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HW I Chapter 6 - Highway Intersection and Interchanges

This document discusses different types of highway intersections and interchanges. It describes at-grade intersections, which can be priority intersections, roundabouts, or signalized. It also discusses grade-separated intersections, which can be interchanges with ramps or intersections without ramps. The key design considerations for intersections include traffic volumes, sight distances, vehicle turning paths, and pedestrian accommodation. Interchanges are recommended for intersections with high traffic volumes or where grade separation can reduce delays. Common interchange types include cloverleaf, diamond, and single-point urban interchanges.

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100 views37 pages

HW I Chapter 6 - Highway Intersection and Interchanges

This document discusses different types of highway intersections and interchanges. It describes at-grade intersections, which can be priority intersections, roundabouts, or signalized. It also discusses grade-separated intersections, which can be interchanges with ramps or intersections without ramps. The key design considerations for intersections include traffic volumes, sight distances, vehicle turning paths, and pedestrian accommodation. Interchanges are recommended for intersections with high traffic volumes or where grade separation can reduce delays. Common interchange types include cloverleaf, diamond, and single-point urban interchanges.

Uploaded by

tadesse
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIROMENTAL

ENGINEERING

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I
CENG 3202

Chapter VI
Highway Intersection and
Interchanges Tamru T.
2012EC (2019/20) 2nd Sem

1
At-grade

Grade
separated

With ramps
(Interchanges
)

Without
ramps
(meaning
no
connection
between
the
intersection
roads!)
Intersection

 A junction, or intersection, is the general area


where two or more roads join. (ERA GDM 2002)

 An intersection is defined as the general area where


two or more highways join or cross, including the
roadway and roadside facilities for traffic
movements within the area. (AASHTO, 2001)
Types of Intersection
 At-grade intersection

 Grade separated without ramps, and

 Interchanges
At Grade Intersection

Three forms of priority intersection

Roundabout
Interchanges
Intersection Terminologies
Design Considerations at-grade
intersection
 Human factor: such as driving habits and decision
and reaction times
 Traffic considerations: such as capacities and
turning movements, vehicle speeds, and size and
distribution of vehicles
 Physical elements: such as characteristics and use of
abutting property, sight distance, and geometric
features
 Economic factors: such as costs and benefits and
energy consumption
Intersection Design – Operational
Requirements
 Provide adequate sight distance – for approach and

departure maneuvers

 Minimize turning and through conflicts

 Provide natural paths for permitted movements

 Avoid geometry (sharp curves/steep grades) that


complicates the driving task and adversely impact
acceleration/deceleration
9
Design Requirement - Safety
 Visibility: angle not greater 20 degree from
perpendicular.

 Comprehension: similar types of junction, road sign and

markings

 Maneuverability: adequate lane width, turning radius,

marking edge of traffic lanes.


Selection of Junction Type
At-Grade Junction Selection
Advantages and disadvantages
 Priority (T-Junction, Cross-Junction). For low flows.
Can cause long delays. Requires sufficient stopping
sight distance. Delays can be improved by signal
installation.
 Roundabouts. For low to medium flows. Minimal
delays at lower flows. Shown to be safer than priority
junctions. Requires attention to pedestrian movements
and accommodation of slow-moving traffic.
 Grade-Separation. For high flows. Results in minimal
delays. Expensive.
Alignment
 Regardless of the type of intersection, for safety and
economy, intersecting roads should generally meet
at or nearly at right angles.
Profile
 Should facilitate driver’s control of vehicle

 Avoid significant changes in grade

 Typically ≤ 3%

 Continue major street grade through intersection


Conflict Areas at Priority Intersections
Type of Intersection Control
 No control

 Yield or stop signs,

 Channelization,

 Roundabouts and

 Traffic signals.
Uncontrolled Intersections
 Vehicles adjust speed

 Driver should perceive a hazard in sufficient time

before reaching the intersection.

 The safe stopping distances applied the same as those

used for designing any other section of highway.

 Provide control if sight triangle not available


Sight
Triangles
area free of
obstructions
necessary to
complete maneuver
and avoid collision –
needed for approach
and departure
Yield or Stop signs

vehicles on minor roadway where traffic on minor


must yield to major roadway roadway must stop prior
traffic to entering major
Give Way roadway
Visibility Splay
Yield Condition

La and Ls are
approaching
and stop
length
Stop Condition

Allows drivers of stopped vehicles


enough view of the intersection to
decide when to enter Source: ERA GDM
Stop Control Case
 Eliminates crossing & merging conflicts

 Three Sub Cases – Maneuvers

 Turn left on to major roadway (clear traffic left, enter traffic

right)

 Turn right on to major roadway (enter traffic from left)

 Crossing (clear traffic left/right)

22
Yield Control Case
 Eliminates crossing conflicts

 Used at major road-minor road intersections

 Minor Roadway Yields – must be able to see

left/right – adjust speed – possibly stop

 Sight distance exceeds that on stop control

 Similar to no-control
Intersection Channelization
 Provides clear path for different movements

 Gives priority to dominant movements Raised Island or


Pavement Markings
 Provides pedestrian refuge

 Provides storage area for turning vehicles

 Controls prohibited turns

 Restricts speed

 Increases capacity, improves safety, provides maximum

convenience, and increases driver confidence.


Examples of Channelization
Roundabouts
 Roundabout are channelized intersections comprising a

central circle surrounded by a one-way roadway.

 Naturally, in the case of roundabouts, entering traffic yields

to traffic within.

 Generally have good saftey record


Roundabout

Vehicle Path Through


Roundabout
Roundabout Design
 Select the general design criteria to be used
 Select the appropriate design vehicle for the site. DV4 for
all design standards.
 Adopt a minimum design vehicle turning radius. This will
generally be 15m radius.
 Determine from traffic flows the number of lanes required
on entry, exit and circulation
 Identify the needs of pedestrians
 Identify the location of controls such as right-of-way
boundaries, utilities...
 Layout sign plan.
Roundabout Design
 Check the achievement of adequate deflection (Figure 12-

11). Adjust as required.

 Check site distances at approaches and exits.

 Layout lane and pavement markings.

 Layout lighting plan

 Layout sign plan.


All Way stop
 Used when traffic volumes on all approaches are

approximately equal

 Stopped major roadway left-turn vehicles – must yield

to oncoming traffic
When minor road traffic suffers
Traffic signals excessive delays

 where vehicles on all approaches are required to stop by

either a stop sign or traffic signal


Minimizes the following:

 Excessive delays at stop signs and yields

 Problems caused by turning movements

 Angle and side collision

 Pedestrian accidents
Curb Radius
 Factors of influence:

 Design vehicle

 Intersection angle

 Approach width and parking

 Channelization

 Pedestrians

 Allowable speed reduction

32
Interchanges
We use interchanges if
 An at-grade junction has insufficient capacity

 The junction is justified economically from the savings in traffic

delays and accident costs

 Grade separation is cheaper on account of topography or on the

grounds that expensive land appropriation can be avoided by its

construction

 For operational reasons

 Where roads cross motorways


Factor for location of interchanges
 Trip length (travel distance)

 Size of urban areas

 Predicted traffic volumes

 Cost of junction

 Congestion control
Types of Grade-Separated
Junctions
 Three-way junctions; (A & B)

 Junctions of major/minor roads; (C & D)

 Junctions of two major roads; and (E & F)

 Junctions of more than two major roads.


A
B

C
D

E F
37

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