AU
with location and time both, which will make the solution more difficult and complex.
On the basis of above fundamental law, and based on the knowledge of the shape of the
concentration distribution, for continuous single emission source, a simple statistical
equation has been developed by Gaussian to compute turbulent transport of pollutants.
AK
The equation, known as Gaussian Distribution is given as:
CxyQ/T U o, o,. (e)*(H2/ az2 + y2/ oy2 )

where,
M

C= conc of the pollutants in gm/m

Q=The pollution emission rate in gm/ sec
U= mean wind velocity in m/sec
x and y= down wind and crosswind horizontal
E

distances, respectively in m.
oy and o,= Plume's Std
.deviation in cross wind and vertical
m direction respectively,
AR

H Effective height of Stack.

When concentration is required
only along x direction, i.e. in
direction along the centre line the down wind horizontal
of plume, then naturallyy=0. The equation becomes
COQ/TUo, o,. (e) * oz2)
e

When the smokes are emitted at

ground level, then the effective
above equation gets further simplified stack height (HJF0, tnE
W

as
CsoQ/nU o, o,
Values of oy and o, are not
only a function of downwind
of atmospheric stability. distance (x) but also a function
The generalized environmental
Surface wind|Day stability categories are
detailed in Table.
speed
m/sec
A
.
in Inconming solar
Strong

|A-B
radiation
Moderate
A-B
Weak
|B
Night
Mostly
overcast
Mostly
clear

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4 B-C D
C-D D D
6 D D D
Category
A-extremely unstable
C- slightly unstable B- moderately unstable
D- Neutral
E-slightly stable
F- moderately stable

S
The maximum ground level concentration occurs
where o, = 0.707 H, provided o,/ G,
constant with down wind distance x. iS

AN
2. Explain the relationship between air pollution
and meteorological parameters.
[WBUT 2007]
Answer:

TI
he degree to which air pollutants discharged from various sources concentrated in a
particular area depends largely on meteorological conditions. The applications
of
dispersion theory and knowledge of local weather conditions are necessary to determine
AU
the required stack height for an emission, and to evaluate the intensity of air pollution.
Even though the total discharge of contaminants into the atmosphere in a given area
remains constant from day to day: the degree of air pollution may vary widely because of
AK
differencesin meteorological condition. In a specified place the emission of pollutants
may be the same but it is the weather that can trigger an air pollution episode.
The important meteorological parameters that influences air pollution can be classified
into primary and secondary parameters.
M

Primary parameters are:

i) Wind direction and speed
ii)Atmospheric stability
E

ii) Mixing height

AR

s55ies1a3
Secondary parameters are:
i) Precipitation
ii) Humidity
ii) Solar radiation
e

iv) Visibility
topography.
The parameters vary widely as a function of latitude, season and may
W

in turn, affect the

Just as weather affects the severity of air pollution, Air pollution
in several ways. Visibility
weather conditions. Air pollution may intluence the weather
may be reduced, fog frequency and duration may be
increased and incoming solar
spectrum.
radiation may be reduced, partiCularly the ultra violet end of
WBUT 2007, 2016]
3. What is "Lapse rate'"? In
concept of "Environmental Lapse Rate" and "Adiabatic Lapse Rate".
Explain the is
describe difforent plume patterns with proper diagram. What
this respect [WBUT 2007
thermal inversion?

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AUTION ÄND CONTROL

AN
Answer: Looping Pnne
1 Part:
The change of temperature of air with respect to height or altitude is called Lapse rate. ALR
i) Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR)
i) Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR)

TI
2d Part:
Fig: Looping plumee
Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR)
In the atmosphere, the temperature of the ambient (surrounding) air changes with an
increase in altitude (hecight). This is called ambient lapse rate of Environmental Lapse NeutralPlume
Rate (ELR). This rate will differ from place to place and from time to time even at same
place. Generally this is about 6.5°C per 1000m. This rate does vary and depends on
local air condition. There are several influencing factors-
i) Height
ii) Season: Environmental laps rate is lower in winter or during a rainy season.
ii) Surface: Environmental lapse rate is lower over land than sea.
iv) Air mass: Different properties of air masses mean different lapse rate.
AU ELR
ALR

Fig: Neutral plume

AK
Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR)
This is a theoretical rate and can be calculated. Under the prevailing environmental Coning Plume
conditions, when a parcel of air (e.g., automobile exhaust, smoke from factories etc.),
which is hotter and lighter than the surrounding air is released, then naturally it tends to
move in upward direction. It will move, until it reaches to a level or height where its own
temperature and density become equal to that of the air surrounding it. Hence, when a
ALR
pocket of artificially heated air (i.c., automobile exhaust or gas coming from factories) is
M

emitted into the atmosphere, it rises up, expands, become lighter and gets cooled. ELR

3rd Part:
Fig: Coning plume
Different plume pattern:
The ditfusion or dispersion of pollutants into the atmosphere is governed by the
Fanning Plume
Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) as well as Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR). By
E

comparing these two laps rates, it is possible to prediet about the dispersion of emitted Inversion layer
gases from the source. These are then known as plume and their soure of origin as
stack.
AR

ELR
On the basis of Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) and Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR), there
are different types of plume behaviour available - ALR

Fig: Fanning plume

e

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Lofting Plume

Ileight

TI
*** Normal
Inversion layer Lapse rate Negative
Lapse rate

Temp
Fig: Lofting plume
Fig: The above graph showing the negative Lapse rale
Fumigating Plume

ALR
Inversion AU Radiation Inversion
when the Earth surface cools rapidly than the air above it (as may
he Earth may loose heat by radiation and thereby
urally the teinperature orthe
natura
negative lapse rate and inversion
happen at nights
cooling the surrounding air), then
Surrounding air increases with the height. This causes
when

condition. This type of inversion is taking place due

it and so it is called
rate ol radiation ol Earth's surface and air above
ELR 1o
unequal
AK
radiation inversion. characteristically a
a few hundred meters and
This type of inversion may extend of the morning
likely to break up easily with the rays
Fig: Fumigating plume nocturnal phenomenon and that is in formation of fog. This type
of
environment helps
Trapping Plume an inversion in the
Sun. Such common in Winter than in summer because of the longer nights.
inversion is more

Inversion above Subsidence Inversion high pressure system and

is caused by
usually associated with a pressure area surTounded by
This type of inversion is
M

motion of air in a high

sinking or subsiding pressure area, descends
the characteristic around the stationary high
air, circulating it is compressed and
gets
low pressure area. The the air sinks,
1000 mt per day. As inversion layers may
gently at the rate of about cooler air below. Such
----- dense layer over the inversion layer, by
heated to form a wam around 1600 mt. Such an
ELRALR Inversion below ground surface to concentration of the
be formed from the smokes, will cause the
upward movement of polluting inversion may be more dangerous
stopping the
E

Fig: Trapping plume immediate environment. Such type of may remain for several
pollutants in our modest altitudes and
inversionand may occur at
4th
Part: than radiational
Thermal inversion: days.
AR

INVEKSIONN
In an unusual case, when the
temperature of the environment (i.e.,
ambient air) increases Advective Inversion when
with altitude, then the lapse rate becomes inversion is formed
inverted or negative from its normal state. This type if or
is called negative
lapse rate. This moves over a cold surtace
warm air Warm a
Negative Lapse rate takes place under inversion can be ground-
the conditions cold air. The
cooler air. As a result, temperature here increases where the warmer air lies over the based in rmer case or elevated in the
Cool air
instead of decreasing with height. This elevated
is called temperature
inversion. An example
of an
There are three types of temperature latter ca occurs when a hill
inversion
inversion in atmosphere - advective inversion breeze to flow Fig: Advective
i) Radiation inversion warm land
range forces a breeze flows
a cool sea
e

ii) Subsidence inversion

at high levels and opposite direction.
iii) Advective inversion. in the
at low levels
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among ambient and adiabatic lapsse ra

4. a) Explain the relationship
atmospheric stability. What is the boundary line between atmospheric st s
ric stability and
that,
We know stack height (H)= Physical height
NBUT and (h) + Plume rise (Ah)
instability?
Answer:
Atmospheric stability is defined as that condition
in the atmosphere in which
200
i.e., H= + Ah rise

TI
stability IS is defnertical Now, plume
conversely, instability
motions are absent or definitely restricted; and, detined as
state where in vertical movement is prevalent.
the ah 152.68 10P.D
atmospheric stability is possible with the help of data
The detemination of re
change of temperature with respect to the height
or altitude. The graph of temneSarding 1.12x0.95152.68x0.95x 140
height is known as 'lapse rate graph'. Depending upon the relative positionsition of ATre Vs
of ALR Al= 2.75 433
ELR lines on the graph shet, the stability of the atmosphere can be determined.
On the basis of these relative positions of both the lines of Adiabatic Lapse Rate (
and Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR), there are three different atmospheric condi
are available-
i) Unstable atmospheric condition (when ElLR> ALR)
ii) Stable atmospheric condition (when ELR <ALR)
ii) Neutral condition. (when ELR = ALR)
and

nditions AU .
Ah=8.92
Effective stack height, H =(l80 +8.92) mt. = 188.92 mt.

- emitted smoke
b)
AK
Write the expressions for Gausslan distribution model to calculat
concentration of air pollutants in the following cases: -Stack (chimney)
) The basic Gaussian distribution equation (mention notations clearly)
ii) Downwind centre line concentration
ii) Downwind centre line concentration when the effective stack
height is zero.
WBUT 2009, 2010]1
Answer:
WBUT 2008] 6. a) Determining maximum ground level concentration: the combustion
Refer to Question No. i) A power plant burns 5.45 tonnes of coal per hour and discharge a
1 of Long Answer Type Questions. products through a stack that haswind an effective height of 75, m. The coal has
velocity at the top of the stack is6 m/sec.
M

5. Determine the effective height of a sulphur content of 4.2%, and the to slightly stable. Determine the
i)
stack, given the
Physical stack is 180m. tall with a 0.95 m inside
following data: The atmospheric condition are moderately SOz and the distance from the stack
at
i) Wind velocity = 2.75 m/s diameter maximum ground level concentration of
which the maximum occurs.
ii) Air temperature is 20°C
ii) Calculating effective stack height.
iv) Barometric pressure is 1000 m already mentioned in the question]
v) Stack gas velocity is 11.12
millibars
m/s
The effective stack height is 75 is
vi) Stack gas temperature
is 160°C. Answer:
Coal burnt per hour= 5.45 ton= 5450kg
E

Assume suitable data if required.

Answer: WBUT 2008, 2012] Sulphur content = 4.2%
The given data is symbolized as 4.2 228.90kg
below: 1 Sulphur produced per hour = 5450x 100
H= 180 mt
AR

D=0.95 mt We know that, S +O2 = SO2 i basis.

u= 2.75 m/sec is 32 and they will combine l:
The mol.wt.g both sulphur and oxygen 457.80 kg SO2/ hour
457.80 kg SO:=
T,= T=20C. (20+273)K =293 K i.e. 228.90 kg S+228.90 kg Oz=
P 1000 milibars 457.80x109) m/sec. = 127.1gm/sec
of emission of SO, in gm/sec. =
V, =11.12 m/sec Rate 36
T,-160C.= (160 +273)K = 433 K

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AN
2RQL
occur where o, = 0.707 M. provided Effective stack height, H = (203 + .17) mt. = 208.171
The maximum ground
level concentration

x.
constant with down wind distance
m
Now, o, = 0.707x 75 -53.20
We can assume, at the moderately stahl
Some data are missing here.
atmospheric Ah
m. a, = 53.2 m and o, = 88 m]
condition (stability class B) at x = 850

TI
Hence. the maximum ground level
concentration of SO, would occur at
at 850mt. cmitted smoke
away
from the stack. -Stack (chimney)
Hence, =850 m.
Now determine concentration at 850m.
Name and define the two types of thermal inversions. Which type prompts the
C0
7.

=1.41 x 10gm/m
u. y. O

b Detemine the effective

) Physical stack
is
127.
3.14x6x88x53.2 )
(63:Jgm/m

height of a stack given the following data:

1.07 m
203m tall with
i) Wind velocity is 3.56 m/sec
inside diameter
AU
formation of log?
Answer:
Refer to Question

b) A rising
No.. (4 Part) of Long Answer Type Questions.
WBUT 2009]

parcel of dry air has a temperature of 15°C at sea level. Assuming a dry
adiabatic lapse rate determine the temperature at 1000m. [WBUT 2009
ii) Air temperature is 13°C Answer:
DALR dT/ dZ
AK
iv)Barometric pressure is 1000 mili bars = 10/1000 =(T- 15)/ (1000 -0)
v) Stack gas velocity is 9.14 m/sec.
vi) Stack gas temperature is 149°C.
WBUT 2009, 2010,
= 1/100 = (12-15)/ 1000
Answer: 2015
T--5 1O00m would be-5°C.
The given data is symbolized as below:
iers f The temperature at
H 203 mt
D= 1:07 mt 8. What do you understand by atmospheric dispersion? Write down the equation
u 3.56 mt/sec for determining ground levei concentration of pollutant. Where does the maximum
M

T= (13+273)K 286 K ground level concentration occur?

P= 1000 milibars A thermal power plant burns coal at the rate of 7.5 tonnes/hr and discharges the
V,
=9.14 m/sec flue gases through a stack having effective height of 95 m. The coal has a sulphur
content of 4.6%. The wind velocity at the top of the stack is 8 mls. The
T= 149°C=(149 +273)K = 422 K atmospheric conditions are slightly unstable.
We know that,
Effective stack height a) Determine the ground surface concentration of SO, and the distance from
E

(H)= Physical height(h) + the stack at which this occurs.

i.e., H= h+Ah Plume rise (Ah) 2000
b) Determine the ground surface concentration of pollutants at a distance
Now, plume rise
m down wind at centre line of the plume.
,. [Prove A, v/s x and A, vls x for different atmospheric stabilities]
AR

Ah=15-2.68x10 xP.D WBUT 2010, 2012]

Or, Answer:
Ah (9.14x1.07 3.56 [1.5+2.68x 1 Part:
is dispersed, including wind
5.17m 1.07x 136/422]m Many atmospheric factors influence the wayair pollution
direction and wind speed, type of terrain and heating effects. To better understand how
level pollution, atmospheric conditions can b
atmosphere processes can affect ground
stability is determined by wind
described simply as either stable or unstable, where the
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AN
effects (which cause convection cur
urrent ENVIRON
(which stirs the air) and heating source.At smosphei LAUTION ANDCONTEO
released from ground level and elevated
stability affects pollution
ground level pollution is readily iffer
erently,
dispersed thereby
1.29x 0.36x 10 =0.46x 10 gm/m
In unstable conditions, tho ereby
Elevated emissions, however, such as
ground level concentrations. to ground level, Jeading to
se released
higher
redun. 460 ug/n
chimney, are returned more readily f
round are missing.
concentrations. leve b) Dala
mixing and therefore higher
Stable conditions mean less atmospheric What do you
y mean by selt cleaning
rates, and therefore lowcen properties of environment w.r.t

TI
dispersal er ground
\ralion
around ground level sources, but better 9.
1? Give a light on dilution method for it.
control? air pollution
concentrations, for elevated plumes. WBUT 2011)
lev Swer:
An 1o Question No.l
of pollutant Refer i of Long Answer Type Questions.
Equation for determining ground level concentration in the down i
When concentration is required only alongx direction, i.e. iferentiate between the Environment
direction along the centre line of plume, then naturally y= 0. The equation he
vzontal
orizo
ecomes 10.ALR): Also differentiate between ALRLapse Rate (ELR) and Adiabatic Lapso

x.oQ/t
constant with down

2" part:
U a, o, ,.(e)a2/ o2)

wind distance x.
= 707 H,
The maximum ground level concentration occurs where o, 0.707 H, provided
provid
o,l o,is AU
Rate (A
Answer:
Part: Refer 1o Question
2
and Dry &

No. 3(2
Wet ALRs.

Part: Refer to Question No. 4 of Short Answer Type Questions.

Describe different types of plumes which are generated

WBUT 2012

Part) of Long Answer Type Questions.

fromdifferent
a) Coal burnt per hour= 7.5 ton =7500 kg atmospheric conditions, with proper sketching. WBUT 2013
AK
Sulphur content = 4.6% Answer:
diffusion or dispersion of pollutants into the atmosphere is governed by the
Sulphur produced per hour = 7500 x =345kg Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) as well as Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR). By
100
mparing these two laps rales, it is possible to predict about the dispersion of emitted
comp.
We know that, S + Oz = SO2 ses from the source. These are then known as plume and their source of origin as
gase
The mol.wt.g both sulphur and oxygen is 32 and so they react with cach 1: 1
basis.
asi: stack.
345 kgS +345 kgO, = 690 kg S0 o On the basis of Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) and Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR), there
690 kg sO, produced in an hour are different types of plume behaviour available-
M

690x108 Looping Plume

The rate of emission g SO in gm/sec - gm/sec.= 191.6gm/sec. Neutral Plume
3688
The maximum ground level concentration occurs where Coning Plume
Fanning Plume
a, =0.707H provided o,/o, is constant with download distance 2000mt. in Lafting Plume
0 =0.707x 95 m =67.16 m Fumigating Plume
E

data missing: o, =88 m say] Trapping Plume Type.

For the details, refer to Question No.
1, 3 & 6 () of Short Answer
The maximum concentration at 2000 mt. would be
Questions.
AR

of the environment. What is

T. 1. y a, 12.Mention the natural self cleansing propertiesit computed? State its use.
a chimney and how is
meant by effective height of WBUT 2013]
w191.6 e
1(e) 1o| = x{e)516a Answer:
148461.2 organic material,
=1.29x10x(e)* =1.29x10x(e) Part: pollutants. The removal of
body.of water to rid itself of actisity of the resident
he ability of a stream by the
other pollutants from a lake or
plant nutrients, or
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to body of water OLLUIIONAND

biological comunity. Biodeyradable material added the pollution l

in the wvater.
lowering
water.els. ItIr
ra Nume ef the Description
ANDCONIROL
microorganisnns
utili7ed by the
additional pollutants are not
added downstream.
on
pollution by
the undergo
noin-biodegradahi,
ill
exCessine
pollutans
Ozone is a coloriess.
Sources Haw it tHur
nouns uf does not
apply to ble self orgarni OoneOs smelly. irritating gas |60% of ozone'sOzone (O.) darnæges|
elensing This process made of 3 atoms
ingredients come from
compounds or meals. oxygen. It is created of vehicle emissions and the lungs so that
can't inhale and exhalc

TI
|the rest come from
when volatile organic enough and
2nd Part: industry and consumeriaggTavatesS
chimney: Questions. compounds and asthsma,
Efective height ofa
of Short Answer 7pe nitrogen oxides react| products
day.
we buy every | bronchitis and
other
Refer to Question No. 1l with sunlight in the| respiratory probiems.
lapse rate and adiahaticlapse
between environmental & subsiden
atmosplere. Ozone is It also interferes with
13. Make a comparison inversion ence inversion? a major ingredient photosynthesis
by radiation of
What do you understand

Answer:
Part:
Refer to Question Na.
2nd Part:
3(2"" Part) of Long Answer
Type Questions.
gWBUT
201
AU smog and is very toxic|
to huans and other
life. High up in the
stratosphere,
protects us
Ozone
from|
dangerous ultraviolet
radiation from the Sun,
plants.

ofLong Answer 7ype Questions. but at ground level it|

Refer to Question No. 3(4" Part)
AK
literally corrodes our
pollutant and write in detail about their sources.
. lungs.
14. a) Name any six criteria for air air pollutants. WBUT 2013
about the effects of these Carbon Monoride -|Carbon monoxide is a|Over 80% of CO Carbon
b) Write an detail monoxide
CO poisonous, invisible| comes from cars and| prevents our blood
Answer: Descriptio Sonrces How it iurts gas released from other vehicles. | from delivering
Name of tlhe exhaust pipes when|
pollutauts Oxygen to our bodies.|
gasoline burns.
Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen dioxide is aCars and trucks| Nitrogen dioxide Small amounts cause
brown noxious gas produce over 5/4ths of|irritates our lungs headaches. Large
M

NO Oil refineries. causes bronchitis and amounts in closed

leltover from burning|it.
spaces can sutfocate
fossil tuels. On sunny power plants and other diseases
days. it inixes with| industry produce the| Nitrogen oxides
alsal
and kill us.
volatile organic rest. cause acid rain and Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur-containing Sulfur oxides are Sulfur dioxide
snow. SO2 gases called sulfur produced by cars, oil| constricts the airways
compounds to make| oxides are formed refineries
ozone and and triggers asthma
a major
when oil products chemical plants, when attacks. Other sulfur|
E

ingredient of smog: fuels are burned that compounds are a bis

burn.
contain sulfur (like part of acid rairn. acid
coal, oil products and snow and haze.
wood).
AR

Purticulute Mutter -| Fewer than-10 microns| Paticulate matter| Fine particuiate matter
in the nose.|
PM in diameter, these fine comes from dirt, soot,} collects
particles in the air are car, and truck exhaust.{ throat, bronchial tubes|
much smaller than. a cigarete smoke. spray| and lungs where it
causes respiratory
human hair. They paint droplets and
lodge in the deepest toxic,
| chemical} infections. talso
makes the sky hazy.
parts of our lungs and compounds.
don't come out. our bodies
lead in|Lcad enters
Leud- Pb Lead is ametallic Even though
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Name of the Descripton Sources How it Hurts Dotormine the temperatur

peto of earth
modol. en Averago annual intensity,using zero dime
nrgy
Eartn's albedo baane
pollutans
element that Occurs
the air from car| n Contaminated
fan-Boltzmann's constant as 5.67 x 10 S = 1370WIm: Earth as 31%
has been water, dust. Stora
naturally in soil, rocks.|exhaust w paint
Pan Answer: WBUT 20161
dramatically reduced. food. can and modification to the blackbody
water and tood. Until| ls
jus one s
mid-1970'sweleaded gas is still used| directly breat0 model includes the

TI
the by the Earth's surtace and refiection of incoming
huge. for small planes and| Lead particlIt in solar back into the space.
used by the Earth
Earth or its atmosphere Such reflected energy is not
concentrated amounts race cars. Leia is alsoenough to he absorbed by and does not contribute to
their heating
of incomi
oming solar radiation that is

-
into the ur
of lcad in gasoline tor| used in lead-acid car| d
are The fractio reflected is known
as albedo. The Earth
our cars and paint | batteries.
in Alhough iteasily absorh edo is usually estimated to be about 30%.
The is no longer allowed in the blood
for our houses. circulated 1hr nd Albedo
biggest success storyU.S houseinpaints, is
it Rcflectionis

when we changed to coatings.

paint,
lead in
reducing
the air by
pollution
the
industrial the bodv, Thghou

unleaded gas and least 70% of lead| brain. Even low

conmes
90%.| smelters,
irom of
j

for cleaner air came| still used Right now, at | important heir

lead
taroeOSt
exposu
power plants increase
However, we still use fueled by coal and lead pressure
lead in some products. used in the processing permanently
and
lower
ne
S
can
blood|
AU (a)

Incoming
Radiation
R

Absorbed
S(1-a)TR:
Earth's
radation

a.ART*

of oil shale. children's 1Q. Higher

levels can make any
AK
us anemic damagingof - Fig: Simple Radiation Balance Model
our red blood cells and
sapping Our enerey The above figure shows the revised model i.e.. Earth albedo model, again under the
assumption that the Earth is a blackbody absorbing all the non-reflected incoming color
15. Describe briefly about various natural self-cleansing properties of environment. radiation. So,
[WBUT 2016] S(1-a)rR* = G.4r R T
Answer:
a=albedo
M

where,
Although a large quantity of pollutants are discharge into the atmosphere at different
T=Temperature of Earth's surface.
places,the levels of concentrations of these pollutants remain the same on the global = -f
scale. This is an indication that the pollutants are continually removed by some
mechanisms. This phenomenon is called scavenging. 'Scavenging' resembles the sef
TS--13721-0.3)K-255K
L4x5.67x10"
4o
cleansing properties of a river, which gets naturally corrected when polluted. If the air
Fortunately our Earth is not so much cold (-18°C). The factor which makes our medel
pollutants d:scharged into the atmospheric do not exceed the natural cleansing capacity of for interactiors between the
differ so much from reality is that it does not account
E

atnosphere, the air remains clean. If excessive discharges take place air gets polluted and radiation that is emitted from the Earth's surface, i.e., Green houe
atmosphere and the
corrective measures have to be taken. This process is called 'air pollution
control'. effect.
Sclf-cleansing or scavenging of the environment attributed to to predict the concentratlon
17. a) Write down the Gaussian distribution equation
AR

the following natural

properties: or air pollutant evolving from a source at any downwind
point. Nama the diftusion
i) Dispersion of pollutants
aws upon which Gaussian equation was based levei concentration
ii) Gravitational settling where maximum ground
ii) Absorption of pollutants by moisture/ rain
DWhat is the location of point
iv) Adsorption of gaseous pollutants
drop and washout accurs?
coal at the rate of
8 tonnes/hr and discharges th
by atmospheric dust A thermal power plant burns 90 m. The coal has
Although the atmosphere has the having effective height of
uegases through a chimney wind is 7.5 m/s. The
property to get cleansed, the discharge of pollutan velocity at the top of stack
from the various human activities
cause air pollution in the near ouphur content of 4.5%. Theslightly unstable. Determine the maximun ground
surface. atmospheric conditions are
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at which this occurs.
evel concentration and the
distance from the stack 7200
NBUT(Given scc.200 gm/sec.
= 63.64)
a, =100 and a 2017
ground level concentration occurs where a,
Answer: Distribution is given as: =0.07H. peovidhed
equation, known as Gaussian ez2 * y? e)

TI
a) Ihe
Ua, o, (e)?P x.
Where.
/z .
constant With
constaven atmospheric conditions of slightly unstable, we have stability ctaes C.
C= conc of the pollutants in gm/m
or the
QThe pollution emission rate in gm/
U= mean wind velocity in m/sec
sec

distances, respectively in m.
The ,
maxground
ground level concentration
0.707x H =0.707 x90 = 63.6m
missing
=
here.
would occur where,

X and y = down wind and crosswind horizontal

o, and o = Plume"'s Std .deviation in cross wind and vertical direction respectivo

H-Effective height of Stack.

vely,

When concentration is required only along x direction, i.e. in the downwind horiz. ntal
direction along the centre line of plume. then naturally y=0. The equation becomes
oQ/7Ua, Gz . (e) "3 n cz

When the smokes are emined at ground level, then the effective stack height (H)=0.
in

AU
Data. is
Assumethat. 6x
(for C
Hence.

distance.
Hence, na
will reach a value of 63.6 mt.
class of course)
max concentration

900 m.
at r -900m

wvould occur at x = 900 m.

providedis coestat up to thie

e determine concentration at 900 m. we kno

above equation gets further simplified as Now. to
AK
C Q/zU G, o, H
Values of s, and o, are not only a function of downwind distance (x) but also a function C0z'u:o, *O,
of atrmospheric stability. 63.64
a, =100 and a,
=
Here,
The diffusion equation is a partial differential equation. In physics, it describes the
200
behavior of the collective motion of micro-particles in a material resulting from the
Rax3.14x 7.5x 100x63.64
(e) Haa149872.2
random movement of each micro-partícle. In mathematics, it is applicable in common
2 subject relevant to the Markov process as well as in various other
to
= 1.33x10 xe =1.33x0.37x 10 =0.49x10 gm/m
M

fields, such as the

material sciences. information science. life scíence, socia science. and so on. These = 490ugm/m (Ans.)
subjects described by the diffusion equation are generally called Brown problems.
b) When the smokes are emitted at ground level, then the effective 18. Write short notes on the following: WBUT 2013
stack height (H)=0, of the environment
the above equation gets further simplified as a) Natural self-cleansing properties WBUT 201T
b) Radiation inversion WBUT 2017]
C QinUG, o, c) Kyoto Protocol
E

c) Emission rate for S0: Answer: Type Questions.

Coal burnt per hour =8.00/ = 8000 kg a) Refer to Question No. 15 of Long Answer
Sulphur content of coal = 4.5%
Rediation inversion happen at night5 he
AR

b)
rapidly than the air above it (as may surrounding arj. h
Sulphur produced per hour= 8000
kg =360kg When the Earth surfce cools thereby cooling the
and
the Earth may loose heat by
radiation heigin. Thes cas
Now. S 0= SO surrounding air increases with the
The molecular weigit of both nalurally the temperature of the This type of inversion is taking plzce
duc
sulphur and oxygen is 32, and they condition. cathns
360 kg S +360 kg O:=720 kg of SO combine on a l:1 basis. nEgative lapse rate and inversion surface and air above t nd so t is
Earth's
per hour tOunequal rate of radiation of
Emission rate of SO, in gm/sec = radiation inversion.
Em/sec.
gm/sec.
6060
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This type of inversion may extend a few hundred meters and charactleristicalh a
ma
AIR
POLLUTIONCONTROL
nocturnal phenomenon and that is likely to break up easily with the rays of tlhe
Sun. Such an inversion in the environment helps in formation of tog. This ype

TI
of Multiple Choice Type Questions
inversion is more common in winter than in sunimer because of the longer nights.
ina to box model for air pollution dispersion
c) Kyoto Protocol 1. Acc is WBUT 2007
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement proposed on December 11, 1997 a) c=b+(uHIql) b) c=b-(qL/u#)
Kyoto, Japan. In a nutshell the agreement requires the United States, the European Union
c) c=(qL/ut) -b d) c=(qL/u#) +b
and Japan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (below 1990 levels) by 7%, 8% and 6
respectively. by the year 2010. The burden of inittal emission reduction rests on the
industrialized countries, which have built high standards of living based on fossil fuel
use, and which have produced most of the greenhouse guses residing in the Earth
atmosplhere. Eventually, developing countries will have to reduce their carbon emissione
too.
ons
AU Answer: (d)

2
1uring temperature inversion in

a) accumulate above the inversion layer

b) accumulate below the inversion layer
c) disperse
laterally
atmosphere, air polutants tend to
WBUT 2008, 2010, 2012]

d) disperse vertically
AK
Answer: (6)
2
3. ESP removes WBUT 2008, 2010, 2013]
a)sulphur dioxide b) particulate matter
c) methane d) carbon monoxide
Answer: (b)

primary air pollutant formed due to the incomplete combustion of organic

M

4. The
matter iss WBUT 2008]
methane

.
sulphur dioxide
a) b)
c) ozone d) carbon monoxide
Answer: (d)
WBUT 20091
5. EMP stands for EI
E

a) Environment Management Planning

b) Environment Monitoring Programme
c) Environment Management Programme
d) None of these
T
AR

Answer: (a)
device for the removal
6. Electrostatic precipitator are used as pollution control WBUT 2009]
b) NOx
a) SO2 substance
d) volatile organic
) Suspended particulate matter
Answer: (c)
well as particulate pollutants in the industrial
P 7.
vce used to control gaseous as 3TWBUT2010, 2013]
emission is called b) Spray tower
e

a) Cyclone
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d) Fabric filter
c) Dynamic precipitatorRO M
iswer:
Answer: (b)
device of
Ansts have established specific levels of each of six common air pollutants viz. which
is a cleaning
WBU 20111 dangerous to our ieaith and welfare. These are known as criteria pollutants.
precipitator b) Water
8. Electrostatic order to protect us, levels ot these criteria pollutants are monitored and strictly

TI
a) Air d) None of these
c) Land
ated. Four of the six are directly produced by burning. Burning either fossil fuels
(coal, oil or naturalgas) or wood causes air pollution which has devastating effects on aur
Answer: (a)
it is approximates to lungs and our environment.
SO, is 80ug/m, then
9. If average concentration of [WBUTbm
c) 0.04 d) 0.05 1 Name of the pollutants Description of associated health prohlem
a) 0.02
Answer: (b)

10. Air falls at

a) Polar cells
c) Hadley cells
Answer: (6)
) 0.03

30° and rises at

60 called
b)
d)
Ferrel cells
None of these
WBUT
201
AU trogen Dioxide -

Ozone O,
NOD, Nitrogen dioxide is a brown noxious gas leftover from burning
fossil fuels. On sunny days, it mixes with volatile organic
compounds to make ozone, a major ingredient of smog
Ozone is a colorless, smelly, irritating gas madc of 3 atoms ot
Oxygen. It is created when volatile organic compounds and
nitrogen oxides react with sunlight in the atmosphere. Ozone is a
major ingredient of smog and is very toxic to humans and othe
|
life. High up in the stratosphere, ozone protects us trom
WBUT 20161 dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. but at ground leve!
AK
11.Plume rise decreases with b) stack diameter | it literally corrodes our lungs.
a) stack gas velocity Carbon Monoxide-CO Carbon monoxide is a poisonous, invisible gas relcased irom
d) stack gas temperature
c) wind speed | exhaust pipes when gasoline burns.
Answer: (a) Sulfur Dioxide - SO, Sulfur-containing gases called sulfur oxides are formed when oil
products burn.
12. The specified standard under MAAQS for SO2 and NO; respectively are
WBUT 2016) in diameter, these fine particles in the air
b) 100 pg/m and 80 ug/m Particulate Matter- PM Fewer than 10 microns
a) 80 ug/m' and 80 ug/m are much smaller than a human hair. They lodge in the deepest
M

c) 80 ug/m and 100 Hgim d) 100 pg/m and 100 ug/m parts of our lungs and don't come out.
Answer: (a) Lead Pb Lead is a metallic element that occurs naturally in soi, rockS.|
water and food. Until the mid-1970's we used huge, concentrated
tor cur
amounts of lead in gasoline for our cars and in paint
13. The specified ambient air quality standard for NO2 is about 100 jg /nm', which in when we
houses. The bggest success story for cleaner air came the air
Ppm is approximately WBUT 2017] changed to unleaded gas and paint, reducing the
lead in by|
a) 0.01 b) 0.05 c)0.1 1 d) 0.5 90%. However, we still use lead in some products.
E

Answer: (b)

14.F
the actual height of a stack is 150m and plume
height of stack is
height is 8m, then the effective
WBUT 2017] 2. How does air pollution effect human health, plants,
materials and climate?
WBUT 2012]
AR

a) 150m b) 142m c) 158m d) 166m

Answer: (c) Answer: Aesthetic
Vegetation Materials
Pollutants Major sources Human health | None None
Transportaion.Reacts with|None
ay Short Answer Type Questions Carbon
lindustrial process lhaemoglobin
monoxide
educing mental
1. What do you mean by 'criteria air CO)
provided in the National Ambient Airpollutants'? What are the criteria air pollutans
attentiveness,
least one associated health Quality Standards (NAAQS) of India? Name a physical exertion.
problem due to exposure to exacerbating
each of them.
WBUT 2007 cardiovascular
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ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
ANDCONIRG
nES Major sources luman health_|_VCgetation Materials Acsthetic
Answer:
disease syndrome Question No. 1(iv) Long
Referto of Answer Type
Nitrogen withReduction Cre
inAccelerated Creation a)
rnsportation, nteriere ofdeterioration brownish of Ouestion No. 1(i) Long
oxides (NO,) |space heating' respiratory growth Refer of Answer
powertunctions plants withof dyes andin urban Type Questions.
cooling. aiou
leavespaints

TI
produci longibroad rs:
generation
term disease(beans, Spra
Sprayenergy wet scrudber wiln a gOod etticiency.
tomatocs) is strean is directed through
|symptoms
with/None None
thaden duced just ahead ot the
In this device,
a ventury tube at à velocity the particulate
ydrocarbon Transportation, nterfere None ys ar throat of ventury of 60 100 mt/sec. Water
(Hc) industrial process|respiratory shroat of the ventury scrubber scrubber.
functions and eye ThrougThe
The velocity ot thiS liquid
the scrubbing
liquid is injected

Sulphur
Oxides (SO,) |space
heating/cooling
and
process
industrial
liritation
power generation. Little effects
pure gas form
in thejReduction
srowth
plants
broad leaves
inCorrOsion ofScatterinr
ofion. metals.sunlight
withaccelerated produce haz
of

aze
deterioration land unpleasan
of buildingodour
stone, cotton.
AU
direction.
Contai
he dropnlets. Then
moving
er. fter
Scruoeenarator
the
(usually water) is low
particulate matter. Due to
water (scrubbing liquid),
the gas-liquid mixtures are
that, this collected mixture is
as

collected at end part

directed to a separation
cycloneseparator where particulaie matters are separated from the gas
to the inward
the velocity differencecompare to the velocity of
between the paricles and
the particles are impacted
against the siaw
of the Ventury
device such as
stream.
paper, Advantages:
leather,
AK
.Low initial cost
paints and High collection efticiency
other Applicable for high temperature
tinishes
Particulates power generation.|lntertfere withReduction inSoiling Able to separate both gas & particulate
ofCreation
space respiratory plant growth fabrics andsmoke plumes o Disadvantages:
heating/cooling functions, possibleby. physicalbuildings scattering
.
of
High power consumption
and industriallcontribution toblockage ofand sunlight High maintenance cost
process
M

|lung cancer light whencorrosion otproduce haz Wet disposal of the collected material
deposited onmetal whenand colourful
leaf surface combined sunsets, and 5. It is estimated that a burning solid waste dump emits 30 gm/sec of NO,. What
with SO; formation of will be the concentration of 3.5 km on an overcast night with wind speed of 7
hydroscopic mlsec? The background concentration of the pollutant at the receptor location may
Inuclei be taken as 50 pg/m'. WBUT 2017]
produce fog Answer:
E

Emission ofNO, Q = 30 gms//sec

3. Write brief note on Montreal protocol [WBUT 2012]
Answer:
It is an international agreement, signed in 1987 at Montreal,
C(x O,0) *********** where, Q= emission quantity per unit time
to stop the production of C emission per unit volume
AR

Ozone Destroying Substances (ODS) like CFC etc. by the year 2000.
Tt Gy
OU
oy. O diffusion coefficients, in m, as a function
4. Write short notes on the following: ofdownwind distancex
a) Electrostatic precipitator
WBUT 2013] The stability is class D
b) Cyclone collectors U= wind speed = 7 m/sec
c) Spray towers From Figs. for x=3.5 km o, 220m o 65 m

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30x10°
Therefore, C (x = 3.5 km. y=0, z=0) = -- -= 95.3 ug NO, /m Now, 1T
Tx 220 x 65 x 7 61.25 m/s

TI
Background ncentratio of NO, is 50 pg /m* Long Answer Type Questions
Concentration of NO, at a distance of 3.5 km = 95.3 + 50= .145.3 ug /m
n air emissions
can emissions fro.
rom power plant be minimized? Explain different
6. Determine the size & member of bag filters needed given that air flow rat 1. How
10m/s and velocity through fabric filter 0.025 m/sec. te methods in detail. WBUT 2007]
WBUT
2017
Answer:
Total area of filter (10m'/s)/ (0.025 m/sec) nf = 400 m
ASsuming area of single bag is l.5 m*

So, Number of bag required = 400/1.5-266.66

The numbers of bags required for a continuous removal
of particulate matter are 267.
AU
Ans r: different equipmentS used in difterent areas to control the air pollutants.
There are
These are
Settling
) Senng
lates.
nber:
chamber is the simplest type of equipment used for collection of solid
It consists of a chamber in which the carrier gas velocity is reduced so as to
Pa the particulates to settle out of the moving stream under the action of gravity.
allow
7. Write down the exponential power law
equation by which wind velocityis
AK
measured. An anemometer measures wind velocity of 51 mls Gas
at 10 metre height.
Find the wind velocity at 25 m height. (take a = 0.20)
WBUT 2017]
Answer:
The product of the maximum mixing depth and Hopper
the average wind specd in that region
is called Ventilation co-efficient.
This law is known as exponential power law. This is
sometimes used as an indicator of the atmosphere's
dispersive capability. Values of Fig: Settling Chamber
ventilation co-efficient less than 6000 m/s are
considered as bad condition for the and as a result, the
dispersion of the pollutants. velocity must be sufficiently low (less than 3m/sec)
he carrier gaspresent
M

An anemometer at any height usually measures influence of gravity on the base

wind speed. If we know the wind speed solid particles in that carrier gas, settle under the
(u) at the height where the anemometer is placed are removed through hopper.
(2,), then we can determine the wind- of the chamber, trom where they
speed (u) at any height (Z) by using the equation
Advantages:
Low initial cost
Simple construction
E

where, K =dimensionless parameter

that varies with atmospheric stability. Low maintenance cost
To determine the wind speed át 25
mt with the help of following formula- Low pressure drop
solid particles
Dry and continuous disposal of
(1) Disadvantuges:
AR

where, at height Zo. wind speed and. at height Z wind speed , Large space requirements
Comparatively large particles can be collected only

Here,
Z 25 mt and u =
,
K =dimensionless parameter=0.2
Z,=10.0 mt and = 51.0 mt/sec. i) Cyclone Separutor:
yclone separator utilizes a
centrifugal force generated by
a spinning gas strea
centrifugal
to
force on particuiate
? SEparate the particulate mater
from the carrier gas. The
cyeleies are
K =0.2 greater than gravity: therefore
gas stream is much than the settling chamber. "1he etticiencies
s in a spinning smaller particles
Icctive in the removal of
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particles larger tnan um
5 jum and drop
dro
above 90% for the rapidly
of cyclone separator can be Clean
for the small particle sizes.
IL Gas outlet
a

TI
Gas inlet

Dusty gas in

Advantages:
Dust outlet

Fig: Cyclone Separator

AU Hooper

Fig: Baghouse Filter

Low initial cost

AK
Simple construction & operation Advantages:
Low pressure drop Very high efficiency
Low maintenance Retention of fine particles
It has no moving parts Collection of particles in dry form
Continuous disposal of solid particles Relatively low pressure drop
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages: Large space require
High construction cost
M

Low collection efficiency for the particles below 5um in diameter

Equipment is subjected to severe abrasive deterioration Operation can be possible when the temperature of the carrier gas is below
C
285°C.
ii) Bughouse Filter
The baghouse filter is also known Fabric filter. This system typically consists of a
a
Electrostatic Precipitutor (ESP):
iv)
tubular bag which suspended or mounted in such a manner that the collected particles fall paraue
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) consisting of vertical wires placed in between
into a hoper when dislodge from the fabric. The structure in which the the plates by impressing a high
bags hang is plates. A strong electric field is created between wire and
E

known as baghouse. Generally, particle-laden gas enters the filter field created near
from the bottom and negative voltage on the wires (as more as 1KV to 50 KV). The intense
passes through the fabric / bag. At that time, the particles in the air stream. The negative
are deposited on the surface of the wire causes corona discharge ionizing gas molecules
the bag. The cleaning of bag is accomplished by shaking plates and on the way some attach
dusts are collected at the bottom.
at fixed intervals of time and ions and free electrons thus created move towards the
a charge, which causes them
themselves to the particulate matter. The particles now carry
AR

to move under the intluence of the electric field to the

surface of the plates. They are
the
removed from the collection electrode either by gravitational forces or by tlashing
collecting plates with liquid.

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eprnely charptd Collecting ENV
cletrod ENTAL,ISKLLmONAN
piatcs
ventury
Througi the throat of the cr the urutbing,
on. The velocity of this liquid
t

liquid inijccted
(usually
dirceaining particulate matter. IDue to water) islow as canpare to the inward
the the vekrity sea
t
droplets of water (scrubbing iquid), ditfe
thep einern thE particles nd
Gas fon moving droplets. Then the gas-liquid imxtures arevaricles are ingaced
cerubbe that, this collected colected at ers zpitt the skoa
rator mixture

TI
part.
where particulate natters is directed to a separatiors of the Veriy
Fig Electrostatic Precipitator cy are seperaed dvice sach
frorn the
gai stzeam
Advuntages: Advantages:
Power requirement is less Low initial cost
Econornical & easy to operate . High collection efficiency
99% efficiency is obtainable
Very small particles can be collected in wet or dry forms
Disadvantages:
High initial cost
Large space require
Safeguard of operating person from high voltage is necessary
AU Applicable for high temperature
Able to separate both gas & particulate
Disadvantages:
.High
High
power consumption
maintenarice cost
Wet disposa of the collected materia!
Collection efficiency can deteriorate gradually.
AK
a) What specific air pollution control devices are
2. articulate emissions at their source? indicate the size, available for control of
Describe the foilowing control techniques with that each type of unit is capable of removing efficiently.
range of the particulate
with neat diagrams ciearly mentioning respect to particulate
i) Gravitationai Settling
their efficiency, merits and demeritspollution b) Name and describe three types of absorbers. WEUT 200s
Chambers Answer:
fi) Centrifugal collectors
ii) Wet scrubbers a) Refer to Question No. I of Long Answer Type Questions.
iv) Electrostatic Precipitators
v) Fabric filters. b) Types of absorber/scabbier
M

Answer: WBUT 2008, 2015 i) Spray tower

i). ii). iv) & v): Refer to Question No. of ii) Venturi scrubber
I Long Answer Type Questions. ii) Cyclone scrubber
ii) Wet scrubbers Dinty gas in
It is a high energy
wet scrubber with a good
i) Spray tower
It can be either round or rectanguiar. Gas is passed
efficiency. in this device. the particulate It is the simplest type of gas serubber.
E

laden stream cOunter-current to falling drops of liquid (usually water) from a bank of spray nozzies.
is directed through a ventury
tube at a veiocity of G0 The cCarce dat
-
i00 mt/sec. Water sprays are introduced Ihe principal collection mechanisms are inpingement and interception
just aircad -2 range) can be removed by this ahsorber.
of the throat of ventury scrubber,"
AR

i) Ventury Serubber:
this device, the particuate
high energy wet scrubher with a god ticiency. in
Thtoat Scrubbing hqad
jection is a stream is directed through a ventury tute at a velocity of 60- 10G mt/sec. Water
laden
throat of ventury scTubOer.
Sprays are introduced just ahead of the
ii) Cyclone serubber liquid phase. iere alsa. the
by the addition ofa
s is a modilication of the dry cyclone cyclone, Water sgrays are tntroduced
Fig: Vemury Serubber
E4s Is Tangentially swirled around just as in the dry
e

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n ditterent ways. These sprays assist in the collectionn of the dispersoid LLUTKNANTECONEROL
and ternd
prevent re-entrainnen:. Impingement and inertial separation are the prim
imary collection to general
reactionn lakes
take place during
the burning
Mechanisms. The of fuei
CH, +20, C0, +211.0
look up the atomic wcights oftheatomns.
4. Explain with neat sketches the working of a 4-stroke internal combustion. fwe l get
Determine the ratio of air to fuel required for complete combustion of gasoli9in
ino.
C12.0
JBUT
2015
O16

TI
Answer: H-1.008
A four-stroke engine (also known as four eycle) is an Internal combustion (lc molecule
molecule or Cili, has =
crankshait. engine of
1
in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. 13
A
So.
Ix12.01 + 1.08x 1.008 3.09
direction. stroke
refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.
The four OXYgen molecule weights: 2x16=32
separate strokes are termed:
1.
ntake: This stroke of the piston begins top dead center (T.D.C.) and e
at Oxygen-fuel mass ratio=2x 32
bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the a
position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by Drod.en
vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at
the end of the suction
and ends al T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture
preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake an
AU
ends

ucing

stroka
The
So, we
actually oxYgen,

23.2
we need,

488x0-21.07 kg of air for every

T13.09
oxyge tor every
ot oxygen
need 4.88 kg of

1
:4.88
1
kg of fuel. Since, 23.2 mass-percent

kg of fuel.
of air

Ke nd
exhaust valves are closed during this stage. 5.a)Why is "Conditional Stability" so named? WBUT 2015
AK
3. Combustion: This is the start of the second
revolution ot the four stroke cycle. Answer:
this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree A This Occurs when the ELR IS less than the DALR but more than the SAlLR. This
revolution. While the is the
piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the
compressed air-fuel ct
most common situation in Britain. The rising air is stabe in the lower laycrs of the
misture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat atmosphere, but it the
it reason that it started to rise in the first place remains (eg. being
generated by
high compression (diesel engines), forcefuily returning the forced to rise over hills) then it may rise and cool to below its dew point. This will mean
piston to B.D.C. This
stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft. that it will then rise freely as it is unstable (even if it has passed the reason for it rising,
4. Exhaust: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once e.g. the hills have been passed). The weather found with this sort of stability is usually
again returns from B.D.C. to
M

T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels fine and sunny in low lying areas (i.e. those below the condensation ievet) but showery
the spent air-fucl
mixture through the exhaust valve. and cloudy in lhigher areas.

b) With the help of a sketch show the co-ordinate system of Gaussian model
wBUT 2015}
Answer:
E

Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model

C(2,y.2)
Uao.2r
AR

location atl x (downwind distance

C: Concentration of emission (gm/m°) at any receptor
Irom source). y (crosswind) and: (vertical)

Induction Compression
Q: Source emission rate (gm/sec)
Power Exhaust
u: Horizontal wind velocity
,:Plume centre line height above ground
distribution
Vertical standard deviation of emission
e

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, Horizontal standard deviation of

emission distribution This
given
cr.0.0-
Wind speed,
Virtual Concentration
pont Instantancous
fabric #1iter of diameter 0.3m and length 6m is to

TI
plume receivo 10mlsec of flue gas.
stricted to 2m/minl/m* of cloth area.
) Aering velocity is restri
Source
boundary clean operation. Dotermine the number ot
Continuously
bag for a WBUT 2015]
Time averaged Answer:
plume central filter receive /sec of flue gas.
ine The 10x 60 m/min = 600 /min flue gas
receive=
Stack

shown in the coordinate system)

i) The stack tip
Tine-averaged
plume envciope
X

c) Find the Cartesian (x, y, z) co-ordinates of the following points: (need not oto i
be
AU
It
The
filtering velocity restricted to 2 m/min/m

Total cloth area

. Air temperature
rate
requires to
w

filter=o00 m°/min
=
2 m'/min/ m
300 m*.

7 m'lsec. Cyclone is of standard dimension. Díameter of cycione

is 77C. Dynamic viscosity of air at 77*C is 2.1x 10 kg/m-
is
i) The point representing a ground level source with negligible effective height sec. etermine the removal efficiency of particle with density 1.5. gm/cc and
AK
ii) Any point on plume centreline. WBUT 2015) particle diameter is 10u. Assume N, =5. wBUT 2016]
Answer:
Plume Answer:
centreline The pressure drop (A/P)g cyclone separator can be calculated as per following equation
Pollutant
concentration kp
=
(ab)
proliles AP
2D
x0.25x0.5 kg x p x p
M

Wind 13x1.009x (7)

H, at x
2x(1) m'xp
H
at x 13x1.009 x49x0.25xU.2kp/m

x
2
H, at H,= Actual stack height
H = Effective stack height 40.17 kg/m
E

pollutant release height

= H,+ Ah 7. An electrostatic precipitator is to be constructed to remove fly ash particles from
stack gases flowing at 10 mls. Analysis of a similar system shows that the drift
Ah = plunme rise

velocity can be taken as IW =3.5x10 xd,m/s. Determine the plate area required to
AR

d) Derive WBUT 2016]

the condition to be satisfied
for estimation of the horizontal collect a 0.5 um particle with (i) 90% efficioncy. (i) 99% efficiency.
X, to the point where a distance Answer:
plume suffers reflection
Answer: from ground. WBUT 2015] Drift velocity W = 3.5x 10 x0.5x10 m/s
The concentrations at ground
are required then
level on the centre line
of the plume (along x-axis direction) =1.75x10 m/s=0.175 m/s
theequation is simplified further since To achieve 90% efficiency, the area required would be
both z = y=0. 0. 10m secn(1-0.90)
A,In1-n)=0.175m/sec
e

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ENVIRO
NAMENTAL
POLLUNO
=-57.14m In(0.1) =131.56 m* TROA
Similarly, to achieve 99% efficiency, the area required would be NOISEPOLLUTION
A 263. 13 m*
Multiple Cholce Type
8, Write short note on the following: Questions
a) Electrostatic precipitators 1T TG WBUT
standard duration of calculating LIs

TI
b) Venturi-scrubbers WBUT 2012 1. The
c) Cyclone collectors b) 2 hours
WBUT 2012 a) 1 hour c) 3 hours
WeUT 2007
d) Fabric filters Answer: (d) d) 4 hours
[WBUT
Answer: 201
a) Electrostatic precipitators: The oference standard quantity for calculating
2. sound pressure level
Refer to Question No. 1(iv) of Long Answer Type Questions. is
b) Venturi-scrubbers:
Refer to Question No. 2 (ii) of Long Answer Type Questions.
c) Cyclone collectors:
Refer to Question No. 1(ii) of Long Answer Type Questions.
AUa) 20 pPa
Answer: (a)

3. When

a) 1
Answer: (C)
hour
b) 25 HPa

b) 2 hours
c) 30 uPa

ation is not mentioned, Leq is deemed

WBUT 2007
d) 36 uPa

to be calculated over a period

c) 3 hourss
WBUT 2008, 2015)of
d) 4 hours
AK
d) Fabric filters:
A Source emitting 0 d8 and another emitting 60 dB if put in the same location
Refer to Question No.2 () of Long Answer Type Questions. will produce a noise of WBUT 2008]
a) 140 dB b) 80 dB c) 70 dB d) 60 dB
Answer: (6)

5. The loudness of sound has been recorded as 60 phones. Its value in sone scale
is WBUT 2009]
a) 4 b) 8 c) 16
M

d) 32
Answer: (a)

6. If Pstands for, pressure of sound wave and Pret stands for reference pressure,
then sound pressure level is given by [WBUT 2011, 2015]
.
a) 20 logP/P, b)logP|P.)
20
E

c) 20 dog
1ogPJ
Answer: (a)
AR

WBUT 2013, 2015)

7. The common audible range of sound is between
b) 20 20,000 Hz
a) 10 10,000 Hz
d) 80-80,000 Hz
c) 45 45,000 Hz
Answer: (6)

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AUIIONANPCANIEL
8. Acceptable noise level for residential and
business urban areas as Dor 1S:4954.
a WBUT intensity
1968 in
c) 50 60 db d) 70 2016 dB 10log,*Cd
Og1
reference
a) 25-36 db b) 40-50 db 80 db intensity
Answer: (6)
dB = 10log1
Pre Stands for reforence
9.Ifstands for pressure of sound wave and
P

TI
then sound pressure level is gen by NBUT sure,
20177 amplitude of press fluctuation has been
b) 1 /20 logio (PIPret) f the P then the sound level dEB
a) 20 logio (PIPr) siven by L= 10log n [P/Po} dß in has been
log1o (Pror P)
d) 1/20
c) 20 logo (Pre P)
Answer: (a) Where,
sb p 2x10 N/m (at reference pressure
To express sound, sound pressure levels are usually adopted on a ref. has been thus based on a ratio of pressure.

AU dB of
,
10. ference
scale ofi. WBUT 2017) Tnd
Ins
sound pressure level we can use dB for sound
power. The expression is,
a) 10 uPa c) 50 u Pa d) 100 uPa 10 log{P/P,I = 10 log W/W, = 10 log
b) 20 Pa. 1=
Answer: (b) where. Wo reference power
lo reference intensity.
Short Answer Type Questions decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio between two values of a
hvsical quantity, often power or intensity. One of these quantities is often a referenee
1. What is noise pollution? What are the different methods to control noiaa
alue, and in this case thhe decibel can be used to express the absolute level of the physica
AK
pollution?
bin 9b n auie WBUT 2007 auantity, as in the case of sound pressure. The number of decibels is ten times the
Answer: logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities, or of the ratio of the squares of
Noise is:unwanted sound without agreeable musical quality. Therefore, when the effete wo field amplitude quantities. One deçibel is one tenth of one bel, named
in honor of
of sound are undesirable, then it may be termed as "noise" or noise pollution. Alexander Graham Bel. The bel is seldom used without the deci- prefix.

Methods of control of noise pollution: 3. Define sound intensity, sound pressure and sound power level. How aro the
i) Control at source three levels related? WBUT 20c9, 2010
M

ii) Control at path Answer:

iii) Control at receiver end Refer to Question No. 2 of Short Answer Type Questions.
2. What is noise? Explain the concept of noise level in terms of
sound pressure, 4. Writeshort note on Noise pollution. WBUT 20111
sound power and sound intensity with relevant mathematical expressions. Explain Answer:
the terms 'bel' and 'decibel' in this respect. WBUT 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015] Sound is the form of energy which gives the sensation of hearing and is produced by
Answer: longitudinal mechanical waves in matter including solid, liquid and gases and transmited
E

Sound is the form of energy which gives the sensation of hearing and is producedby by oscillations of atoms and molecules of matter. Noise is unwanted sound without
longitudinal mechanical waves in matter including solid, liquid and gases and transmitted agreeable musical quality. Therefore, when the effects of sound are undesirabie, then
it
by oscillations of atoms and molecules of matter. Noise is may be termed as "noise".
unwanted sound without
agreeable musical quality. Therefore. when the effects of sound
AR

are undesirable, then it Noise can be broadly classified under three categories:
may be termed as "noise".
1)Transport noise
(2) Occupational noise
There are two important parameters of sound or noise which are (3) Neighbourhood noise
sound intensity. They are measured in different units giving sound pressure and
varying scale of magnitude. environment is regarded i
The common scientific acoustic unit is Decibel (dB). It The eneration' of unwanted sound (noise) within the
is not an absolute physical unit
like volt, meter etc., but it is a ratio expressed quality of life. There are several specitic ways in which
as logarithmic scale relative to a referegce pollution because lowers
it the interfere with our
sound pressure level or intensity level. adversely. Noise has been fourd to
exCessive noise can affect people
activities of three levels-
e

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Audliological level- reference with satisfactory performance of hearingmechanism TION ANIcONTRQL
Biological level- interfering with biological functioning of our body. We know,
Behavioral level- affecting the sociological behaviour of the subject. L = L -20 los ,-2010s
Noise generation is associated with most of our daily activities. A healthy
responds to a very wide range of SPL from the threshold of hearing at
. a
L20log»(2)= L-20x0.3010=L-6.02
imately, sound levcl would

TI
approxim
uncomfortable at 100-120 dB and painful at 130-140 dB. Due to the various d So, be reduced by
6 dB.
(Ans.)
impacts of noise on hiumans and environment. noise should be controlled. The
or the combination of techniques to be employed fr noise control. depend upon thique
terse 6. A
50 db (A)
lastina for
noise lasting
(A) noise
is leq of this noi
55 mins is followed by
mins. What 90 db (A) noise
of the noise reduction required. nature of the equipment used and the economy as
the available techniques. Is of
e Answer:
lasting for 5
WBUT 20161
10dBA

2)
All noise control problem could be fundamentally denoted as
SOURCE
Paths
RECEIVER
Hence noise control methods generally break into lhree parts.
) Noise control of source.
Noise control along the path to receiver
AU Leg=10lo8,

Here, T(55+5)/60=
Leg
'=

The
= 70.9
60/60==1 Ln
10 logio (/60X 10+ 5/60x 10
10 logto (0.91 x 10 +0.08 x 10)
dBB

sound pressure level is

3) Noise control at the receiver which includes his acoustic environment. measured at 5x10 N/m. Find out
dB
the noise leve
AK
5. a) Given four machines producing 100 dB, 91 dB, 90 dB and 89 dB respectivel
the distance of a noise source is doubled, find out the noise level.
what is the total sound pressure' levef? WBUT 2017
WBUT 2015 Answer:
Answer: 5 xl0 N/m
As, 100 dB sound louder than 89 dB sound by more than I0 dB, so,89 dR svund has no
a) Given, R=
impact. We know P,= 2x10 Nm* (reference pressure)
The total sound level (SPL) will be measured as -

Noise level in decibels. L = 10log

M

=101og
100 L=10 10go 5x10 =10log. 625]=10x2.795 =27.95 dB.
x10 10
=x10 (210
Similarly, =4, x10
and =1, x10°
LCo 28 dB.
E

b)Given. r, 2
The avg. intensity /, =4+1+4 100+10+10
3 We have, L, = h -201og,
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The total SPL =10log=10log0+10+10° 96.11dB (Ans.)

3 Substituting. we get, L = -201og =L-20l0g,(2)

b) If the distance from a noise source is doubled, find out the noise levels. i.e.. =LL 20x0.301 = L-6.02
source.
for doubling of distance from the
[WBUT 2015] the noise level will decrease by 6 dB
1.e.,
dB -6 dB 22 dB
Answer: So, noise level in dB = 28
Given. r = 2 EP&C-61
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DCONTROL

LLong Answer Type Questions Part: Noise level (Leg)

2duivalen
constant level that
t
would produce the same
1. Write down the expression for calculating average noise level. Caleul amount of energy at the nis
average noise level for following four measurements:_
ulate
WBUT he
is the
as the
actual
actual fluctuating level during the
measuring period. <ound
2007 point are, available
Noise level (in dB re: 20 Pa) dose mete
meter to check the level of noise received
Measurements Noise by persons through
noise induced hearing loss. These meters give LEQ directly

TI
Sample 1 40 risk of and are reasonadDiY
accurate
Sample 2 ccepted by the international organization for standardization
This (1S0) for
Sample 3 measurement and rating of
T Sample 4 70
ent noise in residential, industrial
ean noise level over a specified period of time.
and traffic areas. The index
nplies
Calculate the L
What do you mean by "Equivalent Noise Level (,"?
210 dBA
following observations:

Answer:
Observations
Observation 1
Observation 2
Observation 3
Duration(Minute)
10
B0
Noise Level (
60
100
AU
for the
Leg
=10log

x101
10log1.58
4o
+x100+10
3

10log 0.63(0.17x10 +1.33x10*+0.0810 JJBA

C
100
dBA

87.12dBA
AK
Given,
L= 40dB fovof eit stt 1ua bat toltyeb 9. a)While reading A welghted sound levels, 4 readings were taken at a site at
L,=50dB ifierent time of a day. These readings are: 20, 56, 66 and 42 dB(A) (re:20uPa.
level? WBUT 2009, 2012, 2015]
Ly= 60dB3 TT What is the average sound
L4= 70dB3 Answer:
As the difference
between sound pressure levels is more than 10, so the effect of the.
have average sound pressure leve!
The noise levels are to be logarithmically averaged. 20dB and 42dB sound are negligible, and room would
M

L 40 10 log (1/lo) of 56dB and 66dB.

= lo X 10" The average sound pressure level
or, l We know that,
Similarly 1 = lo x 10
L=10log

Where, L measured sound level in dB.

E

I= intensity of that sound.

The average intensity is l=(l +l+lyt 1,)/4 lo reference intensity.
lo (10+ 10°+ 10°+ 10'/4
dB, then
So, in the first case, when sound level 6.6
AR

The average noise level would be 66=10log

L4=10 log (1/1%)= 10 x log (10'+ 10°+ 10°+ 10y4
64.43 dB
or.
los6.
or,=10
.()
= l,x10
e

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Similariy, in the second case, when sound level S6 dB. then
1o*
,Ix10o+lx10)
10
The total sound intensity 1' = I,
-1
(2)
the machine take sta
start irom same
(6)
When both time
1x10+ 1*10*5) .(3) produced isS- and same place.
then the total sound
Afer addition of two different sound level, we get sound level L'.
L'= 10 log l'7l L =10log

TI
= i0 log
[ldi x 10* 1x 10*)/ 1,]
=
10 log ( x 10*1 x 106) 1x101x10%
66.41dB
= 10log
b) A 60dB{A)re:20 Pa noise is accompanied with
What will be the total noise level?
Answer:
another 60dB(A}re:20uPa noise.

Consider that the first machine produces Li sound level the

So, =10log
at
WBUT 2009, 2015]

time of taking start.

.. (1)
AU
As, L
= 10log| 10
o10o
Le= 60 dB; Lg=63 dB

3. Traffic
C itna ba

noise data are shown in the table below:

Time (secs)
(7)

Sound Pressure Level

Where, I= intensity of sound level L dB (A)
AK
loreference intensity. 20
30
Similarly. the second machine produces L2 sound level at the time of taking start 40
50
So. L =10log -(2) 60
When. = intensity of sound level Lo
80
I reference intensity.
M

So, when both the machine take start from 90

same place and same time, then the total 100
intensity of sound Compute the Leq value from the above dataset. WBUT2009]
+l (3) Answer:
After, arranging the equation (1), we get
Ley=10logTn0dB
L =10log
E

(2.77x 10 x10 +5.55«10x10* +8.633x10 x 10

or I0lo8 +0.011x10 +0.013x 10+0.016x 10+0.019x10 jdBA
AR

+0.022x10'* +0.025x 10 +0,028x10

Or,
10 77.77 dBA

=1x10o a Lp and Lw = (Li or Lp) + 10 logio A, where the

Similarly,
.. (4) Derive the expressions : Li -
notations have their usual meaning. [WBUT 2009, 2013, 2015]
Answer:
.(5) er to Question No. 5 (e) of Long Answer Type Questions.
e

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JIONAND ONIROL.
you mean by enclosures in connection to nolse control measures
b) What do WBUT 2009,2 AnSweerence between 30 dB (a) 60
2015 dB(A)
Asthecound
sot
esultant level. Similarly 40 dB(A) has is more than 10 dBA), it has no impact in
Answer: it may be necessary also no impact in the
the noise at its source neco sound level
vel would be the avg. resultant sound level
t is not possible to prevent or reduce be satistactory to The resultant of 60 dB(A) and 65 dB(A).
machine. For this enclosure to

TI
enclose he entire 1or the outer surfaces
1. use a seaied material e. g. panels of metal or plasterboara 60dB= 10logo
absorbent material e. g. mineral wool glas
2. provide the inner surface with a sound
A relativeiy simple sealed encloc.s
Wool or foam rubber or polyurethane
this type can reduce noise by 15 to 20 dB.
material.
of olx10
Similarly
()

3. Mount noise attenuators on any

openings for cooling air (i)
which are easy t0 open where this
4. Supply the enclosure with inspection hatches
necessary for operation or maintenance.

5. a) What do you
Answer:
mean by octave band analysis of noise?

When more detailed information about a complex sound

of 20Hz to 20kHz can be split into sections or bands. This
i
is

WBUT 2010

is needed, the frequencv range

is done electronically with
thin a
AU
The
The
resultant intensity =l=l,
resultant sound level
L=10log,

1(10+10s)
+ l, = I,(10* +10**)

sound level meter. 10log1o dB(A)

These bands usually have a bandwidth of one octave or
one third octave. More advan.
AK
instruments may be able to give a narrow band analySis of the noise data. This may be an p=10log(10° +10 JdBA)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) or information in 1/12 octaves.
e
=66.19dB(A)
An octave band is a frequency. band where the highest frequency is twice the lowest west
frequency.
For example, an octave filter with a centre frequency of IkHz has a lower frequency of d)Traffic noise data is shown in the table below: WBUT 2010]
707Hz and an upper frequency of 1414kHz. Any firequencies below and above these Time (s)_ Sound pre-level (120 dE A (+corrected)
10 65
limits are rejected. A third octave has a width of 1/3 of that of an octave band.
M

20 68
30 70
b) A 70 dB (A) lasting for 35 minutes is followed by 80 dB (A) and 60 dB (A) lasting
40
for 15 minutes and 10 minutes respectively. Calculated of Leg of noise.
WBUT 2010 50 35
60 r . 90
Answer:

Leg =1010En0
E

80
90 70

=10log 10 +0.25x 10° )dBA

100 75
20.58x 110 85
AR

=10log, 1.2(58.25)dBA 120 90

Calculate Leg based upon the value determined by the comments on the area.
78.44 dBA Answer:

c) While recording a weighted ne

rated sound level, 4 readings were taken at a
Corrected noise level
1ime Corrected sound level (dB)
a difference time of a day.
The readings have been found to be 30 dB (A), si 70
65 dB (A), 40 dB (A). 50 ds T0
What is the average sound level? 2010 20
t WBUT
30
40
e

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AN
ENVIRONN NTAL
Corrected sound level (dB) POLLUTION AND CONTRO
60
70 nce the
relerence o the ssurface area Ser of the imaginary
Taking S sphere as Im. we can write
76 log
30
-Li +10
90 = A (area)
100
SO
here.
= S 4r
A
S8 Li +10 log

TI
IT0
120 91
rocording A-weighted sound levels, 4
a readings have
Leg =10logno 6, t
ifferent times of a day. These readings are: 20, 56, 66 and beon taken at a site
42dB (A)ro: 20mPa.
What the average sound level? WBUT 20121
Ley = 10log(2.77x 10 x10' +5.55 x 10 x10" +8.33x10x10 Answer:

Leg
+0.011x 10'* +0.014x 10' +0.017x 10*" +0.019x 10' +0.022x 107
+0.025x 10 +0.028 x 10' +0.030x 10** +0.033x 10"")}|
= 49.67 dB
AU fer,to similar type
following
i) Rural areas
Answer: 25-3SdB
Question No. 5 (c) of Long Answer Type Questions.
Mention typical values of acceptable sound levels as per 1.S. code for the
WBUT 2012]

e) Derive the expression: Lw= Li + 10 logte A, where the notations have their usn it) Urban Residential areas
meanings. usual
AK
WBUT 2010] Answer: 35-45 dB
Answer:
Assume the sound source to be a point source and a periodic sound waves
to he ii) City areas
propagating trom it in the torm.of spherical iwaves. let be the intensity of the sound ata
1
Answer: 45-55 dB
distance ofr form the source. The sound energy can be assumed to spread out equally in
all directions and considered to be distributed uniformly over a sphere of iv) Industrial areas.
radiusr and
surface area s = 4r. Thus, the intensity at a distance at a distance of r from a
point Answer: 50-60 dB
source of power W watts is given by
M

IW 7. Write down the causes of traffic noise along with its effect on human health.
WBUT 2016]
4Tr Answer:
This is known as inverse square law, which states that the intensity as
of sound is inversely The generation of unwanted sound (noise) within the environment is regarded
proportional to the square of its distance from the source.
We know that pollution because it lowers the quality of life. There are several specific ways in which
our
excessive noise can affect people adversely. Noise has been found to interfere with
E

activities of three levels -

L =10 logo
tdB (1) Audiological level- reference with satisfactory performance of hearing
(2) Biological level- interfering with biological functioning of
our body.
mechanism.

Substituting, W =Sl and W,e= S,. we the subject.

) Behavioral level affecting the sociological behaviour of
-
AR

get Ly 10log. ST
= 10log 1os
=|+10

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What
the total sound pressure
are the level (LPT)
and total sound lovel (LoAt)
as the equipment?
The various effect of noise may be outlined anerathe total sound pressure generated at the given distance?
Effect
Whare a the corresponding total soOund power and intensity level?
ji) ichat noise data are snOwn in the table below
Nuisance noise Time (sec)Instantaneous Sound Levol [dB(A)]

TI
Hazardous noise
10 71
Perinanent hearng loss
Neutral-humoral stress response 20 75
Destruction of artifacts 30

Other
Efficiency
Mental stress
Fustratio
Task interference
Iritability

effects:
Comfort
Sleep interierence
Communicauon
Invasion privac)
of
Habit of talking loudly
Enjoyment interference
Meditation interfere
Recreational interference
Temporary AU 40
50
60
70
80
78
80
84
76

75
90
1) Noise interferes with speech, sometime making it unintelligible, sounds of
AK
warning are misunderstood or not heard. more
100 74
2) Even low level noise impairs verbal communicaion because they require WBUT 20171
Lgo
attention and cause misinterpretation. Compute Leq and
3) Noise produces irritability and a feeling of tatigue and may reduce workers Answer:
efficiency. a) Sound levvel
4) lt can cause stress and many other human affection associated with tension Cenre
Sound Pressure A' correction in LPai
Level (dB) dB
anxiety, insomnia, accidents, high blood pressure and other cardiovascular Frequency (Hz)
Lp
M

diseases. 62-2636
62
5), Noise is commonly source of annoyances and cause for complaints. All these are 63
of personal, social and economic importance. -16
125
63
8. a) The hoise spectrum of a cutter equipment is analyzed at a 5 ft distance 250 T2
producing the results below:_ 500
Centre Frequency (Hz) Sound Pressure Level (dB) 92
E

1000 92
63 62
2000 79
125 71 78
AR

250 72 4000
63
500. 77 8000
1000 92
2000 79
4000 77
8000 63
e

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Time InstantaneousS1.No.LA Percent of total time

LPA dB(A)
i. otal sound pressure level.
LPT= 10 logio [E V10 "Pi" (sec) m) in descending Equalled or exceeded
order im{n*1)x 100 in %
+ V10 7/10+ +V10 02 80 4
74 12.7
10 logro [V10 20
*******
75
90 81.8
/4 0

TI
100 70 90,9
= 97.28 dB

nalent Noise Level, Len is defined A- weighted average measure of instantaneous

ii. Total sound level, Lpar = 10 logio [E vi0 "pai "T
Eqlevel over a given period. lt can be calculated from the following expression:
PA
Leg10 logio lfi (VI0

iii. Total sound pressure, Pnms.T

Lpr10
= 10

logio [Pms.T7 Ps,

logio[Vi0 *00 + V10

96.4 dB (A)

refr
l.
+..

Pms,ref
+ V10

2x10° Pa
2102

AU
where.
LPAinstantaneous sound level over a given period

fraction of total time period for which

Le10 logiodB[0.1(A) 7+
(V10 V10 10
Lpai is in progress

********** +V10F
10/100 0.1

.
76.67
AK
Prms, rer 10 'PT Let Loo X dB (A)

.,
Prns,T

= [2x 10 x 10s/0 = 1.46 Pa

Then from the
X-71
table
90.0 81.8

90.9-81.8
X-70.1 dB (A)

iv. Total sound intensity level 70-71

L10 logu [PrmsT / Pams,ref

M

= 10 logio [1.46,2 xl0°1' = 95.52 dB

Total sound power level

LwT 95.52 + 10 logio A
= 95.62+ 10 logio [4 nR] R 5ft 5/3.28 m
= 95.62 + 10 logio [4 n (5/3.28)]
E

110.17 dB

b)
Time Instantaneous SI.No. Lpa Percent of total time
AR

(sec) LPai dB(A) (m). in descending Equalled or exceeded

order m/(n+ 1)]x 100 in %
10 71 84 9.1
20 5 18.2
30 78 27.3
| 40 78
36.4
50 80
45.5
60 84 75 54.5
70 14
63.6
e

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ENVIRONMENTAL
ELUTION ANDCONT
WATER POLLUTION er which transn
sewer transports the sewago
8.The to the point of treatmont,
sewer is callod
Choice Type Questions a) house sewer b) main sewer WBUT 2012]
Multiple c) outfall d) none of these
nswer: (b)

TI
f deoxygenating constant is 0.25 day and 3 day BOD is 148 mg/L, the ev..
five day BOD would be WBUT cted indian cities, like Delhi or Kolkata, the per
a) 280 mg/L b) 200 mg/L 20071 . capita sewage production may
c) 148 mg/L d) none of these ofthe order of be
Answer: (b) [Expected BOD would be 197.33 mg/] a) 500 litres b) 200 litres
WBUT 2012]
c) 100 litres d) none of these
2. The sewage
matter, are
treatment
a) trickling filters
c)sludge digestion tanks
Answer: (a)
units, which work on aerobic

3. The efficiency of sedimentation tank

does
decomposition
b) Imhoff tanks
d) none of these

not depend upon

of
anic
WBUT 2007)
AU Answer: (6)

10. BOD represents

a) 0°C
Answer: (b)
5 days'

b) 20°C
biochemic oxygen demand

c) 30°C
at a temperature of
DWBUT 20121
d) none of these

a) detention time [WBUT

b) depth of the tank 200 11.BetweenBOD and cOD, the greater of the two WBUT 2012]
AK
c) length of the tank
d) horizontal velocity of water a) is BODD b) is COD
Answer: (d) c) both are equal
d) depends on sewage characteristics
4. If a sewer drain carrying a
discharge of 2 cumecs, Answer: (d)
discharge of 10 cumecs, and having DO equal to 8.4 outfalls into a river carryinga
mixture will be equal to mg/, the resultant DO
of the preliminary treatment of sewage WBUT 2012]
a) 5.0 mg/l WBUT 2007 12. During
c) 10.5 mg/l
b) 7.0 mg/ a) oils and greases are removed by skimming tanks
b) floating materials are removed by screening
Answer: DO of sewer drain is required to determinenone of these
d)
M

DO of mixture. c) grit and sand are removed by frit chambers

d) all of these are correct
5. The hydroxyl ion concentration
the water sample is
of a water sample is 10
moles/litre. The pH of Answer: (a)
a) 5 b) 9 WBUT 2009 WBUT 2013
c) 10 d) none of these 13. Lignin is the waste generally derived from
Answer: (a) a) daily industry b) paper & pulp
c) oil & refinery d) fertilizr plant
E

6. Nature of pollutants
in waste water is Answer: (b)
a) physical WBUT 2011]
c) biological b) chemi
14.When industrial wastes are discharged into rivers, oxygen depletion takes
Answer: (d) d) any combination of (a), (b), (c) WBUT 2015)
AR

place due to
a) suspended organic solids b) suspended inorganic solids
7. The liquid wastes originating d) dissolved inorganic solids
from residential and industrial c) dissolved organic solids
collectively called buildings, are Answer: (C)
a) domestic sewage, WBUT 2012]
c) sanitary sewage b) combined sewage WBUT 2016)
Answer: (6) d) none of these 15. The pH value of cotton textile waste is d) 6.5 9.0
c) 5.5-8.0
a) 8- 10 b) 3- 5
Answer: (a)
e

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RONMENTA.2O1
disclharge NDCONTRO
ocessing suitable for reuse back
he
cooling
waste volume generated per
operations in oil refinery unit is
1 tonne of crude in the processin
[WBUT2016)
and
also
ivertently contaminated with toxic organic
tondver vironment. This
created by residences, and inorganic material is otten
a) 20' m b) 5 m c) 50 m d) none sewaeents. institutions compounds.
Answer: (a) of thaso establishn It can be ireatcd close and comnercial
to and industriai
nent systems) or collected where it is created (in septic tanks.

TI
17. Ratio of BOD to COD in dairy waste
is WBUT 2016,
aero
o
statocollection and treatment is
and
a municipal irealmient plant transported via a network of pipes and
(sce sewerage
Biofilters or
pumP
a) 0.7 0.8 b) 0.5-0.6 c) 0.2-0.3 d) none of 2017 typically subject and pipes and infrastructure)
Answer: (a) these Sewadards (regulation and controls). to local, state and
specialized treatment processes.
Industrial sOe
Industrial te and
sources of wastewater
federa
federal regulations
often require
18. The average BODs of spely sewage treatment involves three
domestic sewage is WBUT 2016)
a) 80 kg/day/person TyP First. the solids are separated stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary
c) 0.8 kg/day/porson
Answer: (a)
19. A metalloid which is included in NAAQS
a) As
Answer: (b)
b) Pb
b) 8 kg/day/person
d) 0.08 kg/day/person

in its last revision is

c)Ni
[WBUT 2016]
d) Hg
AUbiohacteria.
rne
and
bacteria.
the
Finally, the biological
an sand micro-filtration). The final
bay, lagoon
from
freical matter is progressively converted into the wastewater stream. Thert dissolved
a solid mass by using
solids are neutralized thern
treated water may be disinfected chemically
or physically
indigenous, waler
disposed of or re-uie
(for cxarnple by
efluent can be discharged into a stream, nver,
or wetland or it can be used for the irrigaton
rk.If it is sufficientiy
of a golf course, green way or
ciean, it can also be used for gro indwater recharge.
20. Radiation sickness may be Waste water treatnment plantS are usually designated as providing
produced by radiation dose of about WBUT 20161 primary, secondary ur
AK
a) 100 rem b) 50 rem advanced treatment, depending on the degree of purification. Primary
c) 20 rem d) 5 rem treatment plants
Answer: (a) utilize physical processes, such as screening, gritting and sedimentation. to remove
21. Which of the following pumps nollutants that will settie or that are t0o large to pass through simple screening devices.
sewage without clogging the pump? is used to pump sewage solids with liquid The floating pollutants like O1l &gease can be removed by a separate unit known as
a) Centrifugal pump WBUT 2017] skiming. As primary treatments utilize the physical process. they are also cailed
b) Pneumatic ejector Physical treatment'.
c) reciprocating pump
d) none of these
Answer: (a) Primary treatment usually removes about 35% BOD and 60 % suspended solids.
M

22. Pick out the correct statement The next to the primary treatment is called the secondary treatment of waste water. In
from the following: [WBUT 2017]
a) The sewer pipes of sizes less than 0.4 this treatment microbial oxidation of waste takes place and so this treatment process is
m diameter are designed as running
full at maximum discharge known as Biological treatment'. There are different kinds of biological units. such as
b) The sewer pipes, of sizes greater i) Trickling filter. i) Rotating disc Biological Contactor (RBC). i) Activated Sludge
than 0.4 m
running 2/3 or 3/4 full at maximum discharge diameter are designed as Process. iv) Oxidation Pond etc. All of the above mentioned biological units. take the
c) The minimum design velocity of advantage of the ability of microorganisms to convert the organic wastes into stabilized,
sewer pipes is taken as 0.8 m/sec
E

d) all of these
low-energy compounds. So, any one of the units can be adopted for the secondary
Answer: (b) treatment. When properly designed and operated, secondary treatment plants remove
about 90% of the BOD and 90% of the suspended solids.
natural stream.
Short Answer Type Questions After the secondary treatment, water must be discharged to the
AR

provides degrec ot
Chlorination should be done to kill the gems before the discharge. it
1. Mention the basic methods of treatment safety by disinfection.
for waste water. WBUT 20111
Answer: WBUT 2012
Sewage treatment or domestic wastewater 2. Write brief note on Acid-mine-drainage.
contaminants from wastewater, both runoff treatment, is the process of removing
Answer: rock
and domestic. It includes ohysical, chemical metalliferous drain»ge (AMD), or acid
and biological processes to remove physical, ACid mine drainage, acid and mines.
chemical and biological contaminants. Iis the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coai
objective is to produce a waste stream drainage (ARD) refers to
(or treated efiluent) and a solid waste or sludge
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ENVI ENTALPOLLUTON
Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of A
DCONTROL
wathering process but is exacerbated by large-scale earth disturbances characteshe TOck nically comprise aseptic tank,drain f eld, and
geme astewater belongs optionally
on-site
to
anagemen human excreta, solid waste andoverarching term sanitation, justunit. The
and other large construction activities, usually ithin rocks containiC O the treatment
abundance of sulfide minerals. Areas where the earth nas Deen disturbed ininy
an. wastewater contalns a stormwater like tie
Construction sites, subdivisions and transportation corridors) may ereate acid Istrial diversity of impurities (drainage).
eatment constitutes a

TI
and therefore for
ge. n many localities. the liquid that drains from coal stocks, coal
facilities, coal washeries, and coal waste tips can be highiy acidic, and in
hock special task. Furthermore,
ustrial luent arc constantly being tightened up.
this reason
the emission limits tor
such casee us production processes are becomingClosed circuits and product recovery
treated as acid rock drainage. t is nvaring companies. These measures an increasing priority
manufact amongB
he same type of chemical reactions and processes may occur through the disturh. represent
of aquatic eco-systems and possess great an additional contribution to tne
of acid sulfate soils formed under coastal or estuarine conditions ater the last maio cost-cutting potential.
level rise, and constitutes a similar environmental hazard. ajor s

1. a) Draw the
Answer:
Long
flowchart of

Primary
Answer Type Questions
waste water treatment plant.

treatment Secondary treatment

WBUT 2007
AU e How can oil and grease be separated from industrial waste water? WBUT 2007
wer:
Anoils can be recovered from open water surfaces by skimming devices. Considered a
Maable
dep
Skin
rs
and cheap way to remove oil, grease and other hydrocarbons
can sometimes achieve the desired level of water purity.
is also a cost-efficient method to remove most of the oil
from water, oi

Shrane filters and chemical processes. Skimmers will prevent filters from
At other times,
before using
blinding
prematurely and keep chemical costs down because there is less oil to process.
AK
Was Screening
eause grease skimming involves higher viscosity hydrocarbons, skimmers must be
ater HL Grit
chamber inDed with heaters powerful enough to keep grease fluid for discharge. If floating
grease forms into solid clumps or mats, a spray bar, aerator or mechanical apparatus can
Air Chlorine removal.
be used to facilitate

Primary Acration tank| Secondary Chlorina Emuent

2. Describe the pollution characteristics and suggest treatment for any five of the
setting tank setting tor following industries: WBUT 2008, 2017]i
tank / Clean water i) Dairy ) Distillery
M

ii) Fertilizrs iv) Oil Refineries

v) Pulp and Paper Mills vi) Sugar
vii) Tannery viii) Textile
Activated sludge
Sludge
ix) Petrochemicals.
dispos: Answer: Suggestéd Treatment Methods

H
|
Thickener Anaerobic Sludge Industry Pollution Characteristics
digester dewatering
E

Biological
Highly alkaline, High BOD, High . Chemical and
Textile (cotton) treatment
Chart: Wastwater treatment plant-providing primary and secondary suspended solids
COLOUR, High chloride, Biological treatment
treatment facility using activated sludge process Distillery and STRONG
High sulphate, Very high BOD
AR

Brewery Biological
High total Chemical Treatment,
b) What are the differences between industrial waste water and municipal waste Petrochemicals Oil, High BOD & COD, Treatment
water? [WBUT 2007] solids. Chemical Treatinent, Biologicai
Answer COD, High
Pharmaceuticals |High total solids, High acidic or Treatment
Municipal Wastewater is any water that has been adversely. affected in quality COD/BOD ratio, Either
by anthropogenic influence. Municipal wastewater is usually conveyed in a combined alkaline. Biological
Chemical Treatment,
sewer or sanitary sewer, and, treated at a wastewater treatment plant. Treated wastewater content, High phenol
Coke oven High ammonia suspended Treatment
is discharged into, receiving water via an effluent sewer. Wastewaters generated in areas content, High BOD, Low
without access to centralized sewer systems rely on on-site wastewater systems. These solids, High cyanide.
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NTAL POLUTIONANDCONTRG
reatment
Suggested Treatm
Pollution Characteristics
Industry Method draw ba
back Synthetic polymers are now
increasingly being
serious water treatment. Commercial used as polymeric
Oil refineries Free and emulsified oil. oil separation, Chemi gula ducts. Cationic poymeric c0agulantspolymeric coagulants
are highiy
treatment, Biological /flocculants contain positively charged
treaica Conic P s amino {- NH3
Fertilizer Figh Nitrogen content, Treatme
+3, Imino {-CH2
NH" -CH2} or quaternary charged
Ithough a number of poly sulphonium and poly
High dissolved solids, High suspended|Biological amino*

TI
Dairy
solids, High BOD, Presence of oil and KR4.eted. quadrivalenrt nitrogen is the charged phosponium compounds have
Heen
recoagulants at the present time. Cationicity site in all commerciai cationic
Grease.
Sugar High BOD, High Volatile Solids, Low|Biological treatment. nolyn ICither via protonalion of derives from the quadrivalent
primary. secondary or tertiary amines
nitro ary nitrogen groupings. Coagulants of this
or via generation
of quationicity of the quaternary latter types are referred to as Poly
nitrogen is independent of Ph, although,
3. Write short
treatment:
notes on the following in connection to industrial wasto
a) Chemical coagulation
b) Biological Troatment
c) Reverse Osmosis
d) Floatation.
Answer:
[WBUT 20091
AU
qua
the po
mer molecule may exnibit sensitivity to Ph,
such as hydrolysis
other parts of
dependent on protonation, however, is a function « Ph of ester linkages.
.With out getting
Cached in details of polymer- surlace interactions, the gross effects of Ph on effective
ennicity can be obtained irom colloid titration behavior of the polymer at fixed levels
Ph.
a) Chemical coagulation:
b)
Biological Treatment:
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the forces that
AK
keep them iological treatment IS an important and integral part of any wastewater treatment plant
apart. Cationic coagulants provide positive electric.charges to reduce the hat treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble organic
(zeta potential) of the colloids. As a result, the
negative char
particles collide to form larger particle fmpurities or a mix of tie two types of wastewater sources. The obvious economic
(tlocks).Coagulation, thus. imnplies formation of smaller compact advantage, both in terms of capital investment and operating coss, of biological
aggregates. Rapid
mixing is required to disperse the coagulant throughout the liquid. treatment over other treatment processes like chemical oxidation; thermal oxidation etc.
Care must be taken not to overdose the coagulants as this has cemented its place in any integrated, wastewater treatment plant. Biological treatment
can cause a conmplete charge
reversal and restabilize the colloid complex. using aerobic activated sludge process has been in practice for well over a century.
Efmuents are lheterogeneous in nature. Chemical coagulation is an
Increasing pressure to meet more stringent discharge standards or not being allowed to
M

important unit process

in water treatment for the removal of discharge treated effluent has led to implementation of a variety of advanced biological
turbidity. Its application in water treatment is
followed by sedimentation and filteration. Various types
of coagulants are being used to treatment processes in recent years. The title of this article being very general, it is not
condition water beiore sedimentation and filteration. The
are most widely used coagulants possible by any means to cover all the biological treatment processes.
The main purpose of secondary treatment of waste water is to remove more
BOD and
Aluminum sulphate{Alum }
.suspended solids from water. Usually microorganisms are used to remove that BOD
and
Poly aluminum chloride {PAC}
so this is called biological treatment also.
E

Ferrous sulphate
Sodium Aluminate There are different type biological treatment-
Silicon Derivatives 1) Trickling filter
Lime 2) Rotating disc Biological Contactor
AR

Synthetic Organic Polymers 3) Activated Sludge Process

4) Oxidation Pond.
Currently Alum and PAC are
most extensively used in water treatment
contact vith water. they form .When brought in c)Reverse Osmosis: pemeabie
positively charged aluminium hydroxide technology that uses a semi
agglomerates the negatively charged floc which Keverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification applied
causing them to settle down. The clays, slit, bacteria, algae organic
matters erc particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an
sludge formation in alum and PAC is embrane to remove larger pressure, a colligative property that is driven
by
suffers from high disposal very high. Also it pressure is used to overcome osmotic
cost making the treatment non Reverse osmosis can remove many tYpes
user friendly. Suffer from a Cemical potential, a thermodynamic
parameter. industrial
including bacteria, and is used in both
EP&C-80 Oecules and ions from solutions,
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AN
ANI)CONIR
is that the solute is reta:
processes and the production of potable water. The result tained
1annery
is allowed to pass to theOn
the pressurized side of the menmbrane and the pure solvent b) Continues llow waste
side. To be "selective", this membrane should not
allow large molecules or ions 1her water

the pores (holes). but should allow smaller components of the solution. (such
(such has the
Soaking Aming Defleshing
Delming Tanning
solvent) to pass freely. wash Deharing
In the normal osmosis process. the solvent naturally
moves irom an area of low solute
ei
jvash waleCr
watcr was watcr
wan
Dyeing &fat

concentration (high water potential). through a membrane, to an area of high s

Wsh water

TI
Rsw Liing Delleshing
ro soakin Delming T.
concentration (low water potential). The movement of a pure solvent driven to
is lides vats Dehairing Finrshed
anits
the îree energy of the systeim by cqualizing solute concentrations on each side Spent Spert
Later
reverse Fexsberg
membrane. generating osimotic pressure. Applying an external pressure to pCnt Imit Delimng annung
h
natural flow of pure solvent, thus. is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to othe
Soak LIquor and bating Liquor Lsquor
Liquor Liquor
reverse
membrane technology applications. However. key differences are found between
osmosis and filtration. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration
straining. or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect exclusion
particles regardless of operational parameters such as influent pressure and concentration
Moreover. reverse osmosis involves a diffusive mechanism. so that separation efficiency
is dependent on solute concentration. pressure. and water tlux rate. Reverse osmosis is
i
f AU
5. Tabula the pollutio
--I..
Intermitient tiow waste watcr
Fig: Flow Diagram of a Vezetable Tanning Process

tion characteristics of fertilizer and oil refinery industries.

most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing WBUT 2009
the salt and other eftluent materials from the wáter molecules.
AK
Answer:
Refer 1o Question No. 2 of Long Answer Type Questions.
d) Floatation:
The flotation process. when applied in wastewater treatment. use methods of air injection and suggested treatments for any five of
in such a way that small air bubbles (<0. Imm) should be formed. This is necessary due to
Describe the pollution characteristics
the following industries:
the small size. low density and usually hydrophilic properties of the solids to be removed.
) Dairy
These factors when combined make the removal of the solids in solution a difficult or b) Distillery
M

even impossible task. The generation of small air bubbles can be performed chemícally. c) Fertilizers
by efectroiysis. by dissolving air in water at high pressures or by ejectors. d) Oil Refineries
Pulp and Paper Mills
e)
4. Draw fiow typical flow chart for treating waste waters of WBUT 2009] Petrochemicals
a) Sugar Mill and g) Pharmaceuticals
b) Tannery h) Sugar
Answer: i) Tannery WBUT 2010, 2013, 2015]
E

a) Sugar Mill: ) Textile.

Answer:
No. 2 of Long Answer Type Questions.s
Scogar Etae Equilzatcn Tank a) to f&h) to j): Refer to Question
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Sug2ested Treatment
Industry Pollution Characteristics
Acratron Tank
Methods
Pajahg Perd
High Chemical Treatment.
Pharmaceuticals High total solids. High COD, alkaline. |Biclogical Treatrnent
acidic or
COD BOD ratio, Either
Drscrze
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7.Tabulate the pollution charactoristics of fertilizer and dairy. waUT
Answer: 201 Rottin
Refer to Question No. 2 of Long Answer Type Questions.
are the pollution characteristics for the following tries: [WBUT
hat indusiries: [WBUT.

TI
a) Puip and paper mills 20111
Filtering meda
b) Fertilizers nea
Vinering
c) Dairy
d) Tannery
e) Textile.
Suggest treatment for each. C
Answer:
Refer to Question No. 6 of Long Answer Type Questions.
9. Name and
treatment
Answer:
explain
methods?
Trickling Filters
the basic principles of three numbers of waste
water
WBUT
AU
2011
Undct
drainage

Rotating disc Bioiogical Contactor (RBC)

Fig Trckling filter
tniet pe

otating disc Biological Contactor (RBC) is one of the newest methass of biologieal
Trickling filters are used for the biological treatment of domestic sewage ment of wastes. The treatment unit consists of a cylindrical bottomed harizoata
a
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wastes. in the waste water treatment plant, trickling filter Is always and industrial low tank on which partially submerged-light weight rotating unit is placed. along the
preceded by primarv direction of flow. The rotating unit consists of a series of closely spaced biologically
sedimentation tank so that the settleable solids in the waste water may cavers
Similarly. a final sedimentation tank or secondary sedimentation
not clog the filter inactive discs mounted on the rotating rod or shaft. The microbial film grows and
tank the entire available surface
of the discs.
settieable organic solids, which are produced in the filtration process, to
remove the
rotations of the dises. During the first half, the dis should be
trickling fiiter. always follows There are two halves of the should be in air.
partially merged inside the waste water of the tank; the remaining part
The trickling fiiter consists ofa tank which is circular or food i.e. organic wstes
The microbial film of the submerged part of the disc getting
is
rectangular in shape. The tank is
filled up by the crushed rocks, large gravels, broken bricks, ceramics a result, the concentration of organic wastes
from the waste water during this period. As
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etc. These
filtering media. The under-drainage system is provided in the tricking filter are called reduction of BOD of the waste water too. During the next half, the
to collect the reduces which leads to
eftluent. The individual rocks of the filtering media are waste water rotates and exposed to the air while the
covered by a layer of biological portion which was inside the
slime consisting of aerobic bacteria. The waste water can be sprayed now dipped into the waste water. The portion
on the surface of remaining portion which was in air initially
it are getting oxygen from the ztrnosphere
and
the trickiing filter from a fixed or moving sprayer. which is now in air, the microbial films of
this rotational process, the thicknesa
at the
When the waste water is sprayed over the filtering media which is maintain their aerobic growth. During
covered by the collected at the bettam ef
biological slime, the organic material present in the waste water ultimately slide off the disc and
microbial film increases and process, a constant thickness
E

is absorbed and and as it is a continuous

accumulated by microorganism (mainly aerobic bacteria). These microorganisms partly the tank. This is called sloughing
degrade these crganic wastes. As a result, maximum amount of BOD is maintained.
value is reduced of microbial film on the disc
here. During the process of degradation, the weight and thickness
of slime increases and
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ultimately slides off the filtering media and is collected at the

bottom of the filter along
with the treated water. This sliding process is called
sloughing. The collected siough
from the bottom of the tank is allowed to pass to
the next unit i.e. secondary
sedimentation tank. On the basis of hydraulic and organic loading there
are two types or
trickling filter, (a) Low rate trickling filter, (b) High
rate trickling filter.
e

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Vhen ro-organisn is added 1o the waste water,
(iv) called the 'mixcd liquor (MI.. tfihe
combination of both
cal
The ed liquor (MIL) Is then, allowed to
pass to the next unit
(V) dimentation tank. i.c., secorsa
Se secondary sedimentation tank. the mixed
(a) UNITILIIITIT (vi)In liquor is aflowed to stay there

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ertain time. This time is callcd as mean cell resistance time' (MCRT fora
ITIIILIIII this period, the micro-organisms which
(vii) uring me are present in the waste wate
become active after getting oxygen from the aeration tank. start to
decompvse the
anic wastes. As thc concentration of organic waste reduces. the demand oxygcn
reduces. of
i.c.. BOD also
(b)
the decomposition of the organic waste, some simple solid substarces are

Activated Studge Process

Primary
sedimentation tank

(c)
Secondary
sedimentation tank
AU
(v1

(ix) The
duced. The combination of mixed liquor (ML) and these suspended siid
atbstances, togethherly called 'mixed liquor suspended solid' (MLSS)
su
mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is then separated ie.. soiid, iquid
nixed
eparation take place. he iquid which is free from any organic waste, is allowed to
pass to the next unt tor the further treatment (if any) and solids are yradually senfe
down at the bottom of the tank from where it is collected as sludge.

Activated sludge process is the most modern method The sludge collectea irom the bottom of the secondary sedimentation tank, cantairn
of secondary waste water treatment active micro-organism in it and so this type of sludge is called activated studge.
AK
The sludge produce in this method. contains living micro-organism in it and so it is called
s) Maximum portion of
this sludge is disposed off for the sludge digestion and
activated sludge. This activated sludge is recycled for the turther treatment of the remaining portion. is recycled to aeration tank for the further decomposition of
water. waste
organic waste. As the activated sludge contain active micro-organism and so there is
The objective of activated sludge process treatment is to remove the organic
waste i.e.
no need to introduce any micro-organism from the outside. The micro-organism may
BOD from the waste water increase in their number after getting suficient oxygen from the aeration tank. Tais
There are four different types of activated sludge process micro-organisim again decomposes the organic waste and hence reduce the BOD of
(a) Conventional process
waste water.
(b) Contact process
M

Ar
(c) Step aeration
Secomdary
(d) Complete mixed process. Primary Acration
Inluent
water
sedimentation tank sedmentticn
tank
ta
Lank
Thefollowing steps are involved in the activateit slulge process
( A
rectangular tank is usually used into which waste water is allowed to stay here for Recycle of activated adge
a certain period. Number of aerator should be placed in
this tank for the supply of
E

oxygen. This tank is called as aeration tank. The activity

micro-organisms which Sludge for digestuon Sladge for dgeston
are used here to treat the waste water, is dependent on
the supply of oxygen.
(1i) The aeration tank always be preceded by a
primary sedimentation tank and followed Fig. Conventional activated sludge process
by a secondary sedimentation tank. The suspended solid
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present in the waste water

should be removed by primary sedimentation tank before
entering in the aeration Alvantuges of activated slualge process: the waste
tank and the sludge produced during the activated sludge maximun amount ot BOD from
process should be settled in 1) Activated' sludge process reduces
the secondary sedimentation tank.
(ii) The efficiency of the activated sludge process depends water.
on the ratio of organic waste this method.
present in the waste water to the micro-organism added to it. 1) Pathogens are reduced by
As the organic waste Is
the food of the micro-organism. this ratio is called ratio ii) Little space is required.
of food to micro-organism.
(F/M).

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Disadvantages of activated sludlge process: anacrobic lagoon or manure lagoon
is a man-made
b) An animal
tlhat undergoes
waste that anaerobicrespiration outdoor earthen
1i) The etficieney of the process depends on separation of solids from liquid.
lt is difticult to operate and skilled man power is required.
ith
with and treat refuse created by Concentrated as part of a system
ba
designedto
managhic and anaerobic conditions Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
cxist in facultative
10. a) List out five harmful effects due to disposal of industrial wastes withou Bo bilization ponds, oxidation lagoons, which also are
ponds, photosynthetic

TI
adequato treatment. are the mo
most common ponds, and aerobic-anaerobic
b) Discuss the utility of aerobic and anaerobic lagoons in ponds. Theyhey type of wastewater
treatment lagoon used by sImalt
industrial wastes.
the treatment
of com ties and individual households.
WBUT 2016 is a shallow body of water separated from
Answer: r reefs. Lagoons are commonly a larger body of water by
Aislands
H barrier
a) 1. Water Pollution: The effects of industrial pollution are far
reaching and liable to y have also been 1dennea as occurringdivided into coastal lagoons
and atoll lagoons.
affect the eco-system for many years to come. Most
water for their work. When involved in a series of processes,

These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers. As

sources have high amount of industrial waste in
of our eco-system. The same water is then used by farmers
atfects the quality of food that is produced.
industries require large amounts
contact with heavy netals. harmful chemicals, radioactive waste and
the water comes into
even organic slude.
result, many of our water
them which seriously impacts the health
for irrigation purpose which
of

AU
rimary
Afer

4
on mixed-sand and
treatment in the septic tank, liquid
pipe and discharges near the center of the
is further processed by aerobic (oxygen-loving) bacteria.

A township with a population of 1,00,000 is designing

lant.to handle both industrial and domestic waste
gravel coastlines.
efluent flows to the lagoon through a
lagoon bottom. Here the wastewater

a waste water treatment

water. An environmental survey
Water pollution has already rendered many
ground water resources useless. for humans revealed the following:
AK
and wildlife. It can at best be recycled for
further usage in industries. Source of waste water Flow BOD, at 20°C
2. Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is
creating problems in agriculture and 10mld mg/L
vegetation. It also causes chronic health destroying local Dalry 3.0 1150
issues to the people that come in
such soil on a daily basis. contact with Sugar mill 2.5 1480
3. Air Pollution: Air pollution Domestic waste water is produced 220 litres/capita/day and per capita
has led to a steep increase in BOD
continues to affect us on a daily basis. various illnesses and it contribution is 60 gms/day.The combined waste water is discharged
With so many small, mid and large with minimum flowof 8.0 m'ls having BOD, value of 1 mg/L.
into a steam
coming up. air pollution has taken toll scale industries Assume the dissolved
on the health of the people and the oxygen concentration of the stream water after the point of mixing as
M

4. Wildlife Extinction: By environment.

causes natural rhythms and
and large, the issue of industrial
lution shows us that it necessary to maintain a minimum D.0 content of 4.0 mg/L in the 6.0 mg/. It is
patterns to fail. meaning that the wildlife stream. Given:
a severe manner. Habitats are is getting affected in saturation D.O. value of the steam is 7.0 mg/L Find the degree of treatment of
being lost. species are becoming combined waste water required
the environment to recover from each extinct and it is harder for
spills, fires, leak of radioactive natural disaster. Major industrial accidents like oil Take: Biochemical reaction rate constant, K= 0.23/day e-aeration rate constant, Kz
they have a higher impact in
material and damage to property
are harder to clean-up as 1.15/day
a shorter span of time.
5. Global Warming: Given: [4,/fD}" = f(1-(s-1)D,/4
E

With the rise in industrial

increasing at a steady pace. pollution, global warming has Where f =K2/K1 = Self-purification factor
Smoke and greenhouse gases been
into the air which causes are being released by industries D=Critical D.O Deficit;
increase in global warming.
polar beers, floods, tsunamis, Melting of glaciers, extinction D Initial D.O deficit;
hurricanes are few of of
The issue of industrial the effects of global warming.
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pollution concerns every nation L Ultimate BOD;

steps have been taken on the planet. As a result, many Given:
to seek BODs=L,|1-e
being developed for disposal permanent solutions to the problem. Better technology [WBUT 20171
industries as possible. Organic of waste and recycling as much polluted is
methods are being used water in the Answer:
as using microbes to clean the water and soil, such Township population: 1. 00,000
that naturally uses
pushed into place to heavy metals and
prevent further misuse waste as feed. Policies are being rer capita wastewater contribution = 220 litres/ day
rampant and will take
many years to be
of iand. However, industrial
brought under control. pollution is still al domestic wastewater = 1, 00,000 x 220 22 x 10° litres/day = 22 x 10'm'd
Per capita BOD; contribution = 60 gms / day
DODs concentration of domestic wastewater 60x 10°/ 220=272.7 mg/l =273 mg/1
e

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Source of waste water Flow in 10'm 'd BODs at 20°C in mg/L GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
Dairy 3.0 150
Sugar mil1 2.5 1480
ISSUES
Multiple Choice Type
en the three Questions

TI
types of wastewater (domestic, dairy and sugar nmil) are mixed tooel.
common cause of acidity
DODofthe combined wastewater can be calculated by the mass balance equatioer, The most
4. in water is
a) carbon dioxide
be equal to will
b) oxygen WBUT 2007)
3x1150 + 2.5x1480+22 x = 478.4 mg/l c) hydrogen d) nitrogen
3+ 2.5 + 22 Answer: (a)
Initial deficit, D, = 7 6

Critical deficit. D. = 7-4=3

Ki
1.15
--.

0.23
5
- 1.0 mg

mg/l AU ichlorofluoromethane can be written as

a) CFC
Answer: (C)
1 b) CFC 10

onletion of ozone layer in the outer atmosphere

incidence of
a) skin cancer
c) CFC 11 t te

is likely to increase the

WBUT 2008]
WBUT 2007]
d) CFC 21

[L1D" =s(1-/-1)D, /L, c) Bronchitis

b) lung cancer
d) kidney ailment
[L/ 5x3)
AK
= 5 [1-(5 -1) 1/ Lo] Answer: (a)
Applying trial and error method, Lo = . The important gaseous pollutants contributing to acid
21.5 mg/l, where Lo is the maximum ultimate rains are
BOD that can be applied to
the river. WBUT 2008, 2010, 2013]
Corresponding BOD, value = L a) SO2 and NO3 tes s3s
[l -e]=21.5 [1-e = 15 mg/l z4 b) CO2 and H;S
c) NOx and O3rit to is d) Co and H2S
Stream
lo =
8.0 m's =
8x 86400 m'ld = 691.2 x 10°m'ld Answer: (a)
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BOD value of the stream before mixing 5. The ozone layer depletion is caused due to the reaction of ozone with
When the combined wastewater with wastewater = 1.0 mg/l a) carbon monoxide
calculated by the mass balance
mixes with stream flow, the
resulting c) sulphur dioxide
i b) chlorine WBUT 2008]
cquation will be equal to 15.0 mg/1, BOD, value can be d) nitrous oxide
maintaining minimum D.O then only criteria of Answer: (d)
of 4.0 mg/l in the river can be
the combined wastewater fulfilled. Let X is the BOD,
after treatment in the treatment of
691.2 x 1+ (3 + plant. Then, 6. Theozone on earth where alone life exist is called
15.0 2.5+ 22) x a) hydrosphere a 7WBUT 2003]1
E

X b) lithosphere
(3 +2.5 + 22) + 691.2 367 mg/l c) biosphere d) troposphere
Answer: (d)
BOD ofthe combined
wastewater before treatment=
478.4 mg/ 7. Man-made emission of Chlorofluoro
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BOD, of the combined Carbon (CFC) is likely to deplete the ozone

wastewater after treatment in the troposphere leading to
river= 367 mg/l. that will be allowed to dispose increase is wBUT 2008]
in the a) radioactivitysft i5t5 b) heat
The degree of treatment C)
of combined waste water sound d) ultraviolet radiation
478.4- required Answer: (d)
478.4
56100==23.28 %
8. Acid rain occurs at a pH value of WBUT 2009]
a) 5.6
Answer: (6)
b) >5.6 c) s5.6 y w ipy,d) none of these
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[WBUT 2009, 2012, RONMENIALILUnON ANDCO
9. Ozone depletion is as a consequence of b) emissions of VOC 2013)
a) greenhouse effect
d) emissions of NOx Answer: (C)
c) emissions of CFC
Answer: (c) Acidrain Occurs at tho pH range of
20. A b) 2 to 4
a) to 3
1
c) 3 to 5
WBUT 2011]
greoenhouse gas is from WBUT
Answer: (b) d) None of theno
Primary source of methane (CH) as a

TI
T0.
b) paddy fields 2009
a) automobile exhaustions
c) none of these level rise and Global warming are two
c) thermal power plants environmental hazards genaraily
Answer: (b) ssociated with
depletion b) Greenhouso effect WBUT 2011]
a) Ozone
wBUT 2009, Answer: (b)
c) None ot these
11. Albedo refers to 2013
a) average temperature of the earth b) average reflectivi of the earth

12
c) average pressure
Answer: (b)

****************.is
a) Co
Answer: (a)
a direct greenhouse
b) CO
gas.
d) none of these

c) SO2
WBUT 2009)
NOx
AU
The
2
Uhich of the following is not a major constituent ofa photochemical
22. WhPAN
a)
Answer: (b)
b) Co

fossil fuels responsible

a) industries
c) automobiles
c) HC d) O,

for causing acid rains are used in

smog?
wBUT 2013]

WEUT 2013]
b) domestic cooking and heating
d) all of tuiese
13. Which is the major pollutant present in photo-chemical smog? WBUT 2009 Answer: (d)
AK
a) PAN b) SO c) HC d) NO2
Answer: (a) 24. High altitude aircrafts lead to WBUT 2013]
a) destruction of oxygen b) destruction of ozone
14. The maximum damage to the "Taj Mahal" is because of the gas ) formation of ozone d none of these
a) Co ) CO c) SO2 d) all of these wBUT 2009 Answer: (b)
Answer: (c) WBUT 2016]
25. World Ozone day'
is
a) 27 January b) 25h December
15. Pollution by depletion of ozone layer is caused due to the reaction of O with
M

d) 13 May
c) 16 September
a) co b) CI c) SO2 d) None of these wBUT 2010]
Answer: (c)
Answer: (b)

16. Major photochemical oxidant is WBUT 2010, 2013] Short Answer Type Questions
a) hydrogen peroxide b) Os c) NO d) PAN
WBUT 20O7
Answer: (b) 1. Write on Global warming.
E

Answer:
the Earth due to emission of excess quantitres
17. A rainfall is classified as acidic if its pH is less than or equal to WBUT 2010] The slow gradual rise in the temperature of t is
a) 5 ) 6.5 c) 7 d) 7.5 trapping gases (green house gases), is cailled 'global warming.
of radiation temperature will have risen by to
t 3*C.
Answer: (6) by 2030 the average global
estimated that the surface again to
the radiated heat and re-emit to
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The green house gases absorb surface. This is called green

house effect. Bu
18. The most significant environmental issue, threatening mankind, is WBUT 2010) maintain the optimum temperature of the COO
b) Acid Rain of emission of green house gases specialiy
a) Global Warming the rate
d) none of these due to rapid industrialization. result the slow and gradual rise in temperatureis
c) Ozone Hole increasing and as a
CH4, water vapour is responsible for the "global warming'.
Answer: (a) green house effect is
taking place. Thus, the excess
19. Which is the direct greenhouse gas? WBUT 2011]
a) SO2 b) CO c) CO d) None of these

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Inpact of Global Warming on Environment 1sone Kind of acid deposition
Emission of green house us Acid rain «

gses or dry (dust particles

mpact of global warming on climate: affect the climate to a large extent. the
fog etc.)
imore common.
containing sulphates be either wet (rain. snow,
and
aiosphere in increasing rates may
rom various sources. deiion is much
depost
nitrates). However,
wet
Due to increase of average global temperature, water ol energy
er
Every source
o that we use like coal,
wood
ay evaporate more rapidly and as a result of which the overall amount rai ofarh nitrogen
These two elements, when or petroleum product,
has sulpiur
Oxides (SOx & NOx). Whichburnt, in atmospheric oxygen, arnd
may increase. But this phenomenon will not OCCur evchy n all the partsal convert into ineir

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resp are highly soluble
some otherthe atmosphere. in water. As a result, the acids
cartl, there may be heavy rainfall in some parts and drought in are forined in
the world. In some region. the sumner.may be hotler d prolonged, and Of the following reactions are
case of sulphur, taking place
In
s+0 >sO,
becomes shorter & warmer.
pact of global warming on Sea water level: If the global temperature ine
ncrease
the ice-caps and glaciers of the polar regions of the Earh may be melted partia so +%0 So,
n
the tloating ice on the water of the seas may also imelt partially or conpletely.
an increase in temperature there may be an expansion of volunme of sea water and a to
result of which the level of sea water may rise. Ifthe global temperature increasee
3CS°C on average. then a vast populated low-land area of the world special
coastal areas may be flooded.
Impact of global warnming on Agriculture: An increase im the amount of C0, in a.
IS
avourable for an increasing rate of photosynthiesis of plants. therefore increas.
s by
ially
AU
so,
+H,O>H,SO,
In case
N,+O,
NO+0NO
NO+O,
2NO
nitrogen. the following reactions are taking place

NO,
-

CO: may increase the production of crops in some cases and on the other hand cron
ase in NO + NO,>N,O,.
N.O, +H0>HNO,
AK
Production may be reduced in some cases due 1o dry soil having higher
temperature. There may be acute scarcity of water for irrigation in some places H.SO, and-HNO, thus formed combine with HCI which are emitted from different
In some regions, again, production of crops may decrease due to soil erosion rate sources, to generate precipitation which is commonly referred as acid rain.
to
becoming faster due to heavy rainfall and washing away of fertile top soil reducinp Normally unpolluted rain is weakly acidie and has pH of S.6. because CO, from the air
thereby the available cropland area.
reacts with water to form H.CO,
Impact of global warming on marine food: Due to increase in temperature, the ice.
caps. glaciers met and as a result, expansion of volume of sea-water takes place. cO. +H.OH,CO,
M

This expansion reduces the concentration of salts and changes the pH of the sea There is some direct and indirect adverse effects acid rain on dilferent segments of
water. The average temperature of sea water is also changed. This changed environment. These are-
environment is not suitable for the existence of different narine living organisms, (a) Effect on aquatic ecosystenm:
especially tish. Different marine algae that are considered as food also die due to this i) Many fish species disappear due to the acidification of lake. pond. river etc.
are
disturbed condition. ii) Many bacteria and blue green algae, which are important ecologicai factors,
killed due to the acidification of water body.
in the lake.
2. Discuss Acid Rain. iii) Acid rain reduces the production of phytoplankton
E

WBUT 2007, 2017]

Answer: (b) Effect on Terrestriul ecosystens:
damaged due to acid rain. As a result rate of
Acid rain is an environmental problem that knows no boundary. Literally' it means the i)Leaves of plants and trees are
presence of excessive acids in rain-water. Acid rain is infact cocktail of mainly H;S0, photosynthesis is reduced.
by acid rain.
Mg have been leached out from the soil
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and HNO, where the ratio of these two may vary depending upon the relative quantities ii) Nutrients like Ca. K, Fe and
for the plant growth.
of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur emitted. HSO, is the major contributor These nutrients are most essential
(60% 70%) to acid precipitation, HNO, ranks second (30%
40%) and HCI third. (c) Effect of ucid rain on building: structural. materials of
damage to buildings and
Acidification of environment is a man made phenomenon. There is no doubt that most Acid rain causes extensive
acids come from human activities like automobiles, factories, power
1)

marble, limestone, slate etc.

Limestone is attacked rapidly. 77ke
station etc. But +H.0+C0,
there have always been some acids in rain, coming from
volcanoes. This is natural CaCO, +H,SO, -> CaS0, leprosy'
phenomenon. acids is called 'stone
The attack on marble by
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Driages, railing ete
1 Acid rain also corrodes house, monuments,
stiatues,
sLoLUTKAN
() CRNIROL
Efecr.ofacid rain on human beings: Polar Solar day
Acid rain aflects the human nervous system, aigestive system and respiratory
system.
1) Heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Hg. Zn, Cr etc. Iiberated irom the soil
C
soil due
d.. U Vraioo
to0
C

TI
rain may eventually reach to human body Vil plant and animal in the food acid
or through drinking water supplies. chain

Controlling Method ofAcid Rain

1 There is an urgent need for proper and regular monitoring to provide ide timely
warnings about acidification of our environment.
11) Short term
control of acid deposition problem can be aCiieved by using li
ii) The reduction of acid forming gases is required to slow down
the formation of acid in atmosphere. A number of measures were
minimizing the emission of those gases into the atmosphere
instaliation of different pollution controlling equipments
desulpherisation of fuels, recovery of SO; as H2SO4 etc.
and eventuall
suggeclop
- these
in the factoue
0r

ctories,
AU HNO
NO,+C10

HCI+CINO,
Cl 0

rolar winder ng
CF

3. Explain concept of "Ozone Layer Depletion". With

the
AK
reactions describe the contribution of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)suitable
chemi Fig: Depletion of O, molecule
by CFC
Depletion" problem. in "OzoneLayer
i
WBUT 2007,
Answer: 2010) cEC's are a common industrial product; used in refrigeration
One molecule of FC Is responsible for system, air conditioners ete
Over Antarctica, stratospheric ozone has been the destruction of 10 lakh molecule of molerule
depleted over the last 15 years
times of the year. As a result, the density at of Os.
of Os molecule in that particular certain
becomes very less and the U.V ray can easily penetrate regin
that region and fall on the Explain the concept of "Greenhouse Effect'. Describe its
of the Earth. This particujar region is surface 4.
significance in the
known as Ozone hole. problem of "Global warming. Name a few important 'Greenhouse Gases.
The formation of ozone hole depends
M

on mainly the weather condition

stratosphere. The following steps are involved in the of the wBUT 200a, z011
i) During the winter polar formation of ozone layer- Answer:
night. sunlight does not reach the South Pole. The incoming solar radiation having shorter wavelength can easily penetrate the
circumpolar wind develops in the middle to A strong
lower stratosphere. T hese strong winds gaseous layer of C02, water vapour etc. (green house gases) which is present just atove
are known as the 'Polar Vortex'.
in) Since the surface. After strike on surface, certain amount of radiation absorbed by it and then
there is no sunlight, the air within the polar radiated back to the space. This radiated energy having longer wavelength (usually L. R
temperature falls down below-80°C, a special vortex can get very cold. When
not able to escape through the gaseous layer and absorbed there Certain
E

type of cloud is formed. This cloud is range) is

known as 'polar stratospheric cloud' (or
iii) Once, the PSC form, PSC). portion of this absorbed radiation' then re-emitted back to the surface. resuting "heat
heterogenous chain reactions take place trapped. This trapped heat compensates that 33°C to the Earth's surface. As a resuit, thc
inactive chlorine (qr bromine) present and convert the
in the stratosphere to more active form. average temperature of the Earth's surface remains constant at i5°C. This is called irees
Here. chlorine (or bromine) is
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available from the chemicals released House effect.

activities (such as CFC, compounds by human
iv) Ozone loss does containing Br2, SOx, NO, etc.)
not take place until sunlight
vortex and allows the production. returns to the air inside the polar
destruction cycle. of active chlorine and initiates
the ozone
e

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1.MLTION ANDCONTP
Outer spaCe
Answer:
ncoiung >olar radiation
havng shorier waveleingth
Parnheric
rhe trop
ozone is one of the main
ingredients ofthe
produces harnful hazardous Peroxy Acetyle Nitrate (PAN).
Th photochemical smog which
So. the tropospheric ozorne is
harmfiul ozone.

TI
The
phere of
the alinosphere is known
as ozonoshphre ozinosphere
Outgong Radiation
iN Ig layer wavelengih Gascous layer
sionof Ozone gas Is niaximum in this layer.
concenaa7ardous U.V. rays which
becaue
This ozone gas (O;) protects ut
are coming from space.
ozone. So, this stratosphieric azore
beneficial
is

of
Earth

Eauth's Radiatuon

Fig: Model of Green house effect

The slow gradual rise in the temperature of the Earth due
to
radiation trapping gases (green house gases). is calledemission
Re emission of trapped
radiation to the surlace

of.excess quantities
AU
2d Part:

1f
smog.
Answer:
Refer 1o Question No.
hich

In Stratospliere
ozone
3 of Short Answer Type

atmospheric layer, does ozone layer exist?

not, what it is called for? show schematically

layer, exists.
Questions.

Will it be considered as a
the chemistry of industrtat
WEUT 2017)

'global Ozone is mainly tound m tiwo regions of the Earth's atmosphere. Most ozone (abeut 0%)
estimated that by 2030 the average global temperalure will have risen by warming'.
II is
AK
to 3°C. I resides in a layer that begins belween 6 and 10 miles (10 and 17 kilometers) above tihe
The green house gases absorb radiated
th heat and re-emit to the surfäce again to Earth's surface and extends up to about 30 miles (50 kilometers). This region of the
niantain the optimum température of ihe surlace. Ihis is called green
due to rapid industrialization. the raie of house effect. But, atmosphere is called the stratosphere. The ozone in this region is commonly known as the
emission of green house gases specially CO. ozone layer. The remaining ozone is in the lower region of the atmosphere. which is
CH. water vapour is inereasing iid as a result ihhe slow and gradual
taking place. Thus. the encess green house effect is
rise in temperature is commonly called the troposphere. The figure (above) shows an exampie of how ozone is
responsible for the 'global warming'. distributed in the atmosphere. So. Ozone layer is also known as Ozonosphere.
Important grecu lhouse gases are:
CO. CH. Water vaour. Oxides of Nitrogen. O; Industrial smog is the black-brown colored haze that is in the air that can be seen over
etc.
some cities. It is mostly visible in the summer. Buming coal produces sulfur dioxide
M

5. What do you mean by Ozone depletion (SO,) that eve ually ends up into our atmosphere.
and Acid rain? Give chemical reactions
to support your answer.
Answer: [WBUT2010] Process of formation of Industrial Smog:
1" Part: It occurs mainly in the early morning hours in winter where there is relativety high
Ozone depletion: Refer to Question No. 3 of Short humidity. Air, near the ground is cooled by conduction from cooled surface, especiaily on
Acid rain: Refer to Question No. 2(1" Part)
Answer Type Questions. a clear night. Higher up in the troposphere the air is not cooled appreciably.
So in the
of Short Answer Type Questions. temperature inversion takes
E

winds, warm air lies over the cooler air i.e..

absence of
inversion) the
2nd Part: place. In this particular stable atmospheric zone"(due to the temperature smog
formation of Industrial
Refer to Question No. 2(2"" Purt) of Short Answer Type following chemical reactions take place that lead to the
Questions. SO (1)
S+O
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6. Differentiate between harmfu!

ozone -> SO, . (2)
contribution of Cnloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs)and beneficial ozone. Justify the
in 'Ozone Layer Depletion' problem
SO, +0,
2
with suitablc chemical reactions. sunlight and particulate matter 50
WBUT 2012] ne reaction (2) takes place in presence of This acid is ugain
form Sulphurous acid (H,SO,).
combines with moisture from fog to in sIroke to
and this combine with NEh present
OXIdized to form Sulphuric acid (H,SO,)
form ammonium salt [(NH,),SO,
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. (3) ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
So, +H.0->H,SO,
ON
HsO, +0, >H,SO, (4) ENVIRONMENT
H,SO, +2NH, -> (NH, ),SO,
.. (5)
the sum total of So Multiple Choice Type Cuestions
This smog produces much more dangerous eftects than

TI
0, and
particulars. for
EMP stands WBUT 2011]
1. )Environment Management Planning
Long Answer Type Questions b)
Environment Monitoring Programme
Environmental Management Programme
d) None of
these
1. Write short notes on the following:
a) Global warming
b) Acid rain
c) Ozone depletion.
d) Acid rains and their harmful effects on environment
e) Global warming and greenhouse gases
Answer:
a) Global Warming: Refer to Question No. I
WBUT 2009
WBUT 2011, 2013, 2017
WBUT 2011, 2013]
[WBUT 2012]
WBUT 2012, 2013]

ofShort Answer Tipe Questions

AU
Answer: (c)
Environmental. Impact Assessment (ElA) relates to
2.
a) Past impact
c) Future impact
Ansyer: (c)
b) Present impact
d) None of these
WBUT 2011]

NAAQS first introduced in India? 2017

3. When was [WBUT
AK
b) Acid rain: Refer to Question Na. 2 of Short Answer Type Questions. 1994 b) 1996 c) 2006 d) 2009
Answer: (a)
)Ozone depletion: Refer to Question No. 3 of Short Answer Type Questions
LShort Answer Type Questions
d) Acid rains and their harmful effects on environment:
Refer to Question No. 2 of Short Answer Type Questions. 1. What do you mean by Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA)? What are the
factors to be taken into consideration for preparing an
ElA report?
M

e) Global warming and greenhouse gases: WBUT 2009, 2010]

Refer to Question No. 1 & 4 of ShortAnswer Type Questions. Answer:
Type Questions.
r' Part: Refer to Question No. I (" Part) of Long Answer
2 Part:
Factors to be taken into consideration for preparing an EIA report:
E

i) ldentification of imnpacts

i) Prediction of identified impacts

ii) Evaluation of predicted impacts
iv) Mitigation of the proposed projects if required
AR

Long Answer Type Questions

Impact Assessment)". Describe the
1. Explain the concept of "EIA (Environmentalpower plant and a mining industry.
probable environmental impacts of a
thermal
WBUT 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011]

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LUTION ANDCONTROJ,
Environment
Answer: lysical Environment
1" Part:
means a formalized proce Biological
Environment
En
ental
w inpact Assessment (ElA)planned activVIes with a view to o Humaters
Human
3. selected for
for impactidentification
CAInation, analysis and assessment for as "an antioring
selected
paranerers are

TI
The site and project specific.
sustainable development. it is aeinedwhich Physical Environment
Cironmentally sound and cnvironmental
integrative
patory of providing
management tool, has
with an indicatio ae
on Physiography
Hydrology_
0ective information to the decision makers or programs,
ams, the Water quality
to new projecis
IKely consequences of their decision relating plans or . Ar quality
policies." Noise and Odour
Proposed Project
Biological Environment Forest & Vegetation

No EIA
required
Cncertan

Preiminay
Evaluation
ScreeninE

AU Human Environment
rauna
Aquatic Biology
Agriculture
Occupalion
| Displacement
Health Services
Immigration
EIA required
probabie environmental impacts of a mining industry:
AK
he environmental impact o1 mining includes erosion, formation of sinkholes,
ldentification loss
Scopinig
f biodiversity. and contamination of soil. groundwater, surface water by chemicals
from mining
processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of
Prediction mines to increase the available room for the storage of the created debris and soil.
of
Identified mpacts Besides creating environmental damage, the contamination resulting from leakage of
Evaluation of chenicals also affect the health of the local population. Mining companies in some
ldenfilicd impacts countries are required to follow environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area
Approved
M

Rejected (Or)
Mitigative mined is returned to close to its original state. Some mining methods may have
mplcmentation of
Aleasure significant environmental and public health effects. Erosion of exposed hilisides. mine
project Docurnentation dumps, tailings dams and resultant siltation of drainages. creeks and rivers can
significantly impact the surrounding areas. In areas of wilderness mining may cause
Decision naking Draft report destruction and disturbance of ecosystems and habitats, and in areas of farming it may.
disturb or destroy productive grazing and croplands. In urbanised environments mining
evieW may produce noise pollution, dust pollution and visual pollution.
E

Final report
Executive suinmery.
2. Write short notes on the following:
a) The impact of thermal power plants on the surrounding environment.
Fig: Schematic representation of ElA process in brief WBUT 2009, 2013]
AR

2nd b) The impact of mining on the surrounding environment. WBUT 2010, 2013]
Part:
The probable environmental impacts ofa thermal power Answer:
plant a) The impact of thermal power plants on the surrounding cnvironment:
The operation activities discussed above are likely
to affect the environment in varying
degrees. Relevant important aspects of environment are
therefore selected which will be Refer to Question No. 1 (2"" Part) of Long Answer Type Questions.
having impacts due to project activities. Environmental
parameters are broadly classified
into three groups. b) The impact of mining on the surrounding environment:
Kefer to Question No. 1 (2"" Part) of Long Answer Type Questions.
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ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Act
ovides in detail the gislative provisi
ONANDCONTKOL

ie
1ctors. registration of motor vehicles, arding licensing
Multiple Choice Type provisions relati to state transpor ntrol of motor cles through
of drivers
undertakings,
Questions isbility offences and
alties, etc. traffic regulation permits,
1. Implementation
of the Motor vehicle Act, 1988 es that no person/owner Surance,
The Act
shall drive
rtificate of registration in respect

TI
a) 1990 b) 1991 took place in WBUT motor vehicles
unless
Answer: (c) c) 1989 2009 years irom the of motor vehicles the vehicle is
d) none of these period oof Afteen date of issue shall be valid only
3
enewe
he suspension of registrali0n of such a certificate
arnd shall
for
2. Act on environment thority on the conditions of motor vehicles be
is to protect can be made by the
a) air b) water c) land
WBUT 2011] isteristte
regis danger to the public;
that the use of
using
motor vehicles
in public piace
vehicles without rectiiying mecnanical motor vehicles without a valid permit
Ouloieles
Answer: (d)
3. Motor Vehicles Act
a) 1976
Answer: (d)
was enacted in the year
b) 1981

4. An Environmental Impact
c) 1984

Statement should include

WBUT 2012]
d) none of these
AU
d) all of these
using

egistiation
vehicles
veh can
of motor continues without
continues
be made by the

Long
detects, etc. The cancellation
registering authority
interruption for a period

Answer Type Questions

if the suspension of
of not less than
six months.
and
of registration

a) description of the
project with location, design, size WBUT 2016] .Write short notes on the following:
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
AK
b) description of its
significant effects on environment etc.
c) mitigating measures to and society
reduce the possible adverse impacts WBUT
2008, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2015]
d) all of these H The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Answer: (d) WBUT 2008, 2013, 2015, 2016]
The Environmental
Act 1974
(Protection) Act, 1986 WBUT 2007, 2008, 2013, 20151
5. When was The Wild life d) The Water [WBUT 2017]
Protection Act' introduced? Answer:
a) 1972 b) 1974 WBUT 2016]
c) 1981 d) 1986 ) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974:
Answer: (a)
M

This Act represented India's first attempts to comprehensively deal with emvirormentai
6. A metalloid which is issues. The Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water bodies beyond a given
included in NAAQS in its last revision is standard, and lays down penalties for non-compliance. The Act was amended in 1988 to
a) As b) Pb WBUT 2016]
c) Ni d) hg conform closely to the provisions of the EPA. 1986. It set up the CPCB (Central
Answer: (b)
Pollution Control Board) which lays down standards for the prevention and control of
water pollution. At the State level, the SPCBs (State Pollution Control Board) function
LShort
E

Answer Type Questions under the direction of the CPCB and the state govemment.

1. Write short
notes on Water (Prevention and Control of b) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981:
Motor Vehicle Act, 1988. Pollution) Act, 1974 and
WBUT 2009, 2010]. To counter the problems associated with air pollution, ambient air quality standards were
AR

Answer: established, under the 1981 Act. The Act provides means for the control and abatement
o
The Water (Prevention and Control pollution by prohibiting the use of polluting
of Pollution) Act, 1974: ar pollution. The Act seeks to combat air
Refer to Question No. I(a) of Long Answer Type by regulating appliances that give rise to air poliutior.
Questions. eis and substances. as wellorasoperating of any industrial plant in the pollution
controf
Onder the Act establishing
Mot ehicle Act, 1988: The boards are also expected to test the air in air
The Motor Vehicles Act 1988 defines aa requires consent from state boards.
control equipmen. and manutactunng
'motor vehicle' or 'vehicle' as "any mechanically unon control areas, inspect pollution
propelled vehicle adapted for use upon roads processes.
whether the power of propulsion is for major pollutants were notified
by
transmitted thereto from an external or internal source". Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Onal be levels of air quality necessary with an
the deemed to
e

CB in April 1994. These are

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adequate margin of safety, to protect public health, vegetation and property ( TION ANDCONIRO
Penalty for contravention of the
cited in Gupta, 1999). The NAAQS preseribe specific standards for industrialCB1995 15. provisions
directions of the act
rural and other sensitive areas. Industry-specitic emission standards haveden Otences by companies and the rules,
orders ano
developed for iron and steel plants. cement plants, fertilizer plants, oil refiners 16.
ffences by governm departments
prevailing in many developed and developing countries.
sima
aluminum industry. The ambient quality standards prescribed in India are similar and
t
tothos
17.

TI
CHAPAPTER IV: MISCELILANEOUS
To empower the central and state polution boards to meet grave emergenci This chapter suggests
about the
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Ameniment Act, 1987, was enacted. Tthe Protection ofaction taken in good faith
were authorized to take immediate measures to tackle such emergeneies and oa 8 Cognizanco of offences
19.
enpenses incurred from the offenders. The power to cancel consent tor non-tiler
the conditions prescribed has also been emphasized in the Air Act Amendment
the
nt
ent 20.
Information, reports or returns
s, ofticers and employees

c)Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA):

This act was enacted on 19" November 1986. The objective of this act was to
improve the quality of the environment by the central govemment with the coordina
of state govemments. This act was implemented soon after the Bhopal gas tragedaion

important facts in this act may be outlined as follows-

nmental
considered as umbrella act as it fills many gaps in the existing environmental
laweis
laws.
of

Some
AU
21. M servants
public
22. Bar of
23. Powers
jurisdiction

24. Effect of
25.
es
Power
to delegate
other laws
to make rules
of the authority

made under this act to be laid before

Constituted under section

parliament
3 to be

Act 1974:
d) The Water
AK
CHAPTER 1: PRELIMINARY dCentral Pollution Control Board, and State
This chapter describes the 7nand
terms
conditions of service of members Pollution Control Boards composition,
.Short title, extend and commencement are defined in Sections 3-12 of
evention and cont of.pollution) act, 1974. water
2. Definitions
heBoard advises the government on any matter concerning
CHAPTER II: GENERAL POWERS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT er pollution. It coordinates the activities and providesthe prevention and control
technical assistance and
This chapter specifies the tidance. This poliCy Sets tne standards and penalties
for non-compliance for polluting
bodies.
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5. Power of centrai government to take measures to protect and

improve environment
4. Appointnent of officers and their powers and functions
5. Power to give directions The Government has power to restrict any unit, and to take samples of effluents and get
6. Rules to regulate environmental pollution them analysed in Central or State laboratories. Whoever
fails to comply with any
rovision of this Act is punishable with imprisonment, fine
prov or with both.
CHAPTER 111: PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND ABATEMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION OF The Central Board may pertorm all or any of the following functions, namely
E

This chapter describes the- advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and
7. Persons carrying on industry operation, etc.. not to allow control of water pollution;
emission or discharge of co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them,
environmental pollutants in excess of the standards
8. Persons handling hazardous substances to comply with provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and
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procedural safeguards
9. Furnishing of information to authorities and
agencies in certain cases sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and
10. Powers of entry and inspection prevention, control or abatement of water poilution;
11. Power to take sample and procedure plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in
to be followed in connection therewith
12. Environmental laboratories programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution on such
13. Govemment analysts terms and conditions as the Central Board may specify
14. Reports of government
analysts organise through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the
prevention and control of water pollution;
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collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water QUESTION2
pollution and the measures devised for its effective prevention and control
sewa
a
2013
prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of ewage
and trade efluents and disseminate information connected therewith; Group-A
(Multiple Choice Type
lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Government concernned, Questions)

TI
the standards for a stream or well;
the correct alternatives for any ten of the following
plan and execute a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or
Albedo is the term mainly used to refer to
abatement of water pollution; the
Perform such other functions as may be prescribed. a) average temperature of the earth b) average refiectivity of the
pressure earth
c) average d) none of these

AU
Lignin
Ozone depletion is

a) greenhouse effect
c) emissions of CFC
as a consequence of

is the waste generally denived from

a) daily industry b) paper & pulp
b) emissions of volatle organic
d) emissions of ritrogen oxides

c) oil & refinery

carbon

d) fertlizer plant
AK
iv) The common audible range of sound is betweer
a) 10-10,000 Hz b) 20-20,000 Hz c) 45-45,000 Hz d) 80-80,000 Hz

v)Which of the foliowing is not a major constituent of a photochemical smog?

a) PAN b) CO c) HC d) O

vi)The major photochemical oxidant is

M

a) Hydrogen peroxide b) Ozone

c) Nitrogen oxides d) Peroxyl acetyl nitrate (PAN)

vi) Electrostatic precipitators remove

a) Sulphur dioxide b) Particulate matter
E

c) 8Both (a) & (b) d) None of these

Vil) Carbon monoxide is hazardous to health, because

a) it causes loss of sense of smell
AR

b) it is carcinogenic in nature
c) it reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood
d) it may cause conjunctivitis
23
to plants, even at much lower concentrations
ne air pollutant which causes severe damage
tnan what may be harmful to human health, is
. L
a) Fluorine b) Ozone c) PAN d) None of these
e

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to acid rains, are ND CONTRO
ne important gaseous pollutants, contributing
b) CO2 and H:S ory ddläoatic lapser and the wet
a) soz and NO, aat are
the PO1LUTION, adiabatic lapse rate?
d) None of these Short Answer Type Question Explain wty hey dffer
AlR
c) NO, and Os
6o
See
oic: No. 4.

XI) The fossil fuels responsible for causing acid rains

are used in stable unstable and neutral conditions in the atrmosphere.
fine pollutant: disperse quickly in the Under which atmospher
a) industries b) domestic cooking and heatino wouldPOLILTION atmospher

TI
c) automobiles d) all of these dtion AIR POLLUTION, Short Answer Type Question No.
con
Topic: 15.
see
xi) High altitude aircrafts lead to Group-C
(L.ong Answer Type
a) destruction of oxygen b) destruction of ozone Questions)
c) formation of ozone d) none of these

Xin) The device which can be use to control gaseous as well as particulate
industrial emissions is known as
a) cyclone
c) dynamic precipitator
b) spray tower
d) fabric fiter
pollutante
nis n the AU
B.
Describe the
industries:

b)
c)
d)
Dairy
pollution characteristics and suggested treatments

a) Distillery
Fertilizers
Oil refineries
for any five of the foicwing3

Pulp and paper

mills
Group B e)
Petrochemicals
AK
(Short Answer Type Questions)
Pharmaceutical
g)
2. What is noise? Explain the concept of noise level in terms of sound pressure, sound Power, Sugar
h)
sound intensity with relevant mathematical expressions. and

this respect.
Explain the terms bale and
'deciber in i)Tannery
n Textile
See Topic: NOISE POLLUTION, Tanic: WATER POLILUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 6.
Short Answer Type Question No. 2.
Sce

3. Write a short note on any two

of the following Describe different types of plumes which are generated from different atmospheric conditions,
M

a) The Water (Prevention proper sketching.

and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 with
b) The Air (Prevention
and Control Pollution) Act, 1981 See Topic: AlR POL,UTION, ILong Answer Type Question No. 11.
c) The Environmental (Protection )
Act, 1988
See Topic: NOISE POLLUTION,
Long Answer Type Question No. 1. Mention the natural self cleansing properties of the environment. What is meant by effective
10. a)
it computed? State its use.
4. Write short notes on any two height of a chimney and how is
of the following SO2 emissions are 100x 10 g/sec and S0
b) Determine the stack height required when
a) Radiation inversion
E

b) Electrostatic precipitator concentration of 30 ug/m is permitted at a distance of 500 m from the stack
stability co-efficient as 35 and 19 respectively. Also determine
c) Cyclone collectors Assume wind velocity of 5 m/sec and
the height required
stack when the particulate emissions are at the rate of 3x 10 ton/hr.
d) Spray towers
Topie: AiR POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No.
12.
AR

a) See Topic: AlR POLILUTION, See

Short Answer Type Question No. 13.
b), c) & d) See Topic:
AIR POLLUUTION CONTROL, Short Answer Type lapse rate. What do you
Question No. 4. 11. Make a comparison between environmental lapse rate and adiabatic
5. Write radiation inversion & subsidence inversion?
a short note on automobile pollution únderstand by
mentioning the chief pollutants in No. 13.
the methods of control. auto- exhaust and See Topic: AlR POLLUTION, Long Answer'Type Question
Sce Topic: AIR POLLUTION,
Short Answver Type Question No.14.

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of the foloWg
2. Write short notes on any three is not mentioned, Leg is deemed to be calculated over a period of
Acid rain
duration
n is
a) When b) 2 hour c) 3 hour d) 4 hour
b) Ozone depletion y hour
gases/Global warming a) 1

TI
)Greenhouse
of mining follov chemical formulae of PAN is correct?
d) Environmental impacts
properties of the environie Which of the following
eNatural self-cleansing on thermal power plant. Long Answer Type
Qucstin
No. vi
CHCOONO b) CHCOS0,
Environmental impact ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, 1b), a) CHCOOzNO d) CH,CoONO
& e) See Topic: GLOBAL )
D Question No. 2(b).
(c) & (¢). Answer Type ommon audible range
0 See

See

a)
Topic:

Topic:
No. 2(a).
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, Long

)See Topic: AIR

POLILUTION, L.ong
ADMINISTRATIVE
Answer Type
CONTROL

Name any six criteria for air

ON
Question No. 18 (a).
ENVIRONMENT, Long

pollutant and write in detail

b) Write a detail about the effects of these

air pollutants.
ng Answer Tyn

about their
1ype Question

sources
AU
vii)
a) 10
c) 45
to 10000

Which are
to
Hz
45000 Hz

are thought
developing nations,
respectively?
of sound is betwe
b) 20 to 20000 Hz
d) 80 to 80000 Hz

thought to be the most severe indoor air poilution threats in developed and

14, Indoor cooking fires; radon b) Pesticides; cigarette smoke

Answer Type Question No. a)
Topic: AIR POLLU'TION, Long smoke, indoor cooking fires d) Industrial smog, carbon monoxide
AK
See
c)Cigarette

De-nitrification occurs in
) b) anaerobic condition
QUESTION 2015 ) aerobic condition
condition d) none of the above
c) anoxic
Group-A
30" and rises at 60" called
(Multiple Choice Type Questions) Air falls at cells
M

b) Ferrel cells
) Polar
d) None of these
1.Answer any ten questions c) Hadley cells
) lfaverage concentration of SO2 is 80ug/m, then
it isapproximates to Ppm
to
are discharged into rivers, oxygen depletion takes place due
a) 0.02 b) 0.03 c) 0.04 d) 0.05 xiWhen industrial wastes
organic solids b) suspended inorganic solids
a) suspended
d) dissolved inorganic solids
i) Among the following the secondary poliutant is c) dissoved organic solids
E

a) Sulphuric acid b) Hydrocarbons

air is called
c) Ozone d) None of them xii) The temperature gradient of ambient
b) super adiabatic lapse rate
a) adiabatic lapse rate
adiabatic lapse rate
AR

d) dry
in) Looping plume occurs in c) environmental lapse rate
a) superadiabatic environment b) sub-adiabatic environment
c) both (a) and (b) d) none of them Group- B
(Short Answer Type Questions)
V) itPrepresents the pressure of sound wave and ret represents the reference pressure, then not
is
sound pressure level (SPL) is equal to 2. a) Explain "CO is a criteria air pollutant but CO;
in vehicles is CH8, what will be the stoichiometric
a) 2010g (PI ?) the average formula of hydrocarbon used
b) If
b) 1/20logo (PI Pet) air fuel ratio? Assume complete oxidation of
hydrocarbon.
Question No. 16.
See Topic: AlR POLLUTION, Short Answer Type
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Expla with neat sketches the wor
lain ernal combustion
b) to fuel required for complete combustion engine Determine
3. Write a short note on any two of the following: ratio ofinsufficicnt. of gasoline. the
Act, 1974
a) The water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Data OLLUTION CONTROL,
1981 b) Long Answer Type
b) The Air (Protection and Control Pollution) act, SeeTopic Question No. 4.
b)
c) The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1988.
Type Question No. I. pescribe three of the
Descrn any three following
the following control techniques

TI
See Topic: ENVIRONMENTAL ILAWS, Long Answer vith respect to partiautate
9 0) diagram clearly ntioning their eficiency.
rnerits and dermerits. pollution with
following data. nearavitational Setling Chambers
4. Determine the effective height of a stack given the
Centrifugal collectors
a) Physical stack is 203 m. tall with 1.07 m. inside diameter. ) scrubbers
b) Wind velocity is 3.56 m/sec. i) Wet
Electrostatic cipitators
)Air temperature is 13°C. ) filters
d) Barometric pressure is 1000
e) Stack gas velocity is 9.14 m/seC.
)Stack gas temperature is 149°C.
milli bars.

See Topic: AIR POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 6(b).

5. Calculate the temperature of a planet having 1.5 times the diameter of planet earth. Assume
planet to be isothemal and 60% of the incoming solar radiation (S=1372 Wm) is absorbed h
Assu
t
AU
D)
sOund
respec
v) Fabric
oise?
What

Topic:
D)See
is noise?

.
Explain
Explain the concept ot
noise level in terms
intensity with relevant mathematical expressions.

AIR POLLUTION CONTROI, Long Answer

a)SeccTopi NOISE POL PO1.LUTION, Short Answer
of sound pressure,
Explain the terms
sound power and
'bel and 'deciber in this

Type Question No.2.

Type Question No. 2.

by it wny is "Conditional Stability' so named?

Only long-wavelength energy is radiated 10 hehelp of a sketch show the co-ordnate system
AK
See Topic: AIR POLLUTION, Short Answer Type Question No. 17. of Gaussian model.
D
c)Find he
Cartesian (x, y, 2) co-ordinates of the following
points: (need not to be shown in the
COordinatesystem)
6. a) Given four machines producing 100 dB, 91 dB, 90 dB and 89 dB respectively, what is
sound pressure level?
the:total The stack tip
HThe point represenung a ground level source with negligible effective
distance from a noise source' is doubled, find out the noise leve!s
b) If the height
See Topic: NOISE POLLUTION, Short Answer Type Question No. 5. ) Any point on plume centreline.
Derive the condition to be satisfied for estimation of the horizontal
a) distance. to the point ,
M

Group-C mere a plume suffers refiection from ground.

(Long Answer Type Questions) aA fabric fiter of diameter 0.3m and length 6m is to receive 10mIsec of
flue gas. Filtering veiocty
estricted to 2m/min/m" of cloth area. Determine the number of
es
7. a) While reading A weighted sound levels, 4 readings were taken at a site at
bag for continucushy a clean
diferent times of a operation
day. These readings are 20, 56, 66 and 42 dB (A) (re: 20p Pa). What is the average SeeTopic: AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, Long Answer Type
sound level? Question No. 5.
b) A 60 dB (A) reL 20u Pa noise is accompanied with another 60 dB (A) re:
20 p Pa noise. what
E

will be the total noise level?

11. Describe the pollution characteristics and suggested treatments for any five of the foilcwing
C) Derive the expressions: Li
Lp and Lw = (Li or Lp) + 10logi0A, where the notations have their
industries.
usual meanings.
d) What do you mean by enclosures in connection to a) Dairy
noise control measures?
AR

a) &b) See Topic: NOISE POLLUTION, Long Answer b) Distillery

Type Question No. 2.
c)& d) See Topie: NOISE POLLUTION, Long c)Fertilizers
Answer Type Question No. 4. Oil
) Refineries
8. a) An electrostatic precipitator with 6000 m of collector plate area is 97% efficient in
treating 200
e) Pulp and Paper Mills
m's of flue gas from a 200 MW power plant. How
large would the plate area have to be increased Petrochemicals
the efficiency to 98% and to 99%. 9 Pharmaceutical
b) Sugar
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standard AAQS for SO
Tannery specined and NO; respeclive
are
) Textile.
vi)The 80 pg/m and 80 ug/m" b) 100 ug/m'
No. 6, a) ug/m3 and B0 ug/m
See Topie: WATER POLLUTION,
Long Answer Type Question ug/m and 100 d) 100 pg/m and
100 vg/m
80
-kness may be produced by radiaion dose of about
b) 50 rem
100 rem

TI
c) 20 rem
a) d) 5 rem
QUESTION 2016 decreases
Plume rise gas velocity b) stack diameter
stack
Group-A a)
wind speed d) stack gas temperature
(Multiple Choice Type Questions) c)

1. Choose the correc altematives for any ten of the

approximately equivalent to
a) 0.03 ppm b) 0.05 ppm c)0.08
following:
Specified standard for SOz under US Ambient Air Quality standard is

ppm
is 80
80
g/m. This
d) 8.0 ppm
is
AU
ai)
alloid which is included in NAAQS
a) As
Acceptable
a)
le

25-35
noise
db
b) Pb

b) 40-50 db
in its last revision is
c) Ni

noise level for residential and business urban areas as per IS 4954-1968
c) 50-60 db
in

d) 70 80
d) Hg

db

i) The pH value of cotton textile waste is Group-B

AK
Va) 8-10 b) 3-5 c) 5.5-8.0 d) 6.5-9.0o (Short Answer Type Questions)

n) The waste, volume generated per 1 tonne of crude the processing and cooling operatione
in ol
a air pollutant but COa is not?
Why CO is a criterna
average formula of hydrocart
the average
refinery unit is of hydrocarbon used in vehicles is CH1e. what will be
b) If the stoichiometric
a) 20 m b) 5 m c)50 m d) none of these ar fuel ratio? Assume complete oxidation of hydrocarbon.
Topic: AIR POLLUTION, Short Answer Type Question No. 16(a) & (b).
See
iv) Ratio of BOD to COD in dairy waste is
M

a) 0.7-0.8 b) 0.5-0.6 c)0.2-0.3 d) none of these 3Derive the expressions for concentrations from the Gaussian Dispersion Equation for the
following situations:
v) An Environmental Impact Statement should include Receptor at ground level
a) description of the project with locatiön, design, size etc. n Atapoint directly beneath the plume centre line and at ground level
b) description of its significant effects on
environment and society
c)mitigating measures to reduce the possible adverse impacts
AtTopic:
a point just beneath the plume centre line at ground level from a ground level release
AIR POLIUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 1.
See
E

d) all of these
4.a) State about lapse rate.
vi) The average BODs of domestic sewage is change in temperature if a parcel of dry air moved adiabatically from sea leve! to a
b) Calculate the
a) 80 kg/day/person
AR

b) 8 kg/day/person height of 1 km.

c) 0.8 kg/day/person See Topic: AlR POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 18.
d) 0.08 kg/day/person

vi) World Ozone day' is

5.Describe briefly about various natural self-cleansing properties of environment
a) 27 January SecTopic:AIR POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. I5.
c) 16 September
b) 25 December
d) 13h May

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90 do (A) POLLUn ANDcoNIR
is followed by

AN
What.
O.A 50 db (A) noise lasting for 55 mins
No. 6.
slen ximum grOund
level concentration of SO2
of this noise? Type Question iaht of the chimney required for safe dispersion SO
POLLUTION, Short Answer eight
ce opic: NOISE
the h he chimney required tor sate dispersion of the
the eignnt of SO2. 25 Uyr ot partiCUlate matters is also emitting
menvonedamoun pollutants if along with the
Group-C above
Questions) M temperature of earth
(Long Ansner Type Determine the using zero dimensional energy
ensity, S = 1370WIn, Earth's albedo balance model. [Gven
as 31%, Stefan-Botzmann's
automobile pollution giving sallent points eo issin Averag units constant as
. a) DisCuss briefly the
problems of
tor engine, preventive administrat On
567x10 Is notavailable

TI
controlling equipment measures avail & 41.7% sulphur
conlent in coal is not
polutants and their contents, . meien iata
aicient possible.
R POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 16.
AIR
etc. crossing. nearly 1200 vehicles
ply per hour at
an opic:
on a busy road
petrol. Ihe average fuel
cOne.avera DSce
D Duing rush hours 70% cars are leaded Pton ifollowing Acts vnich are enacted to control evitonmental
speed of 20 km/h. Of these about present in the fuel Is emitted in the form Descrbe the
she
polluton
per litre considering that 70% of the load
the emission aicua
rate of lead 10 Wate (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. 1974
Km
form of particulate
aerosol. Find )The (Preventionaand Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
aerosol. Find the emission in the
in the ambient air
with light wind).
(Given

C) Wnte down the causes of

concentration of lead in the fuel as 0.4

traffic noise along with

a) See Topic: AIR POLLUTION, Short
b) Sulfficient data is not available
c) See Topic: NOISE POLLUTION,
its effect
Answer Type Question

Long Answer Type Question

on
micro gm/litre. Assumederog

human
No. 14.

No. 7.
health.
a
sume bright
day

AU TheAir ENVIRONM
b) Topic:
Se

11.8

aion
VIRONMENTAL 1.AWS, Long Answer Type Question No. I(a) & (b).

with a population ot 40,000 is designinga wastewater treatment plant to handle both

and industrial wastewater. An environmental survey has revealed the toitowing
of wastewaters coming together to a wastewater treatment plant for treatment
oration of domestic wastewater Is 200litres/capitalday and BOD contributicn is S0
gns/capitaday
AK
of cyclone is
is of standard dimension. Diameter 2m. gnsl effluentof 3 x 10 m°/day ith BODs of 1000 mg/L
8 a) Air flow rate = 7 m/sec. Cyclone
temperature is 77°C. Dynamic viscosity of air at 77*C is 2.1x 10 kg/m-sec. Determine the removal rAr Daily
x 10* mlday with BODs of 1400 mg/L
diameter is 10. Assume N, =5. Sugarmil of 2 the combined wastew
efficiency of particle with density 1.5 gm/cc and particle snd the BODs of
m and k, = 75000 sec Area of tout five harmful eftects due to disposal of industrial wastes without adequate treatment
b) A fabric fiter has the resistance factor K, = 30000N-sec/
loading rate is 3.24 kg/m?. Detlermin ccuSS the utility of aerobic and anaerobic lagoons in the treatment of industrial wastes
the fabric fiter is 8000 m; Air flow rate is 120 m/sec; Dust Suficient data is not available.
the initial and final pressure drop.
a WATER POLIUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 10.
M

remove tly ash particles from stack gases See Topie:

c) An electrostatic precipitator is to be constructed to
flowing at 10 m/s. Analysis of a similar system shows that the drift velocity can be taken as

=3.5x 10° xd,m/s. Determine the plaie area required to collect a 0.5 um particle with (0 1
90% efficiency. (i) 99% eficiency.
a) See Topic: AIR POLIUTION CONTROL, Long Answer Type Qucstion No.6. QUESTION 2017
E

b) Suficient data is not available

c) See Topic: AIR POLI.UTION CONTROL, Long Answer Type Question No. 7.
Group-A
(Multiple Choice Type Questions)
AR

9. a) An industry burns 6.25 tonnes of coal per hour, and discharges the combustion products
through a stack having an effective height of 80 m. The coal has a sulphur content of 41.7% and
the ind velocity at the top of the stack is 8 m/sec. Atmospheric condtions are moderatelyto slighty 1Choose the correct alternatives for any ten of the following:
The permissible SPM standard in industrial areas in India is
unstable. Determine
i)
the distance from the stack at which this maximum concentration occurs a) 100 9/m b) 200 u g/m
d) 1000 gim
C)500 g/m
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transport of particulares navin9
size
was NA introduced
NAAQS Tirst
was in India?
applicable for the
aussan Equation is b) >20 )>100
d) none of these When
i) a) 1994
b) 1996
2006 d) 2009
a) 20
last revision is
Group- 1
includedin NAAQS in its
1 A metalloid which is
c) Ni
d) hg (Short Anvwer Type
(Questions)
b) Pb

TI
a))As

pressure levels are usually adopred on relerence scaler

a le of that a buring solid waste
express sound, sound is es Dinunp
dunp ents 30
gm/sec of NO. Vhat wra be the
lo d) 100 Pa M is 3.5 km on an overcast
Pa c) 50 Pa 2entra ion of Cast night vith vind speed
a) 10 u Pa b) 20
centra
conce
of the
POLLl
pollutant at nat
the
the receptor location may
be
of 7 misec? The background
taken as 50 vg/m.
to pump sewage solIas witn id
iquid sewage without
witho AIR POLLurTION CONTROL, Short
Topic: Answer Type Question No.
V Which of the following pumps is used
clogginn See 5.
the pump?

vi) i
S
a) Centrifugal pump
c) reciprocating pump
b) Pneumatic ejector
d) none of these

the actual height of a stack is 150m and

a) 150m "b) 142mn

plume height is 8m, then the effective height

c) 158m
heioht

d) 166m
of stack
AU
a In
zis Ca
h

see Topic:

4.3)
b) I
s

the
atmospheric
Wtor? Show ENV'IRO
ozone layer exist? Will it
layer, does
schematucaly the chemistry of industrial
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL. ISSUES, Short
be considered as a layer?
smog. Ch 6
Answer Type Question No.7.

sOund pressure evel is measured at 5*10" NIm. Find out the noise levet in dB
istance of a noise source is doubled, find out the noise level
dr
NOISE PO1LUTION, Short Answer Type Question No. 7.
if not, what

See
To
100 4gIm, which
AK
IS about
vi) The specified ambient air quality standard for NO2 in nn..
member of bag fllers needed given that air flow tate
& member
termine the size & = 10m'ls and
5.Determine
velocty
0.025 m/sec.
approximately
d) 0.5 hrough fabric Titer
b) 0.05 c) 0.1 POLIUTION CONTROL, Short Answer Type Question No. 6.
a) 0.01 See Topic: AIR

VIl) Pick out the correct statement from the following: Wite down the exponential power law equation by which wind velocity is measured An
a) The sewer pipes of sizes less than 0.4 m diameter are designed
as running full at maxim
ximum mometer measures wind velocity of 51 mís at 10 metre height. Find the wind velocity at 25 m
discharge
height (take a =0.20)
b) The sewer pipes of sizes greater than 0.4 m diameter are designed as running 2/3"or
M

cTopic: AIR POLLUTTON CONTROL, Short Answer Type Question No. 7.

3/14 full
at maximum discharge
cThe minimum design velocity of sewer pipes is taken as 0.8 m/sec Group-Cc
d) all of these (Long Answer Type Questions)

ix) The ratio of BOD to COD in paper and pulp mill is a population of 1,00,000 is designing a waste water treatment plant to handie
b) 0.40 to 0.45
7.A township with domestic waste water. An environmental survey revealed the folowing
a) 0.30 to 0.35 both industrial and
E

c) 0.50 to 0.55 d) none of these Source of waste water Flow BODs at 20°C
10mId
mg/l
x) If P stands for pressure of sound wave and Prer stands for reference pressure, then sound Dairy
11503.0
AR

pressure level is gen by Sugar mill 1480

2.5
contributon is 60
a) 20 log10 (P/Prel) b'1 /20 log1o (P/Prel) 220 litres/capita/day and per capita B0D,
Domestic waste water is produced with minimum flow of 30 m's
d) 1/20 log o (Pret P) is discharged into a steam
c) 20 log1o (Pret / P) gms/day. The combined waste water oxygen concentration of the stream
water
1 mg/L. Assume the dissolved
having BODs value of maintain a minimum D.O content cf 40
xi) When was 'The Wild life Protection Act introduced? 6.0 mg/L. It is necessary to
after the point of mixing as 7.0 mg/L Find the
degree ot
a) 1972 b) 1974 1981 d) 1986 stream. Given saturation D.0. value of the steam is
mg/L in the
treatment of combined waste water required
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noise
Traftic
data are shown in the table below
b) Time (sec) Instantaneous Sound
0.23/day e-aeration rate constant,
K = 1 Level [dB
Ki = 15/day
ake: Biochemical reaction rate constant, 10
Given: [4,/D=s(1-(/-1)D,/4 20 75
Where f=K/K Self-purification factor
=
30
De = Critical D.O Deficit 70

TI
Da = Initiai D.O deficit 40 78
Lo = Ultimate BOD
50 80
Glven: BODs-
L,1- 60 84
No. 11.
See Topic: WATER POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question 70
8.
industries:
a) Dairy
c) Fertilizers
e) Pulp and Paper Mills
9) Pharmaceutical
b) Distillery
d) Oil Refineries
) Petrochemicals
h) Sugar
ve of the
Describe the pollution characteristics and suggested treatments for any five the following
fol
AU
Compute Leq and
Loo
90
100
76
74

74

i) tannery ) Textile Topic: NOISE POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 8.
AK
ToSce
See Topic: WATER POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 2.
n Write down the Gaussian distribution equation to predict the
concentration of air pollutant
9. a) The noise spectrum of a cutter equipment is analyzed at a d n aistdnce producing the resulte woying from a source at any downwind point. Name the diffusion laws upon
which Gaussian
below equation was based
Centre Frequency (HZ) Sound Pressure Level (dB) b) what is
Wh. the location ot point where maximum ground level concentration occurs?
A thermal power plant burns coal at the rate of 8 tonnes/hr and discharges the fuel gases
63 62 through a chimney having effective height of 90 m. The coal has a sulphur
M

125 content of 4.5%. The

71 wind velocity at the top of stack is 7.5 m/s. The
atmospheric conditions are slightly unstable
250 Determine the maximum ground level concentration and the distance from the
stack at which this
500 ocurs. (Given o, =100 and o, = 63.64)
77
See Topie: AlR POLLUTION, Long Answer Type Question No. 17.
1000 92
2000
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9 11.Write the short notes any three of the following:

4000 a) The impact of mining on the surrounding environment
See Topic: INTRODUCTION, Long
8000 Answer Type Question No. 1.
63
AR

b) The Water Act 1974

) What are the total sound pressure
level (LpT) See Topic: ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, Long AnswerType Question No. 1(d).
equipment? and total sound level (LPAT) generated by the
i) What is the total
sound pressure generated at the given C) Radiation inversion
ii) What are the corresponding distance?
total sound power and intensity See Topic: AlR POLLUTION CONTROL, Long Answer Type Question No. 18tb).
level?
e

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d) Kyoto Protocol
ce Topie: AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, Long Answer 1ype Quesfion No. 18(c).

e) Acid Rain.
Question No
Sce Topic: GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, Long Answer Type I (b).

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AN
TI
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AK
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