Sentence Analysis

Definition:

A sentence is a group of meaningful words giving a complete thought.

A sentence is a word or group of words that must express a complete idea or
sense or meaning and that may consist of a subject and a verb.
The sentence is generally defined as a word or a group of words that expresses
a thorough idea by giving a statement/order, or asking a question, or
exclaiming.
A sentence is the largest unit of any language. In English, it begins with
a capital letter and ends with a full-stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation
mark.

A More Formal Definition of Sentence

A sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a
subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or
command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more
subordinate clauses.
Oxford Dictionary

Also it may have an object or a complement and the words must be ordered
properly.
Example: Rahim is a student.

Basically there are two parts of a sentence:

● Subject and Predicate
● Subject: A subject of a sentence is a person or thing about which
something is said or written.
 ● Predicate: And the Predicate that says what the Subject does.
In the above example ‘Rahim’ is subject and ‘is a student’ is Predicate. A
sentence usually starts with a subject and then predicate comes.

Word classes (or parts of speech)

Normally 8 types

We may divide parts of speech into two major groups:

2 Classes:

1) content words: (open class) –[Noun ,Adjective ,Adverb]

2) Function words(Closed Class)---[Pronoun ,Pre ,Con ,Int]

All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech)

according to the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English
are listed below.
Noun, Pronoun, Adjective(Articles can be adjective) , Verb, Adverb,
Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection

Noun
A noun is a word that identifies:
a person (man, girl, engineer, friend)
a thing (horse, wall, flower, country)
an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness)

Pronoun
Pronouns are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already
been mentioned. This is often done in order to avoid repeating the noun. For
example:
Laura left early because she was tired.
Anthony brought the avocados with him.
That is the only option left.
Something will have to change.
Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or
things, for example I, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them.

Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it.
For example:
an exciting adventure
a green apple
a tidy room

Verb
A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example,
verbs describe:
an action – jump, stop, explore
an event – snow, happen
a situation – be, seem, have
a change – evolve, shrink, widen

 
Adverb
An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or
other adverb. They can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb
stronger or weaker, and often appear between the subject and its verb.
Example: She nearly lost everything.
He runs very fast.
3 types:
 Adverb of time(today,tomorrow) , place(You are in Dhaka) , duration (I have
been waiting since morning.)

Preposition
A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are
usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship
between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for
example, the position of something, the time when something happens, or the
way in which something is done.
Examples: in, of, upon, from, to, into, for etc.
 
Conjunction
A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but,
for, if, or, and when. Conjunctions are used to connect phrases, clauses,
and sentences. The two main kinds are known as coordinating
conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

3 types : Sub-ordinating(Wh) , Co-ordinating(and,but,or) , Co-relative(either-

or , neither-nor , not only-but also . )

 
Interjection
An exclamation (also called an interjection) is a word or phrase that expresses
strong emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger. Exclamations often stand
on their own, and in writing they are usually followed by an exclamation mark
rather than a full stop.
● Ahh! that feels wonderful.
Alas! I'm lost in the wilderness.
 We may divide parts of speech into two major groups:

2 Classes:

3) content words (open class) –[Noun ,Adjective ,Adverb]

4) Function words(Closed Class)---[Pronoun ,Pre ,Con ,Int]

       

Content words are words that have meaning.  They are words we would look

up in a dictionary, Unlimited in numbers. such as
"lamp,""computer,""drove."  New content words are constantly added to the
English language; old content words constantly leave the language as they
become obsolete.  Therefore, we refer to content words as an "open" class.

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are content parts of speech.

Function words are words that exist to explain or create grammatical or

structural relationships into which the content words may fit.  Words like
"of,""the,""to," they have little meaning on their own.  They are much fewer in
number and generally do not change as English adds and omits content
words.  Therefore, we refer to function words as a "closed" class.

Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, qualifiers/intensifiers,
and interrogatives are some function parts of speech.

Phrase: Definition, Types & Examples

 A phrase is a group of words which has no finite verb in it and acts to
complete the sentence for making it meaningful.
“A phrase is a small group of words that form a single meaningful unit within
a clause.”-Oxford Dictionary

“In linguistic analysis, a phrase is a group of words (or possibly a single word)

that functions as a constituent in the syntax of a sentence, a single unit within a
grammatical hierarchy.”

Types of Phrases
The phrases are generally of six types.
● Noun Phrase
● Adjective Phrase
● Adverbial Phrase
● Prepositional Phrase
● Conjunctional Phrase

Interjectional Phrase
Noun Phrase
A noun phrase is usually assembled centering a single noun and works as a
subject, an object or a complement in the sentence.
Example:
o I like to swing the bat hard when I am at the crease. (An object)
o Reading novels is a good habit. (A subject)
o The probability of happening that match is not much. (A subject)
o We are sorry for her departure.
 Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is comprised of an adjective and works as a single
adjective in the sentence.
Example:
o Alex is a well-behaved man.
o He is a man of friendly nature.
o Julie is a woman of gorgeous style.
o She leads a very interesting life.
o A lot of people do not sleep at night.

Adverbial Phrase
An adverbial phrase modifies the verb or the adjective and works as an adverb
in the sentence.
Example:
o The horse runs at a good speed.
o I was in a hurry then.
o I ran as fast as possible.
o He works very slowly.

Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase always begins with a preposition and connects nouns.
Example:
o He sacrificed his life for the sake of his country.
o In the end, we all have to die.
o He is on the way.
o By working aimlessly, you will not get success.
o In spite of working hard, he was insulted by his boss.
Note: Prepositional phrases include all other types of phrases.
 Conjunctional Phrase
A conjunctional phrase works as a conjunction in the sentence.
Example:
o As soon as you got in, he went out.
o We have to work hard so that we can win the next match.
o I will attend the ceremony provided that you come.
o John started working early in order that he could finish early.

Interjectional Phrase
Interjections that have more than one word are called the interjectional
phrases.
Example:
o What a pity! He is dead.
o What a pleasure! I won the first prize.
o Oh please! Don’t say that again.

Clauses: Definition, Types & Examples

A clause is comprised of a group of words which includes a subject and
a finite verb. A clause contains only one subject and one verb. The subject of a
clause can be mentioned or hidden, but the verb must be apparent and
distinguishable.
A clause is “a group of words containing a subject and predicate and
functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence.” – Merriam-
Webster

Example:
o I graduated last year. (One clause sentence)
o When I came here, I saw him. (Two clause sentence)
o When I came here, I saw him, and he greeted me. (Three clause sentence)
  Types of Clause
Clauses are mainly of two types:
● IndependentClause/Principal Clause
● Dependent Clause/Subordinate Clause

Independent/Principal Clause
An independent clause functions on its own to make a
meaningful sentence and looks much like a regular sentence.
In a sentence two independent clauses can be connected by
the coordinators: and, but, so, or, nor, for*, yet*.
Example:
o He is a wise man.
o I like him.
o Can you do it?
o Do it please. (Subject you is hidden)
o I read the whole story.
o I want to buy a phone, but I don’t have enough money. (Two independent
clauses)
o He went to London and visited the Lords. (Subject of the second clause is ‘he,'
so “he visited the Lords” is an independent clause.)
o Alex smiles whenever he sees her. (One independent clause)

Dependent/Subordinate Clause
A dependent clause cannot function on its own because it leaves an idea or
thought unfinished. It is also called subordinate clause. Independent clauses
help the dependent clauses to complete the sentence. A dependent clause alone
cannot form a complete sentence.
The subordinators do the work of connecting the dependent clause to another
clause to complete the sentence. In each of the dependent clause, the first word
is a subordinator. Subordinators include relative pronouns, subordinating
conjunctions, and noun clause markers.
 Example:
o When I was dating Daina, I had an accident.
o I know the man who stole the watch.
o He bought a car which was too expensive.
o I know that he cannot do it.
o He does not know where he was born.
o If you don’t eat, I won’t go.
He is a very talented player though he is out of form.

Kinds of subordinate clauses

A subordinate clause can work as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a
sentence. So, there are three types of dependent clauses: noun clauses, adjective
clauses, and adverb clauses. Remember, none of them can be complete
sentences on their own!
a. Noun Clause
A noun clause is a group of words that acts as a noun in a sentence. They begin
with relative pronouns like “which,” “who,” or “what,” combined with a subject
and predicate. For example:
The dog can eat what it wants.
That he is intelligent is known to all.
Here, “what it wants” stands as a noun for what the dog can eat. It’s a noun
clause because it has a subject (it) and a predicate (wants). Here’s another:
Whoever gave the dog popcorn is in trouble!
“Whoever gave the dog popcorn” is the noun in the sentence, meaning the
person who gave the dog popcorn.
b. Adjective Clause
An adjective is a descriptive word. Adjective clauses are groups of words that
act as an adjective in a sentence. They have a pronoun (who, that, which) or an
adverb (what, where, why) and a verb; or, a pronoun or an adverb that serves as
subject and a verb. They should answer questions like “what kind?” or “which
one?” and follow one of two patterns: Pronoun/adverb + subject + verb, or
pronoun/adverb as subject + verb.
For example:
People who are smart follow the rules.
The clause ‘who are smart’ describes the noun people.
I have a chain which is made of gold.
Here the clause ‘which is made of gold’ describes the noun chain. So the clause
functions like adjective.
He who works hard will succeed.
c. Adverb clause
An adverb clause is a group of words that work as an adverb in a sentence,
answering questions asking “where?”, “when?” “how?” and “why?” They begin
with a subordinate conjunction.
Examples:
Unless you run fast, you will miss the train.
She enjoyed the party more than he did.
Wherever there is music, people will dance.
If you work hard, you will succeed.

Differences between Phrase and clause

 The basic difference between a clause and a phrase is that a clause must have a
finite verb and a phrase must not. Phrase and clause are the most important
elements of English grammar. Phrase and clause cover everything a sentence
has. Clauses are the center of sentences and phrases strengthen the sentences to
become meaningful. If the clauses are the pillars of a building, the phrases are
the bricks. A phrase usually is always present within a clause, but a phrase
cannot have a clause in it.

Kinds of Sentence:
Sentence can be classified into five categories according to the meaning or
functions.
They are:-
1. Assertive Sentence
2. Interrogative Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence
4. Optative Sentence
5. Exclamatory Sentence

Declarative Sentence
A declarative sentence states a fact and ends with a period (full stop).
For example: We love our country.

Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence is a command or a polite request. It ends with an
exclamation mark or a period (full stop).
For example: Open the door.
Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark.

For example: What is your name?

Where are you from?

Types of Interrogative sentences

There are four types of interrogative sentences.

1. Wh-interrogatives

2. Yes/No interrogatives

3. Alternative interrogatives

4. Tag questions.

1. Wh-interrogatives

Wh-interrogatives are questions that begin with question words. A

question word or interrogative word is a function word whose function is
to ask a question. There are nine question words in English language. They
are also called wh- words because excluding “how”, all the other question
words start with wh-. The question words and the formation of the
interrogative sentences using each of these question words are given
below.

Question words

Who, where, when, why, what, which, whose, whom and how are called
question words as these are mostly used to ask questions. A question word
can be subject, object, complement or adverbial. When the question word
is subject, there is no inversion subject and verb. That is, the word order
will be the same as in a statement.

Examples:

● Who was the chief guest? (Subject)

● Where should I place this flower vase?(position)

● Where do you want to go?(place)

● When will she go?

● Why are you late?

“Whom” is another wh- question word. It is the object form of “who”. We

use “whom” to refer human beings. This is used mostly in formal writing
only. This question word is used usually with prepositions.

Examples:

● For whom you are preparing this house plan?

 ● From whom you expect to get help?

2. Yes/No interrogatives

Yes/No interrogatives are questions that can be answered with either a yes or
no. These are formed with the help of auxiliary verbs. These auxiliary verbs are
inverted with the subject.

Examples:

Do you go to the library daily?

Did you meet your girl friend yesterday?

Have you collected all the required details?

May I come with you?

3. Alternative interrogatives

3. Alternative interrogatives are questions that give the listener a choice of two
or more answers in the question. These are also called choice questions. The
alternative questions are generally formed using an auxiliary verb (be, do or
have) or a modal verb. The beginning of the question can be an auxiliary/model
verb. If any conjugated form of “be” is acting as the main verb, then separate
auxiliary verb is not required.

Examples:
 ● Will you have fruit juice, or coco cola?
● Should I come with you, or will you go alone?
● Will you come with me now or go with Thomas afterwards?

4. Tag questions

Tag questions are questions formed by attaching question tags onto the end of
the declarative sentences, i.e., statements. When the statement is positive the tag
will be negative and vice versa. The tag questions are used for getting
confirmation.

Examples:

● Ann is laughing, isn’t?

● Jack went up the hill, didn’t he?
● He should work hard, shouldn’t he?
● You are not joking, are you?
● He cannot come, can he?
● He tries hard, doesn’t he?

Rhetorical questions

Rhetorical questions are questions that are asked for effect. The speaker actually
does not expect an answer .perhaps he knows the answer and he is asking the
question just to create an impact. Some rhetorical questions may not have any
answer at all.

Examples:
 ● What is happening to our youth today?
● Who cares?
● Do you think I am a fool?

Indirect questions/embedded questions

Some declarative sentences have questions embedded in them. They are not to
be treated as questions and question mark should not be put at the end. These
follow the normal SVO pattern. They are used to politely ask for something.
Especially when we are talking to someone we don’t know.

If the indirect question is inside a question, then there should be question mark
at the end.

Examples:

● Jill asked where the well was. (“Where the well was”, is
embedded in a statement. There is no question mark at the end)
● Could you tell me where the well is? (“Where the well is”, is
embedded in the question. There is question mark at the end)

Optative Sentence
The sentence which expresses a prayer, keen wish, curse etc. is called
an optative sentence. This kind of sentence generally starts with ‘may’ and
‘wish’. Sometimes, ‘may’ remains hidden.
Examples of Optative Sentence:
o May God bless us all.
o May the almighty help in this tragedy.
o Wish you a happy journey together.
 o May your team win the match!

Exclamatory Sentence
o An exclamatory sentence expresses excitement or emotion. It ends with an
exclamation mark. For example:
o Hush! Your father is sleeping.
o What a boring day!
o How disgusting it becomes when he opens his mouth!

There are three types of sentences according to structure (clause patterns).

These are:

o SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence is an independent clause with no conjunction or dependent
clause. A simple sentence contains one independent clause. It has
one subject followed by one verb or verb phrase. It expresses a single idea.
Examples of simple sentences:
▪ I‘m happy.
▪ Robert doesn’t eat meat.
▪ My brother and I went to the mall last night.
▪ This new laptop computer has already crashed twice.
Notice that a “simple sentence” isn’t necessarily short. The subject can be a
single word like “I” or “Robert,” or it can be a double subject like “my brother
and I,” or it can be multiple words describing a single person/object, like “This
new laptop computer.”
COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a linking word
(and, but, or, so, yet, however).
Each independent clause could be a sentence by itself, but we connect them
with a linking word:
▪ I‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining.
▪ Robert doesn’t eat meat, so Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for
him.
▪ My brother and I went to the mall last night, but we didn’t buy anything.
▪ This new laptop computer has already crashed twice, and I have no idea
why.
Note that each sentence has TWO subjects and TWO verb phrases.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses. The clauses in a complex sentence are combined with conjunctions and
subordinators, terms that help the dependent clauses relate to the independent
clause. Subordinators can refer to the subject (who, which), the sequence/time
(since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause.
A dependent clause cannot be a complete sentence by itself.
▪ I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money.
▪ If you come, I will go.
▪ This new laptop computer, which I bought yesterday, has already crashed
twice.

1. United we rise, divided we fall.

2. He came, he saw, he conquered.

Some Fundamental Concepts of Sentence

Determiner
A determiner is a word placed in front of a noun to specify
quantity (e.g., "one book,""many books") or to clarify what
the noun refers to (e.g.,
"my book,""that book,""the book").That is, a determiner may
indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or
indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant
element, to an element belonging to a specified person or
thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc.
All determiners can be classified as one of the following:
● Articles (a/an, the)

● Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)

● Possessives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)

● Quantifiers (common examples

include many, much, more, most, some)
● Ordinals (First, Second, Third, Fourth etc.)

● Numbers (One, Two, Three, Four, Five……..Hundred,

….Thousand etc.)

Modifier
A modifier is a word/phrase/clause which modifies other words in a
sentence. To be specific, a modifier is either an adjective or an
adverb. The adjectives modify the nouns, and the adverbs modify the
verbs or the adjectives or the other adverbs.
Example: Dark clouds are gathering in the west.
 ● The modifier "dark" gives extra information about what
kind of cloud it is.

A modifier can be an adjective (a word that modifies a noun, like

"dark"), but it can also be an adverb (a word that modifies a verb):
Example: The student carefully proofread her draft.

● The adverb "carefully" is the modifier in this example—it

modifies the verb "proofread," giving important details
about how the proofreading was conducted.

A modifier can even be a phrase or clause, as in the following

example:
Example: She studied in the library.

● Here, the phrase "in the library" gives us extra information

about the verb, "studied."

 There are mainly two types of modifiers. These are:

● Adjective Modifiers
● Adverb Modifiers

These are described below:

Adjectives
Adjectives are words that modify nouns and pronouns. Adjectives
answer the questions: What kind? Which one? and how many?
Example:
Blue dolphins play in the Pacific.
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Adverbs answer the questions how? When? Where? How much/To
what extent?
Example:
You must drive your car carefully.
Again, modifiers are of two types according to their position to the
words they modify:
● Pre-modifiers
● Post-modifiers

Pre-modifiers:
Pre-modifiers are the modifiers which modify the words that follow
them in the sentence. Conventionally the adjectives are usually placed
before the nouns. So, most of the adjectives are pre-modifiers.
Adverbs are often placed before the words they modify.
Articles, determiners, demonstratives, descriptive adjectives,
participles, etc. are the adjectives which come before the nouns and
modify them.
Conjunctive adverbs, sentence adverbs, and some other adverbs
can work being placed before the verbs/adjectives/other adverbs.
Example:
o Give me that  black(descriptive adjective) covered(past
(demonstrative)
participle)
 shining(present participle) box.
o (In the above sentence the noun ‘box’ has four pre-modifiers
[adjectives].)

Post-modifiers
Post-modifiers are the modifiers which come after the words they
modify. Customarily, the adverbs come after the verbs and modify
them. However, some adjectives also come after the nouns and
modify them.
Most of the adverbs of time, adverbs of manner, adverbs of
place/direction usually come after the verbs they modify.
Appositives, prepositional
phrases (adjectives/adverbs), infinitives (adverbs/adjectives),
dependent clause, etc. usually come after the nouns they modify.
Example:
o Jason Roy, a cricketer, has been selected in the squad .
(adverb)

o Mr. Stark, our teacher, gives us tasks to do in the class .

(adverb of place)

Headword
A headword is a word functioning as a head in a structure.
The headword (or head) in a phrase is that word which is essential to
the core meaning of the phrase.
Example:
John is my friend.
He is a student.
The number of students is increasing day by day.
To err is human.

Non finite verbs/ Verbals: Gerunds, Infinitives, and

Participles
1. Hasan reads a book.
2. I saw him reading a book.
3. He likes to read novels.
4. He doesn’t like reading modern poetry.
A verbal is a verb form that does not function as a verb. Verbals
function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. There are three types of
verbals:
● Participles 
● Gerunds
● Infinitives
The three verbals— gerunds, infinitives, and participles—are
formed from verbs, but are never used alone as action words in
sentences. Instead, verbals function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
These verbals are important in phrases.

Participle
A participle is a non finite verb having the characteristics of both verb
and adjective.
Example:
I saw John eating his dinner. (Here eating is an active present
participle).
Three types of participles
Present participle
Adding -ing to the base form of a verb creates the  present
participle. For example, eat is the base form of the verb to eat. The
present participle of eat is eating. Present participles always end in -
ing.
Other examples of present participles include swimming, laughing,
and playing.
The present participle can function as an adjective and modify nouns
in sentences. 
For example:
 The winning athlete gets a trophy.
●In the sentence, the present participle winning describes the
noun athlete.
More examples- A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Running water is pure.

Past participle
For regular verbs, adding -ed to the base form of a verb creates
the past participle. For example, the past participle of cook is cooked.
Past participles formed from irregular verbs may have endings like -
en, -t, -d, and -n. Examples include burnt, hoped, and broken. Some
past participles remain the same as the base forms of irregular verbs,
like set and cut.
Past participles can also function as adjectives that modify nouns.
For example:
Don’t eat rotten fish.
In the sentence, “Don’t eat rotten fish,” the past participle rotten
modifies the noun fish.
More examples- A burnt child dreads the fire.
This is a faded rose.
Perfect participle
Combining the word having with the past participle of a word creates
the perfect participle. Perfect participles demonstrate that an action
was completed in the past. Examples of perfect participles
include having watched, having arrived, and having slept.
This isn’t so much a third participle as it is a structure that combines a
present participle (having) and a past participle.
For example:
 Having finished the report, she put away all her books and took a
much-needed nap.
In the sentence, the words having finished is the perfect participle.
More examples- Having seen the sunset, we left the place.
Having seen the police, the thief ran away.
Gerunds

A gerund is a verbal that acts as a noun. These verbals end in -ing.

For example:

● Watching TV is my favorite pastime.

● Swimming is a good exercise.

In this example, “watching” is a verb acting as a noun. More

specifically, it’s the subject of the sentence.
Here’s another example:

● Stop writing.

In this example, “writing” is a verb acting as a noun. More

specifically, it’s the object of the sentence.

Infinitives

An infinitive is a verbal that acts as an adjective, adverb, or noun.

These verbals are always accompanied by the word “to,” i.e. “to act”
or “to read.”

Structure- to+ verb (root/base form)

Example: Jim wants to play.

Here ‘to play’ acts as noun.

Here’s an example of an infinitive acting as an adjective:

Now is the best time to start.

The person to call is John.
In this example, the verbal is acting as an adjective because “to start”
is modifying the noun “time.”

To start, you need a positive attitude.

In this example, the verbal is acting as an adverb because “need” is a

verb and “to start” is modifying “need.”

I can’t wait to see her.

Bare Infinitives
Please, see, let, make, know, feel, hear, bid, watch, notice etc.
Ex. I saw her weep.
He will not let me go.
She made me cry.
 Basic English sentence structure

All the parts of speech in English are used to make

sentences. All sentences include two parts: the subject and the
verb (this is also known as the predicate). The subject is the
person or thing that does something or that is described in the
sentence. The verb is the action the person or thing takes or
the description of the person or thing. If a sentence doesn’t
have a subject and a verb, it is not a complete sentence (e.g.,
In the sentence “Went to bed,” we don’t know who went to
bed). Here’s your quick introduction to the basic English
sentence structure.
Most sentences in English are constructed using one of the following
five patterns:

1. S–IV
2. S -TV–O
3. S-LV-C
4. S –TV –DO -OC
5. S –TV –DO -ID
The subject is the person or thing taking an action or being described
in the sentence. The verb is the action the subject takes.
Subject–IVerb (Intransitive verb)

Example: Jane walks.

The baby laughs.
Mary slept.
Here, “Jane” is the subject and “walks” is the verb. Different parts of
speech can be added to expand the sentence.
You can add an adverb to make the sentence “Jane walks quickly,” or
you can add an expression of time to tell when she walks, e.g., “Jane
walks all morning.”

Subject–TVerb–Object

Example: She is playing a piano.

John reads a book.
In this sentence, “She” is the subject, “is playing” is the verb, and “a
piano” is the object.
You can add elements to expand the sentence, such as an adjective
(e.g., “She is playing a small piano”) or an adverb (e.g., “She is
playing the piano beautifully”).

Subject–Linking Verb–Complement

Example: He is handsome.
Honey tastes sweet.
She is a teacher.
Here, “he” is the subject, “is” is the verb, and “handsome” is the
adjective (complement).
Like the other types of sentences, you can expand on the sentence by
adding other parts of speech, such as “He is very handsome,” where
“very” serves as an adverb.

Subject– Transitive Verb–Object – Objective Complement

Example: We consider Mr. Rahman wise.

You called him a fool.
We named the baby Adi.
Here ‘we’ is the subject and ‘consider’ is the transitive verb. “Mr.
Rahman’ is the object and ‘wise’ is the complement that describe the
object.

Subject–Transitive Verb –Indirect Object –Direct Object

Example: I tipped the waiter five dollars.

He gave me a pen.
We bought our boat a new tachometer.
‘I’ is the subject of the sentence while ‘tip’ is the transitive verb. ’The
waiter’ is the indirect object and ‘five dollars’ is the direct object.

Identifying different parts of a sentence:

Identify determiner, modifier, finite, participle phrase,

headword, prepositional phrase, adverbial and infinitive
phrase in the following sentence:
‘The little boy living in our locality has invited many
people of the locality to attend his birthday party
tomorrow.’